Macrophage Repolarization as a Therapeutic Strategy for Osteosarcoma

Unveiling immune cell response disparities in human primary cancer-associated fibroblasts between two- and three-dimensional cultures

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play pivotal roles in solid tumor initiation, growth, and immune evasion. However, the optimal biomimetic modeling conditions remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2D and 3D culturing conditions on human primary CAFs integrated into a modular tumor microenvironment (TME). Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) and Proteomics' Proximity Extension Assays, we characterized CAF transcriptomic profiles and cytokine levels. Remarkably, when cultured in 2D, CAFs exhibited a myofibroblast (myCAF) subtype, whereas in 3D tumor spheroid cultures, CAFs displayed a more inflammatory (iCAF) pathological state. By integrating single-cell gene expression data with functional interrogations of critical TME-related processes [natural killer (NK)-mediated tumor killing, monocyte migration, and macrophage differentiation], we were able to reconcile form with function. In 3D TME spheroid models, CAFs enhance cancer cell growth and immunologically shield cells from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in striking contrast with their 2D TME counterparts. Notably, 3D CAF-secreted proteins manifest a more immunosuppressive profile by enhancing monocyte transendothelial migration and differentiation into M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Our findings reveal a more immunosuppressive and clinically relevant desmoplastic TME model that can be employed in industrial drug discovery campaigns to expand the cellular target range of chemotherapeutics.

Physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory properties of Zophobas morio (super mealworm) protein extracted by different methods

In this study, Zophobas morio protein (ZMP) was extracted via combining alkaline extraction with ultrasound-assisted (AE-UAE) or microwave-assisted (AE-MAE) extraction in comparison with their respective single extraction methods and conventional method. AE-UAE and AE-MAE exhibited a higher extraction yield (40.68 % and 36.80 %, respectively) than single methods and conventional method (29.19 %-35.89 %). SDS-PAGE showed AE-UAE and AE-MAE induced new formation of smaller molecular weight proteins. Moreover, the hybrid methods decreased α-helix content, whereas increased β-sheet by unfolding the structure of ZMPs. ZMPs demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory properties by ameliorating LPS-induced macrophage activation and subsequent excessive expression of immune modulators in RAW264.7 cells. Notably, at 200 μg/mL, AE-UAE protein reduced approximately 65 % of nitric oxide and 85 % of iNOS expression, decreased TNF-α secretion by 35 % and IL-6 secretion by 68 %, and decreased CD80 expression by 50 %. In conclusion, the proposed hybrid methods are applicable for efficient extraction of ZMP with improved biological activities.

Potential predictive value of immune-related genes FUCA1 and NCKAP1L for osteosarcoma metastasis

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma is a common malignant tumor with a low survival rate after metastasis. Current treatments have not proven to effectively increase patient survival rates. Immunotherapy is a promising new treatment approach, however, immune target therapy has not shown satisfactory results. This study aims to provide new insights and evidence for the use of immunotherapy in osteosarcoma, based on a comprehensive analysis of gene expression data from databases.

METHODS

Gene expression and GSAV analysis were conducted on samples from patients with metastatic and non-metastatic osteosarcoma in the TARGET and GEO databases to identify relevant genes. These genes were further analyzed using GO, KEGG, GSVA, correlation analysis, and immune microenvironment scoring techniques. The tissue location of gene expression was confirmed through single-cell analysis. Validation of gene expression patterns was performed using polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

The study identified FUCA1 and NCKAP1L as significantly enriched in non-metastatic osteosarcoma, with higher expression associated with better patient survival rates. Gene function enrichment was primarily related to immune functions, with positive correlations to macrophage phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and macrophage polarization pathways. Analysis of the immune microenvironment revealed a positive correlation between gene expression and immune scores, with increased presence of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in the high expression group. Single-cell analysis and experimental results confirmed the enrichment of FUCA1 and NCKAP1L in macrophages.

CONCLUSION

The identification of FUCA1 and NCKAP1L as potential prognostic biomarkers suggests their potential for improving patient outcomes. Modulation of macrophages may offer a promising strategy for enhancing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma.

