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Knudsen JT, Ignell R. Semiochemicals modulating bed bug behaviour. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101207. [PMID: 38821142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Cimicidae, Hemiptera), is obligate haematophagous and can carry pathogens but is not known to transmit diseases to humans in natural settings. Bed bugs are activated and guided by semiochemicals and heat by potential hosts, as well as by an aggregation pheromone when searching for food and home. No sexual pheromone has been detected in bed bugs, which mate through traumatic insemination. First, after mounting, males are able to distinguish between large nymphs, other males, and females. To avoid unwanted traumatic inseminations, nymphs and adults emit an alarm pheromone. The olfactory system of bed bugs has relatively few odorant and ionotropic receptors, which likely reflects the simple environment that bed bugs live in, and use to search for hosts and conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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2
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Akhoundi M, Chebbah D, Elissa N, Brun S, Jan J, Lacaze I, Izri A. Volatile Organic Compounds: A Promising Tool for Bed Bug Detection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5214. [PMID: 36982123 PMCID: PMC10048870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent decades' resurgence of bed bugs as a public health concern in industrialized countries has driven an increased interest on new sustainable insecticide-free methods to monitor and control these ectoparasites. Current methods of detection rely mainly on visual inspection or canine scent detection, which are methods that are time-consuming, require experience, are non-specific or require costly mission repetitions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered an environmentally friendly alternative and a promising approach for bed bug detection. An overview of the released literature on VOCs, their chemical characteristics and their role in bed bugs' intra- and inter-species communications allowed us to highlight the identification of 49 VOCs in Cimex lectularius (23 molecules) and C. hemipterus (26), which are emitted by both sexes during diverse compartments including aggregation (46), mating (11), defense (4), etc., and all life stages including exuviae or dead bed bugs as a principal indicator of infestation. The latter has a great importance for application of these semiochemicals in successful detection and control management of bed bugs and to prevent their further dispersion. This approach has the advantage of more reliability compared to conventional detection methods with no need for repeated inspections, household furniture moving or resident rehousing for bed bugs' VOC detection, which are commonly performed by active or passive sampling with absorbing tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography-based analytical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Service Parisien de Santé Environnementale (SPSE), Sous-Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Prévention (SDSEP), Direction de la Santé Publique (DSP)—Mairie de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) Île-de-France, 35, Rue de la Gare, CEDEX 19, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lacaze
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Direction Santé Confort, Division Qualité Sanitaire des Ouvrages, 84, Avenue Jean Jaurès, CEDEX F-77447, 77420 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13000 Marseille, France
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Crawley SE, Borden JH. Detection and monitoring of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): review of the underlying science, existing products and future prospects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5334-5346. [PMID: 34312971 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. and C. hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are hematophagous ectoparasites of humans. Since the resurgence of bed bugs in the late 1990s there has been a corresponding emphasis on development and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs to manage infestations. One critical requirement of IPM is the ability to detect and monitor the target pest. We outline and describe the majority of all known existing devices and technologies developed for bed bug detection and monitoring as well as much of the underlying science. Almost 40 detection and monitoring products have flooded the marketplace, but for various reasons, including price, size, complexity and lack of independent scientific evaluation, they have not been widely adopted for IPM in structures. One product, the ClimbUp® Insect Interceptor, has nine competitors that utilize a similar design. This review also discloses many other technologies and products that are either too expensive or too impractical for use as either consumer or industrial products. We conclude that there is a critical need for inexpensive and effective detection and monitoring traps and lures suitable for widespread adoption by the urban pest control industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Crawley
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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4
