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Rigamonti IE, Salvetti M, Girgenti P, Bianco PA, Quaglino F. Investigation on Flavescence Dorée in North-Western Italy Identifies Map-M54 (16SrV-D/Map-FD2) as the Only Phytoplasma Genotype in Vitis vinifera L. and Reveals the Presence of New Putative Reservoir Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1216. [PMID: 37759615 PMCID: PMC10525977 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is the most important phytoplasma-associated disease of the grapevine yellows complex in Europe. Recent studies highlighted a great genetic diversity within FD phytoplasma (FDp) strains and demonstrated that their diffusion is not related exclusively to the pathosystem including Vitis vinifera L. and Scaphoideus titanus but involves additional vectors and reservoir plants. This study aimed to investigate FD epidemiology in north-western Italy, with a particular focus on FDp hosts. During field surveys, leaf samples were collected from symptomatic grapevines and other symptomless plant species, and insects were collected within and around vineyards. Phytoplasmas belonging to the ribosomal group 16SrV were detected and typed using nested-PCR-based amplification and nucleotide sequence analyses of the map gene. All symptomatic grapevines were found to be infected by the FDp genotype M54, prevalent in S. titanus and also identified in other known and newly reported hosts. Interestingly, other FDp strains (M38, M50, M51, M121) and FDp-related strains (M39, M43, M48), never detected in grapevines, were largely identified in several known and newly reported host plants and insects including S. titanus. Such evidence confirmed the complexity of FD ecology, expanding the knowledge on the range of FDp host plants putatively involved in the disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Ercole Rigamonti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.E.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Martino Salvetti
- Fondazione Fojanini Di Studi Superiori, Via Valeriana 32, 23100 Sondrio, Italy;
| | - Paola Girgenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.E.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Liu RC, Li BL, Chen XL, Liu JJ, Luo K, Li GW. ' Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' Changes the Metabolite Composition of Jujube Tree Leaves and Affects the Feeding Behavior of Its Insect Vector Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh. INSECTS 2023; 14:750. [PMID: 37754718 PMCID: PMC10531678 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh is a leafhopper species native to China that feeds on Chinese jujube leaves. This leafhopper species has been verified to transmit jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease, caused by phytoplasma, a fatal plant pathogen, which belongs to the phytoplasma subgroup 16SrV-B. The transmission of JWB phytoplasma largely relies on the feeding behavior of piercing-sucking leafhoppers. However, the specific mechanisms behind how and why the infection of JWB influences the feeding behavior of these leafhoppers are not fully understood. To address this, a study was conducted to compare the feeding patterns of H. hamatus when feeding JWB-infested jujube leaves to healthy leaves using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Then, a widely targeted metabolome analysis was performed to identify differences in the metabolite composition of JWB-infected jujube leaves and that of healthy jujube leaves. The results of EPG analyses revealed that when feeding on JWB-infected jujube leaves, H. hamatus exhibited an increased frequency of phloem ingestion and spent longer in the phloem feeding phase compared to when feeding on healthy leaves. In addition, the results of metabolomic analyses showed that JWB-infected leaves accumulated higher levels of small-molecular carbohydrates, free amino acids, and free fatty acids, as well as lower levels of lignans, coumarins and triterpenoids compared to healthy leaves. The above results indicated that the H. hamatus preferentially fed on the phloem of infected leaves, which seems to be linked to the transmission of the JWB phytoplasma. The results of metabolomic analyses partially imply that the chemical compounds might play a role in making the infected leaves more attractive to H. hamatus for feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Wei Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
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Adrakey HK, Gibson GJ, Eveillard S, Malembic-Maher S, Fabre F. Bayesian inference for spatio-temporal stochastic transmission of plant disease in the presence of roguing: A case study to characterise the dispersal of Flavescence dorée. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011399. [PMID: 37656768 PMCID: PMC10501664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the distance at which pathogens disperse from one season to the next is crucial for designing efficient control strategies for invasive plant pathogens and a major milestone in the reduction of pesticide use in agriculture. However, we still lack such estimates for many diseases, especially for insect-vectored pathogens, such as Flavescence dorée (FD). FD is a quarantine disease threatening European vineyards. Its management is based on mandatory insecticide treatments and the removal of infected plants identified during annual surveys. This paper introduces a general statistical framework to model the epidemiological dynamics of FD in a mechanistic manner that can take into account missing hosts in surveyed fields (resulting from infected plant removals). We parameterized the model using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and data augmentation from surveillance data gathered in Bordeaux vineyards. The data mainly consist of two snapshot maps of the infectious status of all the plants in three adjacent fields during two consecutive years. We demonstrate that heavy-tailed dispersal kernels best fit the spread of FD and that on average, 50% (resp. 80%) of new infection occurs within 10.5 m (resp. 22.2 m) of the source plant. These values are in agreement with estimates of the flying capacity of Scaphoideus titanus, the leafhopper vector of FD, reported in the literature using mark-capture techniques. Simulations of simple removal scenarios using the fitted model suggest that cryptic infection hampered FD management. Future efforts should explore whether strategies relying on reactive host removal can improve FD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hola K. Adrakey