Emerging Gene-editing nano-therapeutics for Cancer

Remarkable progress has been made in the field of genome engineering after the discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 in 2012 by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier. Compared to any other gene-editing tools, CRISPR/Cas9 attracted the attention of the scientific community because of its simplicity, specificity, and multiplex editing possibilities for which the inventors were awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 2020. CRISPR/Cas9 allows targeted alteration of the genomic sequence, gene regulation, and epigenetic modifications using an RNA-guided site-specific endonuclease. Though the impact of CRISPR/Cas9 was undisputed, some of its limitations led to key modifications including the use of miniature-Cas proteins, Cas9 Retron precise Parallel Editing via homologY (CRISPEY), Cas-Clover, or development of alternative methods including retron-recombineering, Obligate Mobile Element Guided Activity(OMEGA), Fanzor, and Argonaute proteins. As cancer is caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations, gene-editing was found to be highly useful for knocking out oncogenes, editing mutations to regain the normal functioning of tumor suppressor genes, knock-out immune checkpoint blockade in CAR-T cells, producing 'off-the-shelf' CAR-T cells, identify novel tumorigenic genes and functional analysis of multiple pathways in cancer, etc. Advancements in nanoparticle-based delivery of guide-RNA and Cas9 complex to the human body further enhanced the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 for clinical translation. Several studies are reported for developing novel delivery methods to enhance the tumor-specific application of CRISPR/Cas9 for anticancer therapy. In this review, we discuss new developments in novel gene editing techniques and recent progress in nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery specific to cancer applications.

Nivolumab and sunitinib in patients with advanced bone sarcomas: A multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial

BACKGROUND

Herein, we present the results of the phase 2 IMMUNOSARC study (NCT03277924), investigating sunitinib and nivolumab in adult patients with advanced bone sarcomas (BS).

METHODS

Progressing patients with a diagnosis of BS were eligible. Treatment was comprised of sunitinib (37.5 mg/day on days 1-14, 25 mg/day afterword) plus nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks). Primary end point was progression-free survival rate (PFSR) at 6 months based on central radiology review. Secondary end points were overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1, and safety.

RESULTS

A total of 46 patients were screened, 40 patients entered the study, and 38 underwent central radiological review and were evaluable for primary end point. Median age was 47 years (range, 21-74). Histologies include 17 (43%) osteosarcoma, 14 chondrosarcoma (35%, 10 conventional, four dedifferentiated [DDCS]), eight (20%) Ewing sarcoma, and one (2%) undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. The PFSR at 6 months was 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27-58). With a median follow-up of 39.8 months (95% CI, 37.9-41.7), the median PFS and OS were 3.8 months (95% CI, 2.7-4.8) and 11.9 months (95% CI, 5.6-18.2). ORR by RECIST was 5%, with two of 38 partial responses (one of four DDCS and one of 17 osteosarcoma), 19 of 38 (50%) stable disease, and 17 of 38 (45%) progressions. Grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (six of 40, 15%), anemia (5/40, hypertension (6/40, 15%), 12.5%), ALT/AST elevation (5/40, 12.5%), and pneumonitis (1/40, 2.5%). Seventeen percent of patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity, including a treatment-related grade 5 pneumonitis CONCLUSION: The trial met its primary end point in the BS cohort with >15% of patients progression-free at 6 months. However, the toxicity profile of this regimen was relevant.

Formononetin attenuates hepatic injury in diabetic mice by regulating macrophage polarization through the PTP1B/STAT6 axis

BACKGROUND

Formononetin (FNT) is an isoflavone known for its anti-inflammatory properties and has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, its effects and the underlying mechanisms in diabetic liver injury remain largely unexplored.

METHODS

We established a T2DM-induced liver injury mouse model by feeding high-fat diet, followed by injecting streptozotocin. The mice were then treated with FNT and the liver function in these mice was assessed. Macrophage markers in FNT-treated T2DM mice or human THP-1 cells were evaluated using flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. The expression of PTP1B and STAT6 in mouse liver tissues and THP-1 cells was analyzed. Molecular docking predicted the interaction between PTP1B and STAT6, which was validated via co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and phos-tag analysis. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assessed the binding affinity of FNT to PTP1B.