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Pietri JE, Yax JA, Agany DD, Gnimpieba EZ, Sheele JM. Body lice and bed bug co-infestation in an emergency department patient, Ohio, USA. IDCases 2020; 19:e00696. [PMID: 31988849 PMCID: PMC6970161 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body lice and bed bugs are hematophagous insects that parasitize humans. Body lice are established vectors of several bacterial pathogens (e.g. Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis). Bed bugs are biologically competent vectors of some of the same agents, but their vectorial capacity for these in nature is unclear. In particular, a lack of exposure to louse-borne pathogens in bed bugs in the field could be a factor that limits their contribution to transmission. Here, we describe a case of a patient seen in an urban emergency department who was suffering from infestation with both body lice and bed bugs. Insects were collected from the patient and tested for the presence of louse-borne bacterial pathogens using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Although no Bartonella, Borrelia, or Rickettsia were detected, this case provides evidence of ecological overlap between body lice and bed bugs and highlights several potential risk factors for co-infestation. The ecological relationships between bed bugs, body lice, and louse-borne bacteria should be further investigated in the field to determine the frequency of co-infestations and identify possible instances of pathogen infection in bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E. Pietri
- University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Justin A. Yax
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Division of Population Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Diing D.M. Agany
- University of South Dakota, Biomedical Engineering Program, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Etienne Z. Gnimpieba
- University of South Dakota, Biomedical Engineering Program, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Johnathan M. Sheele
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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5
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Rukke BA, Sivasubramaniam R, Birkemoe T, Aak A. Temperature stress deteriorates bed bug (Cimex lectularius) populations through decreased survival, fecundity and offspring success. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538429 PMCID: PMC5851602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublethal heat stress may weaken bed bug infestations to potentially ease control. In the present study, experimental populations exposed to 34, 36 or 38°C for 2 or 3 weeks suffered significant mortality during exposure. Among survivors, egg production, egg hatching, moulting success and offspring proliferation decreased significantly in the subsequent 7 week recovery period at 22°C. The overall population success was negatively impacted by increasing temperature and duration of the stress. Such heat stress is inadequate as a single tool for eradication, but may be included as a low cost part of an integrated pest management protocol. Depending on the time available and infestation conditions, the success of some treatments can improve if sublethal heat is implemented prior to the onset of more conventional pest control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranjeni Sivasubramaniam
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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6
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Aak A, Hage M, Rukke BA. Insect pathogenic fungi and bed bugs: behaviour, horizontal transfer and the potential contribution to IPM solutions. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:823-835. [PMID: 29568252 PMCID: PMC5847144 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing problem of bed bugs requires the development of new control strategies, and insect pathogenic fungi can contribute towards management. We used laboratory bioassays with Isaria fumosoroseus, Lecanicillium muscarium and Beauveria bassiana to evaluate their virulence to the bed bug. Only B. bassiana significantly affected bed bug survival and was dependent on dose and formulation. A 2% B. bassiana oil formulation induced horizontal transfer to elevate mortality in a 10-day arena bioassay. Temporal distribution of contagious individuals and increasing the dose from 2 to 4% did not increase mortality. Horizontal transfer mainly occurred between adults, and only partly between adults and nymphs. Bed bugs showed activity peaks during the night, and activity was increased by elevated levels of CO2. Distribution between harbourages was not affected by CO2 activation, level of infection or the bio-pesticide, and horizontal transfer was not dependent on the degree of aggregation. Movement in the arenas negatively affected horizontal transfer when the number of susceptible individuals was large. Level of infection also influenced behaviour as the bed bug movement increased with elevated disease burden. The use of fungi as a part of an integrated pest management strategy seems to be an interesting option that should be investigated further. B. bassiana kills bed bugs and can be carried to harbourages to target hidden individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hage
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Postboks 4404, 0456 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