- UMR SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gavin J. Gibson
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Frederic Fabre
- UMR SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Pulcini L, Bona E, Vaudano ET, Tsolakis C, Garcia-Moruno E, Costantini A, Gamalero E. The Impact of a Commercial Biostimulant on the Grape Mycobiota of Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1873. [PMID: 37630432 PMCID: PMC10457965 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the use of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides in order to limit environmental pollution and health risks for agricultural operators and consumers is one of the goals of European regulations. In fact, the European Commission developed a package of measures (the European Green Deal) to promote the sustainable use of natural resources and strengthen the resilience of European agri-food systems. As a consequence, new plant protection products, such as biostimulants, have been proposed as alternatives to agrochemicals. Their application in agroecosystems could potentially open new scenarios regarding the microbiota. In particular, the vineyard microbiota and the microbiota on the grape surface can be affected by biostimulants and lead to different wine features. The aim of this work was to assess the occurrence of a possible variation in the mycobiota due to the biostimulant application. Therefore, our attention has been focused on the yeast community of grape bunches from vines subjected to the phytostimulant BION®50WG treatment. This work was carried out in the CREA-VE experimental vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera in Asti (Piedmont, Italy). The composition of fungal communities on grapes from three experimental conditions such as IPM (integrated pest management), IPM+BION®50WG, and IPM+water foliar nebulization was compared by a metabarcoding approach. Our results revealed the magnitude of alpha and beta diversity, and the microbial biodiversity index and specific fungal signatures were highlighted by comparing the abundance of yeast and filamentous fungi in IPM and BION®50WG treatments. No significant differences in the mycobiota of grapevines subjected to the three treatments were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pulcini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (E.T.V.); (C.T.); (E.G.-M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Elisa Bona
- Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica (DISSTE), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza San Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Enrico Tommaso Vaudano
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (E.T.V.); (C.T.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Christos Tsolakis
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (E.T.V.); (C.T.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Emilia Garcia-Moruno
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (E.T.V.); (C.T.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Antonella Costantini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia (CREA-VE), Via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (E.T.V.); (C.T.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Elisa Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
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Rossi M, Galetto L, Bodino N, Beltramo J, Gamalero S, Pegoraro M, Bosco D, Marzachì C. Competition among Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma Strains in the Experimental Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus. INSECTS 2023; 14:575. [PMID: 37504582 PMCID: PMC10380400 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic wall-less bacteria transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by hemipteran insects, mainly belonging to the suborder Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha). Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease of grapevine, causing great damage to European viticulture and associated with phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrV-C (FD-C) and -D (FD-D) subgroups. FD-C and FD-D strains share similar pathogenicity, but mixed infections are rare in nature. To investigate the competition among FDp strains, specimens of the laboratory vector Euscelidius variegatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were forced to acquire both phytoplasma haplotypes upon feeding on FD-C- and FD-D-infected plants or after the injection of both strains. The pathogen colonization of insect bodies and heads was monitored with multiplex qPCR, and the efficiencies of phytoplasma transmission were estimated. Single infection, irrespective of strain type, was more frequent than expected, indicating that competition among FD strains occurs. Hypotheses of competition for resources and/or host active sites or the direct antibiosis of one strain against the other are discussed, based on the genetic complexity of FDp populations and on the high genome variability of the FD-D strain. As FD management still mainly relies on insecticides against vectors, the characterization of FDp haplotypes and the description of their epidemiology also have practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Rossi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Bodino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jessica Beltramo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Gamalero