RESULTS

FNT treatment significantly ameliorated blood glucose levels, hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammatory response, and liver dysfunction in T2DM mice. Moreover, FNT facilitated M2 macrophage polarization in both T2DM mice and high glucose (HG)-induced THP-1-derived macrophages. The PTP1B/STAT6 axis, deregulated in T2DM mice, was normalized by FNT treatment, which counteracted the T2DM-induced upregulation of PTP1B and downregulation of phosphorylated STAT6. Molecular docking and subsequent analyses revealed that PTP1B binds to and dephosphorylates STAT6 at the S325A site. In contrast, FNT strongly binds to PTP1B and influences its expression at the K116A site, promoting M2 polarization of THP-1 cells via downregulation of PTP1B.

CONCLUSION

Formononetin mitigates diabetic hepatic injury by fostering M2 macrophage polarization via the PTP1B/STAT6 axis.

Spatial Heterogeneity of PD-1/PD-L1 Defined Osteosarcoma Microenvironments at Single-Cell Spatial Resolution

Osteosarcoma, predominantly affecting children and adolescents, is a highly aggressive bone cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 65% to 70%. The spatial dynamics between tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) and other cellular subtypes, including T cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, are critical for understanding the complexities of the osteosarcoma tumor microenvironment (TME) and can provide insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies. Our study employs a pioneering approach that combines deep learning-based digital image analysis with multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry to accurately implement cell detection, segmentation, and fluorescence intensity measurements for the in-depth study of the TME. We introduce a novel algorithm for TAM/osteoclast differentiation, crucial for the accurate characterization of cellular composition. Our findings reveal distinct heterogeneity in cell composition and spatial orchestration between PD-1 (-/+) and PD-L1 (-/+) patients, highlighting the role of T-cell functionality in this context. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates the efficacy of nivolumab in suppressing tumor growth and enhancing lymphocyte infiltration without altering the M1/M2-TAM ratio. This study provides critical insights into the spatial orchestration of cellular subtypes within the PD-1/PD-L1 defined osteosarcoma TME. By leveraging advanced multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry and artificial intelligence, we underscore the critical role of TAMs and T-cell interactions, proposing new therapeutic avenues focusing on TAM repolarization and targeted immunotherapies, thus underscoring the study's potential impact on improving osteosarcoma treatment.

The involvement and significance of M2 macrophages in neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a type of persistent pain initiated by diseases or injuries of the nervous system. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of NeP are poorly understood, the immune system plays a key role in this condition. M2 macrophages have a key role in tissue healing and the reduction of inflammation. This systematic study aims to provide an overview of the role and importance of M2 macrophages in NeP after spinal cord injury (SCI). A comprehensive systematic review was conducted utilizing Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Science databases. Two independent reviewers conducted the article selection. All publications examine the impact of M2 macrophages on NeP following spinal cord injuries. A quality assessment was conducted on bias entities that had been predetermined. Eleven papers met the criteria. According to the findings, focusing on immune cell polarization presents viable therapeutic options for treating NeP and enhancing recovery after SCI. M2 macrophages are essential for reducing neuropathic pain and promoting recovery after spinal cord injury. The modulation of M2 macrophages by a number of therapeutic approaches, including ivermectin-functionalized MWCNTs, isorhamnetin, Neuregulin-1 administration, TMEM16F inhibition, lentivirus-mediated delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and red-light therapy promotes neuroregeneration, decreases neuroinflammatory cytokines, and reduces NeP. The results of these preclinical investigations must, however, be interpreted with caution, according to the quality assessment and risk of bias analysis of the studies that were included. Targeting M2 macrophages may have therapeutic benefits as they are essential for the management of NeP and recovery following spinal cord damage.

Multi-omics and Single Cell Sequencing Analyses Reveal Associations of Mitophagy-Related Genes Predicting Clinical Prognosis and Immune Infiltration Characteristics in Osteosarcoma

Despite recent advances in clinical treatments, identifying high-risk osteosarcoma (OS) patients remains an unresolved clinical challenge. Mitophagy, a specialized form of cellular autophagy, selectively reduces the number of mitochondria or repairs their abnormal functions in response to external stress, thereby ensuring mitochondrial quality and maintaining mitochondrial function. Mitophagy plays a crucial role in cancer development, including processes such as mitochondrial repair, homeostasis maintenance, and tumor metabolism. However, its impact on OS has not yet been reported. In this study, we collected 58 mitophagy-related genes (MPRGs) from the TARGET and GEO databases and bioinformatically screened for those associated with OS prognosis. By LASSO-multivariable Cox regression algorithm, we subsequently developed a novel scoring system, the MPRG score, and validated its significance in predicting OS prognosis. Immune landscape analysis showed patients in the low MPRG group had a higher immune infiltration level than those in the high MPRG group. Drug sensitivity differences highlighted the potential need for alternative therapeutic strategies based on MPRG scoring system. The distribution characteristics of the MPRG signature in different cell subtypes of OS were explored by single-cell sequencing analyses. In vitro experiments further confirmed the abnormal expression of screened targets in OS. Our findings highlight the role of mitophagy in OS and its potential as a therapeutic target.