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Sivakoff FS, Jones SC, Machtley SA, Hagler JR. Protein Self-Marking by Ectoparasites: A Case Study Using Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1370-1377. [PMID: 27493250 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to mark individuals is a critical feature of many entomological investigations, including dispersal studies. Insect dispersal is generally investigated using mark-release-recapture techniques, whereby marked individuals are released at a known location and then captured at a measured distance. Ectoparasite dispersal has historically been challenging to study, in part because of the ethical concerns associated with releasing marked individuals. Here, we introduce the protein self-marking technique, whereby ectoparasites mark themselves in the field by feeding on the blood of an introduced host. We demonstrate the potential of this technique using laboratory-reared bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) that marked themselves by feeding on either rabbit or chicken blood. We then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect host-specific blood serum proteins in bed bugs. We assessed these protein markers' ability to 1) distinctively identify marked individuals, 2) persist following multiple feedings on an alternate diet, 3) persist over time across a range of temperatures, and 4) transfer from marked to unmarked individuals. Protein markers were detectable in bed bugs before and after molting, remained detectible after multiple feedings on an alternate diet, persisted regardless of whether an individual was starved or fed on an alternate diet following original mark acquisition, and did not transfer between individuals. The duration of detectability depended on temperature. Our results suggest that protein self-marking is an effective technique for marking bed bugs and holds promise for use in dispersal studies of ectoparasitic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Sivakoff
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Scott A Machtley
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
| | - James R Hagler
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
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8
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Aak A, Roligheten E, Rukke BA, Birkemoe T. Desiccant dust and the use of CO 2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 90:249-259. [PMID: 28217039 PMCID: PMC5290065 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius, Hemiptera; Cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. At present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. We investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with CO2 as a bed bug activity stimulant. An initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, available hiding places and the presence or absence of host signals. Finally, we conducted a field experiment with Syloid 244FP with or without CO2 gas. Syloid was superior compared to diatomaceous earth, and effective at the concentration of 1.0 g/m2 in the field experiment. The number of harborages and partial application of desiccant dust decreased mortality in the laboratory. Bed bug activation by CO2 appeared of minor importance in the arena studies, but was crucial for the eradication in the student dormitories. In fact, all 5 bed bug-infested dormitories with a combined treatment of desiccant dust and CO2 were freed of bed bugs, whereas eradication was not successful in any of the 6 dormitories with only desiccant dust treatment. The different results in the laboratory and field experiment were most likely caused by the longer activation and higher dose of CO2 used in the field experiment than the laboratory experiment. Our study showed that application of desiccant dust in combination with release of CO2 gas to mimic human presence is a promising option for bed bug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Oslo Boligbygg, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192, Sentrum 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Campus Ås, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, NO1430-Ås Oslo, Norway
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Diffusion Rates and Dispersal Patterns of Unfed versus Recently Fed Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). INSECTS 2015; 6:792-804. [PMID: 26466900 PMCID: PMC4693170 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bed bug problems have been increasing since the 1980s, and accordingly, there have been intensive efforts to better understand their biology and behavior for control purposes. Understanding bed bug diffusion rates and dispersal patterns from one site to another (or lack thereof) is a key component in prevention and control campaigns. This study analyzed diffusion rates and dispersal patterns in a population of bed bugs, recently fed and unfed, in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional settings. When placed in the middle of a 71 cm × 2.7 cm artificial lane, approximately half of the bugs regardless of feeding status stayed at or near the release point during the 10 min observation periods, while about a fourth of them walked to the end of the lane. When placed in the middle of an arena measuring 51 cm × 76 cm and allowed to walk in any direction, approximately one-fourth of bed bugs, fed or unfed, still remained near their release point (no significant difference between fed or unfed). As for long-distance dispersal, 11/50 (22%) of recently fed bed bugs moved as far as possible in the arena during the 10 min replications, while only 2/50 (4%) unfed bed bugs moved to the maximum distance. This difference was significantly different (p < 0.0038), and indicates that unfed bed bugs did not move as far as recently fed ones. A mathematical diffusion model was used to quantify bed bug movements and an estimated diffusion rate range of 0.00006 cm²/s to 0.416 cm²/s was determined, which is almost no movement to a predicted root mean squared distance of approximately 19 cm per 10 min. The results of this study suggest that bed bugs, upon initial introduction into a new area, would have a difficult time traversing long distances when left alone to randomly disperse.