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Metrologia dei Materiali Innovativi e Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Adrakey HK, Malembic-Maher S, Rusch A, Ay JS, Riley L, Ramalanjaona L, Fabre F. Field and Landscape Risk Factors Impacting Flavescence Dorée Infection: Insights from Spatial Bayesian Modeling in the Bordeaux Vineyards. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1686-1697. [PMID: 35230150 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0449-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease threatening European vineyards. Its management is based on mandatory insecticide treatments and the uprooting of infected plants identified during annual surveys. Field surveys are currently not optimized because the drivers affecting FD spread in vineyard landscapes remain poorly understood. We collated a georeferenced dataset of FD detection, collected from 34,581 vineyard plots over 5 years in the South West France wine region. Spatial models fitted with integrated nested Laplace approximation were used to identify local and landscape factors affecting FD detection and infection. Our analysis highlights the importance of sampling period on FD detection and of local practices and landscape context on FD infection. At field scale, altitude and cultivar choice were the main factors affecting FD infection. In particular, the odds ratio of FD infection in fields planted with the susceptible Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, or Muscadelle varieties were approximately twice those in fields planted with the less susceptible Merlot. Field infection was also affected by the field's immediate surroundings (within a circle with a radius of 150 to 200 m), corresponding to landscapes of 7 to 12 ha. In particular, the probability of FD infection increased with the proportions of forest and urban land and with the proportion of susceptible cultivars, demonstrating that the cultivar composition impacts FD epidemiology at landscape scale. The satisfactory predictive performance of the model for identifying districts with a prevalence of FD detection >10% of the fields suggests that it could be used to target areas in which future surveys would be most valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hola Kwame Adrakey
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche BFP, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Adrien Rusch
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Jean-Sauveur Ay
- INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Unité Mixte de Recherche CESAER, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Luke Riley
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche BioSP, Equipe OPE, Plateforme d'Epidémiosurveillance en Santé Végétale, Avignon, France
| | - Lovasoa Ramalanjaona
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Frederic Fabre
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
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Ripamonti M, Maron F, Cornara D, Marzachì C, Fereres A, Bosco D. Leafhopper feeding behaviour on three grapevine cultivars with different susceptibilities to Flavescence dorée. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104366. [PMID: 35122779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scaphoideus titanus (Ball) is a grapevine-feeder leafhopper, and the most important vector of Flavescence dorée of grapevine (FD), a disease associated with phytoplasmas belonging to ribosomal subgroups 16Sr-V-C and -D. FD is a major constraint to viticulture in several European countries and, so far, its control has relied on roguing of infected plants and insecticide applications against the vector. Detailed knowledge on different levels of the multifaceted phytoplasma-plant-vector relationship is required to envisage and explore more sustainable ways to control the disease spread. In the present work, S. titanus feeding behaviour was described on three grapevine cultivars: Barbera (susceptible to FD), Brachetto, and Moscato (tolerant to FD) using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique. Interestingly, no differences were highlighted in the non-phloem feeding phases, thus suggesting that the tested cultivars have no major differences in the biochemical composition or structure of the leaf cuticle, epidermis or mesophyll, that can affect the first feeding activities. On the contrary, the results showed significant differences in leafhopper feeding behaviour in terms of the duration of the phloem feeding phase, longer on Barbera and shorter on Brachetto and Moscato, and of the frequency of interruption-salivation events inside the phloem, higher on Brachetto and Moscato. These findings indicate a possible preference for the Barbera cultivar, a better host for the leafhopper. Scaphoideus titanus feeding behaviour on Barbera correlates with an enhanced FDp transmission efficiency, thus explaining, at least in part, the higher susceptibility of this cultivar to FD. The mechanisms for the possible non-preference for Brachetto and Moscato are discussed, and an antixenosis is hypothesized. We propose that breeding for resistance against FD should take into account both plant traits associated with the response to the phytoplasmas and to the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ripamonti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Maron
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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