CYP24A1 affected macrophage polarization through degradation of vitamin D as a candidate biomarker for ovarian cancer prognosis

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a fatal gynecological malignancy with a poor prognosis in which mitochondria-related genes are involved deeply. In this study, we aim to screen mitochondria-related genes that play a role in OC prognosis and investigate its effects. Through single-cell sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis, including TCGA ovarian cancer data analysis, gene expression signature analysis (GES), immune infiltration analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), our findings revealed that CYP24A1 regulated macrophage polarization through vitamin D (VD) degradation and served as a target gene for the second malignant subtype of OC through bioinformatics analyses. For further validation, the expression and function of CYP24A1 in OC cells was investigated. And the expression of CYP24A1 was much higher in carcinoma than in paracancerous tissue, whereas the VD content decreased in the OC cell lines with CYP24A1 overexpression. Moreover, macrophages were polarized towards M1 after the intervention of VD-treated OC cell lines and inhibited the malignant phenotypes of OC. However, the effect could be reversed by overexpressing CYP24A1, resulting in the polarization of M2 macrophages, thereby promoting tumor progression, as verified by constructing xenograft models in vitro. In conclusion, our findings suggested that CYP24A1 induced M2 macrophage polarization through interaction with VD, thus promoting the malignant progression of OC.

Cancer stem cell-derived exosomes in CD8+ T cell exhaustion

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the most important ways of intercellular communication and signaling. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) secrete EVs to modulate immune checkpoint molecules and evade immune surveillance. Activated CD8+ T cells known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the most powerful anti-cancer adaptive cells. Their activity is compromised upon encountering cells and signaling within the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in hyporesponsiveness called exhaustion. CSC-derived exosomes express programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and upregulate programmed death-1 (PD-1) on CD8+ T cells to promote their exhaustion. PD-L1 expression on tumor-derived exosomes appears to be induced by CSC-derived exosomes containing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Tenascin-C is another constituent of CSC exosomes that acts on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in T cells. Glycolysis is a metabolic event promoted by the inducing effect of CSC-derived exosomes on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). CSC interaction with CD8+ T cells is even more complex as the CSC-derived exosomes contain Notch1 to stimulate stemness in non-tumor cells, and the inducible effect of Notch1 on PD-1 promotes CD8+ T cell exhaustion. CSC exosome targeting has not been extensively studied yet. Advances in the field will open up new therapeutic windows and shape the future of cancer immunotherapy.

Surface Markers and Chemokines/Cytokines of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma and Other Carcinoma Microenviornments-Contradictions and Comparisons

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Prognosis is improving with advances in multidisciplinary treatment strategies, but the development of new anticancer agents has not, and improvement in prognosis for patients with pulmonary metastases has stalled. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained attention as a therapeutic target for cancer. The immune component of OS TME consists mainly of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They exhibit remarkable plasticity, and their phenotype is influenced by the TME. In general, surface markers such as CD68 and CD80 show anti-tumor effects, while CD163 and CD204 show tumor-promoting effects. Surface markers have potential value as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The cytokines and chemokines produced by TAMs promote tumor growth and metastasis. However, the role of TAMs in OS remains unclear to date. In this review, we describe the role of TAMs in OS by focusing on TAM surface markers and the TAM-produced cytokines and chemokines in the TME, and by comparing their behaviors in other carcinomas. We found contrary results from different studies. These findings highlight the urgency for further research in this field to improve the stalled OS prognosis percentages.

