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He S, Niu Y, Xing L, Liang Z, Song X, Ding M, Huang W. Research progress of the detection and analysis methods of heavy metals in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1310328. [PMID: 38362447 PMCID: PMC10867983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1310328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM)-induced stress can lead to the enrichment of HMs in plants thereby threatening people's lives and health via the food chain. For this reason, there is an urgent need for some reliable and practical techniques to detect and analyze the absorption, distribution, accumulation, chemical form, and transport of HMs in plants for reducing or regulating HM content. Not only does it help to explore the mechanism of plant HM response, but it also holds significant importance for cultivating plants with low levels of HMs. Even though this field has garnered significant attention recently, only minority researchers have systematically summarized the different methods of analysis. This paper outlines the detection and analysis techniques applied in recent years for determining HM concentration in plants, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) and omics and molecular biology approaches. They can detect the chemical forms, spatial distribution, uptake and transport of HMs in plants. For this paper, the principles behind these techniques are clarified, their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted, their applications are explored, and guidance for selecting the appropriate methods to study HMs in plants is provided for later research. It is also expected to promote the innovation and development of HM-detection technologies and offer ideas for future research concerning HM accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuting Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Lu Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of “Taibaiqiyao” Research and Applications, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Meihai Ding
- Management Department, Xi’an Ande Pharmaceutical Co; Ltd., Xi’an, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of “Taibaiqiyao” Research and Applications, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
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Kaňuková Š, Lenkavská K, Gubišová M, Kraic J. Suspension culture of stem cells established of Calendula officinalis L. Sci Rep 2024; 14:441. [PMID: 38172230 PMCID: PMC10764935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant stem cell cultures have so far been established in only a few plant species using cambial meristematic cells. The presence of stem cells or stem cell-like cells in other organs and tissues of the plant body, as well as the possibility of de novo generation of meristematic cells from differentiated cells, allow to consider the establishment of stem cell cultures in a broader range of species. This study aimed to establish a stem cell culture of the medicinal plant Calendula officinalis L. Callus tissues were induced from leaf and root explants, and already at this stage, stem and dedifferentiated cells could be identified. The cell suspension cultures established both from the root- and leaf-derived calli contained a high proportion of stem cells (92-93% and 72-73%, respectively). The most effective combination of growth regulators for the development of stem cells in calli as well as cell cultures was 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP. The highest amount of stem cells (5.60-5.72 × 105) was in cell suspension derived from the roots. An effective protocol for the establishment of marigold stem cell suspension culture was developed. The ratio of root-derived stem cells against dedifferentiated cells exceeded 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šarlota Kaňuková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68, Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Klaudia Lenkavská
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Gubišová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68, Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Ján Kraic
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovakia.
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Center, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68, Piešťany, Slovakia.
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Wang H, Yu J, Zhu B, Gu L, Wang H, Du X, Zeng T, Tang H. The SbbHLH041- SbEXPA11 Module Enhances Cadmium Accumulation and Rescues Biomass by Increasing Photosynthetic Efficiency in Sorghum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13061. [PMID: 37685867 PMCID: PMC10487693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, expansin genes are responsive to heavy metal exposure. To study the bioremediary potential of this important gene family, we discovered a root-expressed expansin gene in sorghum, SbEXPA11, which is notably upregulated following cadmium (Cd) exposure. However, the mechanism underlying the Cd detoxification and accumulation mediated by SbEXPA11 in sorghum remains unclear. We overexpressed SbEXPA11 in sorghum and compared wild-type (WT) and SbEXPA11-overexpressing transgenic sorghum in terms of Cd accumulation and physiological indices following Cd. Compared with the WT, we found that SbEXPA11 mediates Cd tolerance by exerting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging effects through upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the overexpression of SbEXPA11 rescued biomass production by increasing the photosynthetic efficiency of transgenic plants. In the pot experiment with a dosage of 10 mg/kg Cd, transgenic sorghum plants demonstrated higher efficacy in reducing the Cd content of the soil (8.62 mg/kg) compared to WT sorghum plants (9.51 mg/kg). Subsequent analysis revealed that the SbbHLH041 transcription factor has the ability to induce SbEXPA11 expression through interacting with the E-box located within the SbEXPA11 promoter. These findings suggest that the SbbHLH041-SbEXPA11 cascade module may be beneficial for the development of phytoremediary sorghum varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Junxing Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.W.); (J.Y.); (B.Z.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.)
| | - Heng Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
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Rogowska A, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Modifications in steroid and triterpenoid metabolism in Calendula officinalis plants and hairy root culture in response to chitosan treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:263. [PMID: 37198538 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is one of the most preferred biopolymers for use as biostimulants and biofertilizers in organic agriculture and as elicitors to enhance the productivity of plant in vitro cultures. Valued as a non-toxic, biodegradable, and environment-friendly agent, it is widely applied to improve plant growth and yield, the content of bioactive specialized metabolites, and resistance to stress conditions and pathogens. However, the influence of chitosan on the growth-defense trade-off, particularly the interplay between steroid and triterpenoid metabolism, has not been extensively investigated. RESULTS In this study, Calendula officinalis pot plants and hairy root cultures exposed to chitosan treatment displayed reduced biomass and altered steroid and triterpenoid metabolism. Biosynthesis and accumulation of free forms of sterols (particularly stigmasterol) were inhibited, while the content of sterol esters increased remarkably. The content of some triterpenoids (mainly free triterpenoid acids) was slightly enhanced; however, the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins was negatively affected. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in certain plants, chitosan treatment might not positively influence the growth and metabolite production. Therefore, to avoid unexpected effects, initial studies of the conditions of chitosan treatment are recommended, including the dose and the number of chitosan applications, the type of treatment (e.g., foliar or soil), and the vegetative stage of the treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Rogowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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Edorh Tossa P, Belorgey M, Dashbaldan S, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Flowers and Inflorescences of Selected Medicinal Plants as a Source of Triterpenoids and Phytosterols. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1838. [PMID: 37176893 PMCID: PMC10181404 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroids and triterpenoids are compounds valued for their various biological and pharmacological properties; however, their content in medicinal and edible plants is often understudied. Flowers have been consumed since the ancient times as a part of traditional cuisine and as alternative medicines. Currently, the interest in medicinal and edible flowers is growing since contemporary consumers are incessantly seeking innovative natural sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this report was the GC-MS (gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis of steroid and triterpenoid content in flowers, inflorescences and leaves of several plants (Berberis vulgaris L., Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Sambucus nigra L. and Vinca minor L.), applied in herbal medicine in various forms, including isolated flowers (Flos), inflorescences (Inflorescentia) or aerial parts (Herba, i.e., combined flowers, leaves and stems). The most abundant source of triterpenoids was V. minor flowers (6.3 mg/g d.w.), whereas the steroids were prevailing in P. vulgaris flowers (1.8 and 1.1 mg/g). The profiles of triterpenoid acids and neutral triterpenoids in C. laevigata and S. nigra inflorescences were particularly diverse, involving compounds belonging to lupane-, oleanane- and ursane-type skeletons. The obtained results revealed that some flowers can constitute an abundant source of phytosterols and bioactive triterpenoids, valuable for utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Edorh Tossa
- Clermont Auvergne Institut National Polytechnique, SIGMA Clermont, Campus des Cézeaux CS 20265, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Morgan Belorgey
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Soyol Dashbaldan
- School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, 8th Khoroo, Baga Toiruu 34, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
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Al-Khayri JM, Banadka A, Rashmi R, Nagella P, Alessa FM, Almaghasla MI. Cadmium toxicity in medicinal plants: An overview of the tolerance strategies, biotechnological and omics approaches to alleviate metal stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1047410. [PMID: 36733604 PMCID: PMC9887195 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1047410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants, an important source of herbal medicine, are gaining more demand with the growing human needs in recent times. However, these medicinal plants have been recognized as one of the possible sources of heavy metal toxicity in humans as these medicinal plants are exposed to cadmium-rich soil and water because of extensive industrial and agricultural operations. Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely hazardous metal that has a deleterious impact on plant development and productivity. These plants uptake Cd by symplastic, apoplastic, or via specialized transporters such as HMA, MTPs, NRAMP, ZIP, and ZRT-IRT-like proteins. Cd exerts its effect by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interfere with a range of metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies have shown that it has detrimental effects on various plant growth stages like germination, vegetative and reproductive stages by analyzing the anatomical, morphological and biochemical changes (changes in photosynthetic machinery and membrane permeability). Also, plants respond to Cd toxicity by using various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Furthermore, the ROS generated due to the heavy metal stress alters the genes that are actively involved in signal transduction. Thus, the biosynthetic pathway of the important secondary metabolite is altered thereby affecting the synthesis of secondary metabolites either by enhancing or suppressing the metabolite production. The present review discusses the abundance of Cd and its incorporation, accumulation and translocation by plants, phytotoxic implications, and morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of medicinal plants to Cd toxicity. It explains the Cd detoxification mechanisms exhibited by the medicinal plants and further discusses the omics and biotechnological strategies such as genetic engineering and gene editing CRISPR- Cas 9 approach to ameliorate the Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M. Al-Khayri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akshatha Banadka
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R Rashmi
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Fatima M. Alessa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa I. Almaghasla