A bioactive nanocomposite integrated specific TAMs target and synergistic TAMs repolarization for effective cancer immunotherapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from photosensitizers exhibit great potential for repolarizing immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward the anti-tumor M1 phenotype, representing a promising cancer immunotherapy strategy. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in eliminating solid tumors is generally limited by the instability and inadequate TAMs-specific targeting of photosensitizers. Here, a novel core-shell integrated nano platform is proposed to achieve a coordinated strategy of repolarizing TAMs for potentiating cancer immunotherapy. Colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CMSN) are fabricated to encapsulate photosensitizer-Indocyanine Green (ICG) to improve their stability. Then ginseng-derived exosome (GsE) was coated on the surface of ICG/CMSN for targeting TAMs, as well as repolarizing TAMs concurrently, named ICG/CMSN@GsE. As expected, with the synergism of ICG and GsE, ICG/CMSN@GsE exhibited better stability, mild generation of ROS, favorable specificity toward M2-like macrophages, enhancing drug retention in tumors and superior TAMs repolarization potency, then exerted a potent antitumor effect. In vivo, experiment results also confirm the synergistic suppression of tumor growth accompanied by the increased presence of anti-tumor M1-like macrophages and maximal tumor damage. Taken together, by integrating the superiorities of TAMs targeting specificity and synergistic TAMs repolarization effect into a single nanoplatform, ICG/CMSN@GsE can readily serve as a safe and high-performance nanoplatform for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.

Modulating tumor-associated macrophage polarization by anti-maRCO mAb exerts anti-osteosarcoma effects through regulating osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis

PURPOSE

Osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor lacking optimal clinical treatment options. Tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are closely associated with tumor development and metastasis. Studies have identified the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) as a specific receptor expressed in macrophages. This study aimed to investigate whether anti-MARCO mAb treatment can induce macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment and elicit anti-tumor effects.

METHODS

THP-1 cells were treated with 20 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and 80 ng/mL interleukin-4 for 48 h to induce macrophage polarization to alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and bioinformatic analyses were performed to evaluate macrophage polarization. The co-culture groups included a blank group, an M2 macrophage and U2OS co-culture group, and an anti-MARCO mAb-treated M2 macrophage group. Cell viability assays, cell scratch tests, apoptosis, and cell cycle analyses were performed to determine the effects of anti-MARCO mAb-treated macrophages on osteosarcoma cells.

RESULTS

It was demonstrated that anti-MARCO mAb can drive macrophages toward classically activated macrophage (M1) polarization. Anti-MARCO mAb promoted the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by macrophages, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-23. Studies on in vitro co-culture models have revealed that macrophages treated with anti-MARCO mAb can suppress the growth and migration of osteosarcoma cells, induce cell apoptosis, and inhibit cell cycle progression of osteosarcoma cells through M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Anti-MARCO mAb treatment exerts anti-osteosarcoma effects by affecting macrophage polarization toward M1 macrophages, offering a potential new therapeutic approach for treating osteosarcoma.

Targeting conserved TIM3+VISTA+ tumor-associated macrophages overcomes resistance to cancer immunotherapy

Despite the success of immunotherapy, overcoming immunoresistance in cancer remains challenging. We identified a unique niche of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), coexpressing T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 (TIM3) and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), that dominated human and mouse tumors resistant to most of the currently used immunotherapies. TIM3+VISTA+ TAMs were sustained by IL-4-enriching tumors with low (neo)antigenic and T cell-depleted features. TIM3+VISTA+ TAMs showed an anti-inflammatory and protumorigenic phenotype coupled with inability to sense type I interferon (IFN). This was established with cancer cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD). Dying cancer cells not only triggered autocrine type I IFNs but also exposed HMGB1/VISTA that engaged TIM3/VISTA on TAMs to suppress paracrine IFN-responses. Accordingly, TIM3/VISTA blockade synergized with paclitaxel, an ICD-inducing chemotherapy, to repolarize TIM3+VISTA+ TAMs to proinflammatory TAMs that killed cancer cells via tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling. We propose targeting TIM3+VISTA+ TAMs to overcome immunoresistant tumors.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A induced ferroptosis of Osteosarcoma cancer cells by HIF-1α/HK2 and SLC7A11 pathway