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Pests, and Diseases Unit, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Gadouche L, Alsoufi ASM, Pacholska D, Skotarek A, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Triterpenoid and Steroid Content of Lipophilic Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Mediterranean Region. Molecules 2023; 28:697. [PMID: 36677757 PMCID: PMC9866667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The available phytochemical characteristics of the medicinal plants and derived herbal material often lack data concerning the content of steroids (including phytosterols) and triterpenoids, that can be responsible for various beneficial properties and therapeutic effects, either directly, or as a result of synergistic action with other bioactive constituents. The aim of the present work was the analysis of the content of these compounds in herbal material (leaves, aerial parts) derived from selected medicinal plants (Cistus ladanifer, Cistus monspeliensis, Erica arborea, Globularia alypum, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus alaternus), widely used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean region. Results obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-targeted profiling revealed the diversity in the profiles and contents of steroids and triterpenoids in the analyzed plant material, ranging from 5.7% d.w. in E. arborea to 0.1% in G. alypum. The obtained results supplement the existing phytochemical data of the investigated medicinal plants, pointing to the E. arborea aerial parts and P. lentiscus leaves as valuable resources of phytosterols and bioactive triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gadouche
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, P.O. Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
- Laboratory of Natural Bio-Resources, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, P.O. Box 151, Chlef 02000, Algeria
| | | | - Dominika Pacholska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skotarek
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Styczynski M, Rogowska A, Nyabayo C, Decewicz P, Romaniuk F, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A, Suessmuth R, Dziewit L. Heterologous production and characterization of a pyomelanin of Antarctic Pseudomonas sp. ANT_H4: a metabolite protecting against UV and free radicals, interacting with iron from minerals and exhibiting priming properties toward plant hairy roots. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:261. [PMID: 36527127 PMCID: PMC9756463 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antarctica has one of the most extreme environments in the world. This region is inhabited by specifically adapted microorganisms that produce various unique secondary metabolites (e.g. pigments) enabling their survival under the harsh environmental conditions. It was already shown that these natural, biologically active molecules may find application in various fields of biotechnology. RESULTS In this study, a cold-active brown-pigment-producing Pseudomonas sp. ANT_H4 strain was characterized. In-depth genomic analysis combined with the application of a fosmid expression system revealed two different pathways of melanin-like compounds biosynthesis by the ANT_H4 strain. The chromatographic behavior and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analyses allowed for the identification of the extracted melanin-like compound as a pyomelanin. Furthermore, optimization of the production and thorough functional analyses of the pyomelanin were performed to test its usability in biotechnology. It was confirmed that ANT_H4-derived pyomelanin increases the sun protection factor, enables scavenging of free radicals, and interacts with the iron from minerals. Moreover, it was shown for the first time that pyomelanin exhibits priming properties toward Calendula officinalis hairy roots in in vitro cultures. CONCLUSIONS Results of the study indicate the significant biotechnological potential of ANT_H4-derived pyomelanin and open opportunities for future applications. Taking into account protective features of analyzed pyomelanin it may be potentially used in medical biotechnology and cosmetology. Especially interesting was showing that pyomelanin exhibits priming properties toward hairy roots, which creates a perspective for its usage for the development of novel and sustainable agrotechnical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Styczynski
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Rogowska
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christine Nyabayo
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Decewicz
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Romaniuk
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szakiel
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roderich Suessmuth
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Olennikov DN, Kashchenko NI. Marigold Metabolites: Diversity and Separation Methods of Calendula Genus Phytochemicals from 1891 to 2022. Molecules 2022; 27:8626. [PMID: 36500716 PMCID: PMC9736270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marigold (Calendula), an important asteraceous genus, has a history of many centuries of therapeutic use in traditional and officinal medicines all over the world. The scientific study of Calendula metabolites was initiated at the end of the 18th century and has been successfully performed for more than a century. The result is an investigation of five species (i.e., C. officinalis, C. arvensis, C. suffruticosa, C. stellata, and C. tripterocarpa) and the discovery of 656 metabolites (i.e., mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes, phenols, coumarins, hydroxycinnamates, flavonoids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, etc.), which are discussed in this review. The identified compounds were analyzed by various separation techniques as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography which are summarized here. Thus, the genus Calendula is still a high-demand plant-based medicine and a valuable bioactive agent, and research on it will continue for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil N. Olennikov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Science, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
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The Influence of Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Biosynthesis of Steroids and Triterpenoids in Calendula officinalis Plants and Hairy Root Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012173. [PMID: 36293029 PMCID: PMC9603384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between steroids and triterpenoids, compounds sharing the same biosynthetic pathway but exerting distinctive functions, is an important part of the defense strategy of plants, and includes metabolic modifications triggered by stress hormones such as jasmonic acid. Two experimental models, Calendula officinalis hairy root cultures and greenhouse cultivated plants (pot plants), were applied for the investigation of the effects of exogenously applied jasmonic acid on the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroids and triterpenoids, characterized by targeted GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) metabolomic profiling. Jasmonic acid elicitation strongly increased triterpenoid saponin production in hairy root cultures (up to 86-fold) and their release to the medium (up to 533-fold), whereas the effect observed in pot plants was less remarkable (two-fold enhancement of saponin biosynthesis after a single foliar application). In both models, the increase of triterpenoid biosynthesis was coupled with hampering the biomass formation and modifying the sterol content, involving stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio, and the proportions between ester and glycoside conjugates. The study revealed that various organs in the same plant can react differently to jasmonic acid elicitation; hairy root cultures are a useful in vitro model to track metabolic changes, and enhanced glycosylation (of both triterpenoids and sterols) seems to be important strategy in plant defense response.
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