Osteosarcoma is a very serious primary bone cancer with a high death rate and a dismal prognosis. Since there is no permanent therapy for this condition, it is necessary to develop a cure. Therefore, this investigation was carried out to assess the impacts and biological functions of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA) in osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63). In this investigational study, MG63 cells were utilized. Microarray experiments, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunofluorescent staining, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP levels, proliferation assay, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining, and Western blot were performed. In MG63 cells, HYSA lowered cell proliferation and metastasis rates, suppressed EDU cell number, and enhanced caspase-3/9 activity levels. HYSA reduced the Warburg effect and induced ferroptosis (FPT) in MG63 cells. Inhibiting ferroptosis diminished HYSA's anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells. The stimulation of the HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway decreased HYSA's anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells. HIF-1α is one target spot for HYSA in a model of osteosarcoma cancer (OC). HYSA altered HIF-1α's thermophoretic activity; following binding with HYSA, HIF-1α's melting point increased from ~55°C to ~60°C. HYSA significantly enhanced the thermal stability of exogenous WT HIF-1α while not affecting Mut HIF-1α, suggesting that ARG-311, GLY-312, GLN-347, and GLN-387 may be involved in the interaction between HIF-1α and HYSA. Conclusively, our study revealed that HYSA induced FPT and reduced the Warburg effect of OC through mitochondrial damage by HIF-1α/HK2/SLC7A11 pathway. HYSA is a possible therapeutic option for OC or other cancers.

Resolvin D2 attenuates LPS-induced macrophage exhaustion

Early in sepsis, a hyperinflammatory response is dominant, but later, an immunosuppressive phase dominates, and the host is susceptible to opportunistic infections. Anti-inflammatory agents may accelerate the host into immunosuppression, and few agents can reverse immunosuppression without causing inflammation. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D2 (RvD2) have been reported to resolve inflammation without being immunosuppressive, but little work has been conducted to examine their effects on immunosuppression. To assess the effects of RvD2 on immunosuppression, we established a model of macrophage exhaustion using two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments or hits. THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages were first treated with RvD2 or vehicle for 1 h. One LPS hit increased NF-κB activity 11-fold and TNF-α release 60-fold compared to unstimulated macrophages. RvD2 decreased LPS-induced NF-κB activity and TNF-α production but increased bacterial clearance. Two LPS hits reduced macrophage bacterial clearance and decreased macrophage NF-κB activity (45%) and TNF-α release (75%) compared to one LPS hit, demonstrating exhaustion. RvD2 increased NF-κB activity, TNF-α release, and bacterial clearance following two LPS hits compared to controls. TLR2 inhibition abolished RvD2-mediated changes. In a mouse sepsis model, splenic macrophage response to exogenous LPS was reduced compared to controls and was restored by in vivo administration of RvD2, supporting the in vitro results. If RvD2 was added to monocytes before differentiation into macrophages, however, RvD2 reduced LPS responses and increased bacterial clearance following both one and two LPS hits. The results show that RvD2 attenuated macrophage suppression in vitro and in vivo and that this effect was macrophage-specific.

Exploration of altered miRNA expression and function in MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in response to hydatid antigen stimulation

Background

Hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus parasites and can affect various tissues and organs in the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of hydatid cysts, which contain specific antigens that interact with the host's immune system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can regulate immunity through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs (miRNAs).

Methods

In this study, hydatid antigens were isolated from sheep livers and mice peritoneal cavities. MSCs derived from mouse bone marrow were treated with different hydatid antigens, and EVs were isolated and characterized from the conditioned medium of MSCs. Small RNA library construction, miRNA target prediction, and differential expression analysis were conducted to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Functional enrichment and network construction were performed to explore the biological functions of the target genes. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used for miRNA and gene expression verification, while ELISA assays quantified TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 levels in cell supernatants.

Results

The study successfully isolated hydatid antigens and characterized MSC-derived EVs, demonstrating the impact of antigen concentration on MSC viability. Key differentially expressed miRNAs, such as miR-146a and miR-9-5p, were identified, with functional analyses revealing significant pathways like Endocytosis and MAPK signaling associated with these miRNAs' target genes. The miRNA-HUB gene regulatory network identified crucial miRNAs and HUB genes, such as Traf1 and Tnf, indicating roles in immune modulation and osteogenic differentiation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted central HUB genes like Akt1 and Bcl2. ALP activity assays confirmed the influence of antigens on osteogenic differentiation, with reduced ALP activity observed. Expression analysis validated altered miRNA and chemokine expression post-antigen stimulation, with ELISA analysis showing a significant reduction in CXCL1 expression in response to antigen exposure.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the role of MSC-derived EVs in regulating parasite immunity. The findings suggest that hydatid antigens can modulate the expression of miRNAs in MSC-derived EVs, leading to changes in chemokine expression and osteogenic capacity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms involved in hydatid disease and provide potential therapeutic targets for the development of new treatment strategies.

Manganese(III) Phthalocyanine Complex Nanoparticle-Loaded Glucose Oxidase to Enhance Tumor Inhibition through Energy Metabolism and Macrophage Polarization

Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have demonstrated efficacy in eliminating tumor cells by modifying the tumor microenvironment and inducing the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Nevertheless, the transient nature and limited diffusion distance inherent in ROS present significant challenges in cancer treatment. In response to these limitations, we have developed a nanoparticle (MnClPc-HSA@GOx) that not only inhibits tumor energy metabolism but also facilitates the transition of TAMs from the M2 type (anti-inflammatory type) to the M1 type (proinflammatory type). MnClPc-HSA@GOx comprises a manganese phthalocyanine complex (MnClPc) enveloped in human serum albumin (HSA), with glucose oxidase (GOx) loaded onto MnClPc@HSA nanoparticles. GOx was employed to catalyze the decomposition of glucose to produce H2O2 and gluconic acid. Additionally, in the presence of MnClPc, it catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 into •O2- and 1O2. Results indicate that the nanoparticle effectively impedes the glucose supply to tumor cells and suppresses their energy metabolism. Simultaneously, the ROS-mediated polarization of TAMs induces a shift from M2 to M1 macrophages, resulting in a potent inhibitory effect on tumors. This dual-action strategy holds promising clinical inhibition applications in the treatment of cancer.

Efficient and Targeted siRNA Delivery to M2 Macrophages by Smart Polymer Blends for M1 Macrophage Repolarization as a Promising Strategy for Future Cancer Treatment

Cancer remains an issue on a global scale. It is estimated that nearly 10 million people succumbed to cancer worldwide in 2020. New treatment options are urgently needed. A promising approach is a conversion of tumor-promoting M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as part of the tumor microenvironment to tumor-suppressive M1 TAMs by small interfering RNA (siRNA). In this work, we present a well-characterized polymeric nanocarrier system capable of targeting M2 TAMs by a ligand-receptor interaction. Therefore, we developed a blended PEI-based polymeric nanoparticle system conjugated with mannose, which is internalized after interaction with macrophage mannose receptors (MMRs), showing low cytotoxicity and negligible IL-6 activation. The PEI-PCL-PEI (5 kDa-5 kDa-5 kDa) and Man-PEG-PCL (2 kDa-2 kDa) blended siRNA delivery system was optimized for maximum targeting capability and efficient endosomal escape by evaluation of different polymer and N/P ratios. The nanoparticles were formulated by surface acoustic wave-assisted microfluidics, achieving a size of ∼80 nm and a zeta potential of approximately +10 mV. Special attention was given to the endosomal escape as the so-called bottleneck of RNA drug delivery. To estimate the endosomal escape capability of the nanocarrier system, we developed a prediction method by evaluating the particle stability via the inflection temperature. Our predictions were then verified in an in vitro setting by applying confocal microscopy. For cellular experiments, however, human THP-1 cells were polarized to M2 macrophages by cytokine treatment and validated through MMR expression. To show the efficiency of the nanoparticle system, GAPDH and IκBα knockdown was performed in the presence or absence of an MMR blocking excess of mannan. Cellular uptake, GAPDH knockdown, and NF-κB western blot confirmed efficient mannose targeting. Herein, we presented a well-characterized nanoparticle delivery system and a promising approach for targeting M2 macrophages by a mannose-MMR interaction.

The Role of Macrophages in Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant mesenchymal tumors, including soft tissue and bone sarcomas. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, involved in immunosuppression and leading to tumor development, are called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs are very important in modulating the microenvironment of sarcomas by expressing specific markers and secreting factors that influence immune and tumor cells. They are involved in many signaling pathways, such as p-STAT3/p-Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt, JAK/MAPK, and JAK/STAT3. TAMs also significantly impact the clinical outcomes of patients suffering from sarcomas and are mainly related to poor overall survival rates among bone and soft tissue sarcomas, for example, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on TAMs in sarcomas, focusing on specific markers on sarcoma cells, cell-cell interactions, and the possibly involved molecular pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical significance of macrophages in sarcomas as a potential target for new therapies, presenting clinical relevance, possible new treatment options, and ongoing clinical trials using TAMs in sarcoma treatment.

Decoding the Impact of Tumor Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma Progression and Metastasis

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a heterogeneous, highly metastatic bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite advancements in multimodal treatment strategies, the prognosis for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease has not improved significantly in the last four decades. OS is a highly heterogeneous tumor; its genetic background and the mechanism of oncogenesis are not well defined. Unfortunately, no effective molecular targeted therapy is currently available for this disease. Understanding osteosarcoma's tumor microenvironment (TME) has recently gained much interest among scientists hoping to provide valuable insights into tumor heterogeneity, progression, metastasis, and the identification of novel therapeutic avenues. Here, we review the current understanding of the TME of OS, including different cellular and noncellular components, their crosstalk with OS tumor cells, and their involvement in tumor progression and metastasis. We also highlight past/current clinical trials targeting the TME of OS for effective therapies and potential future therapeutic strategies with negligible adverse effects.

A Disulfidptosis-Related Gene Signature Associated with Prognosis and Immune Cell Infiltration in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) stands as a leading aggressive bone malignancy that primarily affects children and adolescents worldwide. A recently identified form of programmed cell death, termed Disulfidptosis, may have implications for cancer progression. Yet, its role in OS remains elusive. To elucidate this, we undertook a thorough examination of Disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) within OS. This involved parsing expression data, clinical attributes, and survival metrics from the TARGET and GEO databases. Our analysis unveiled a pronounced association between the expression of specific DRGs, particularly MYH9 and LRPPRC, and OS outcome. Subsequent to this, we crafted a risk model and a nomogram, both honed for precise prognostication of OS prognosis. Intriguingly, risks associated with DRGs strongly resonated with immune cell infiltration levels, myriad immune checkpoints, genes tethered to immunotherapy, and sensitivities to systematic treatments. To conclude, our study posits that DRGs, especially MYH9 and LRPPRC, hold potential as pivotal architects of the tumor immune milieu in OS. Moreover, they may offer predictive insights into treatment responses and serve as reliable prognostic markers for those diagnosed with OS.

Mathematical Modeling of Field Cancerization through the Lens of Cancer Behavioral Ecology

Field cancerization is a process in which a normal tissue is replaced with pre-cancerous but histologically normal tissue. This transformed field can give rise to malignancy and contribute to tumor relapse. In this paper, we create a mathematical model of field cancerization from the perspective of cancer behavioral ecology. In our model, field cancerization arises from a breakdown in signaling integrity and control, and investigate implications for acute wounding, chronic wounding, aging, and therapeutic interventions. We find that restoration of communication networks can lead to cancer regression in the context of acute injury. Conversely, long term loss of controls, such as through chronic wounding or aging, can promote oncogenesis. These results are paralleled in therapeutic interventions: those that simply target cells in cancerous states may be less effective than those that reestablish signaling integrity. Viewing cancer as a corruption of communication systems rather than as a corruption of individual cells may lead to novel approaches for understanding and treating this disease.

Overexpression of AXL on macrophages associates with disease severity and recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

BACKGROUND

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by high tissue heterogeneity and risk of postoperative recurrence, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly elucidated. This study aims to explore the expressions of AXL on macrophages and their roles in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP, and evaluate their associations with disease severity and recurrence.

METHODS

Healthy controls (HCs), chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRSwNP patients were recruited in this study. Protein and mRNA levels of AXL and macrophage markers were detected in tissue samples, and their relationships with clinical variables and risk of postoperative recurrence were assessed. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to confirm the location of AXL and its co-expression with macrophages. Regulated AXL in THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)-derived macrophages, and evaluated their polarization and cytokine secretion.

RESULTS

We found that AXL was enhanced in the mucosa and serum samples of CRSwNP patients, especially in recurrent cases. Tissue AXL levels were positively correlated with peripheral eosinophil count and percentage, Lund-Mackay score, Lund-Kennedy score, and macrophage M2 markers levels. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrated that AXL was augmented and predominantly expressed on M2 macrophages in the tissues of CRSwNP, particularly in recurrent cases. In vitro experiment, overexpression of AXL promoted the M2 polarization of THP-1 and PBMC-derived macrophages, and facilitated the production of TGF-β1 and CCL-24.

CONCLUSIONS

AXL driving the M2 macrophage polarization exacerbated the disease severity and contributed to the postoperative recurrence in CRSwNP patients. Our findings supported AXL-targeted prevention and treatment of recurrent CRSwNP.