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Rukke BA, Aak A, Edgar KS. Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127555. [PMID: 25996999 PMCID: PMC4440821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult bed bugs were exposed to the sublethal temperatures 34.0°C, 35.5°C, 37.0°C, 38.5°C, or 40.0°C for 3, 6, or 9 days. The two uppermost temperatures induced 100% mortality within 9 and 2 days, respectively, whereas 34.0°C had no observable effect. The intermediate temperatures interacted with time to induce a limited level of mortality but had distinct effects on fecundity, reflected by decreases in the number of eggs produced and hatching success. Adult fecundity remained low for up to 40 days after heat exposure, and the time until fertility was restored correlated with the temperature-sum experienced during heat exposure. Three or 6 days of parental exposure to 38.5°C significantly lowered their offspring’s feeding and moulting ability, which consequently led to a failure to continue beyond the third instar. Eggs that were deposited at 22.0°C before being exposed to 37.0°C for 3 or 6 days died, whereas eggs that were exposed to lower temperatures were not significantly affected. Eggs that were deposited during heat treatment exhibited high levels of mortality also at 34.0°C and 35.5°C. The observed negative effects of temperatures between 34.0°C and 40.0°C may be utilized in pest management, and sublethal temperature exposure ought to be further investigated as an additional tool to decimate or potentially eradicate bed bug populations. The effect of parental heat exposure on progeny demonstrates the importance of including maternal considerations when studying bed bug environmental stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Aak
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Skarsfjord Edgar
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R. Role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. behavior. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118855. [PMID: 25748041 PMCID: PMC4351988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of olfactory cues such as carbon dioxide, pheromones, and kairomones in bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. behavior has been demonstrated. However, the role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug behavior is poorly understood. We investigated bed bug vision by determining their responses to different colors, vertical objects, and their ability to detect colors and vertical objects under low and complete dark conditions. Results show black and red paper harborages are preferred compared to yellow, green, blue, and white harborages. A bed bug trapping device with a black or red exterior surface was significantly more attractive to bed bugs than that with a white exterior surface. Bed bugs exhibited strong orientation behavior toward vertical objects. The height (15 vs. 30 cm tall) and color (brown vs. black) of the vertical object had no significant effect on orientation behavior of bed bugs. Bed bugs could differentiate color and detect vertical objects at very low background light conditions, but not in complete darkness. Bed bug preference to different substrate textures (mechanoreception) was also explored. Bed bugs preferred dyed tape compared to painted tape, textured painted plastic, and felt. These results revealed that substrate color, presence of vertical objects, and substrate texture affect host-seeking and harborage-searching behavior of bed bugs. Bed bugs may use a combination of vision, mechanoreception, and chemoreception to locate hosts and seek harborages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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12
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Aak A, Rukke BA, Soleng A, Rosnes MK. Questing activity in bed bug populations: male and female responses to host signals. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 39:199-207. [PMID: 26166936 PMCID: PMC4491371 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A large-arena bioassay is used to examine sex differences in spatiotemporal patterns of bed bug Cimex lectularius L. behavioural responses to either a human host or CO2 gas. After release in the centre of the arena, 90% of newly-fed bed bugs move to hiding places in the corners within 24 h. They require 3 days to settle down completely in the arena, with generally low activity levels and the absence of responses to human stimuli for 5 days. After 8-9 days, persistent responses can be recorded. Sex differences are observed, in which females are more active during establishment, respond faster after feeding, expose themselves more than males during the daytime, and respond more strongly to the host signal. The number of bed bugs that rest in harbourages is found to vary significantly according to light setting and sex. Both sexes stay inside harbourages more in daylight compared with night, and males hide more than females during the daytime but not during the night. The spatial distribution of the bed bugs is also found to change with the presence of CO2, and peak aggregation around the odour source is observed after 24 min. Both male and female bed bugs move from hiding places or the border of the arena toward the centre where CO2 is released. Peak responses are always highest during the night. Bed bug behaviour and behaviour-regulating features are discussed in the context of control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn A Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
| | - Arnulf Soleng
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public HealthOslo, Norway
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13
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Jones SC, Bryant JL, Harrison SA. Behavioral Responses of the Bed Bug to Permethrin-Impregnated ActiveGuard™ Fabric. INSECTS 2013; 4:230-40. [PMID: 26464388 PMCID: PMC4553521 DOI: 10.3390/insects4020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ActiveGuard™ Mattress Liners have been used to control house dust mites, and they also are commercially available as an integrated pest management tool for use against bed bugs (Cimex lectularius). The aim of our study was to evaluate responses of numerous populations of the bed bug to the permethrin-impregnated fabric, with particular regard to contact toxicity, repellency, and feeding inhibition. Continuous exposure to ActiveGuard fabric resulted in rapid intoxication for three of four populations, with 87 to 100% of moderately pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible bed bugs succumbing by 1 d. In comparison, a highly resistant population reached 22% mortality at 10 d. Video data revealed that bed bugs readily traversed ActiveGuard fabric and spent a considerable amount of time moving about and resting on it during a 12-h period. ActiveGuard fabric was non-repellent to bed bugs from five tested populations. Furthermore, significantly fewer bed bugs successfully fed to repletion through ActiveGuard fabric than through blank fabric for the five populations. With just 30 min of feeding exposure, mortality ranged from 4% to 83%, depending upon the bed bug strain. These laboratory studies indicate that ActiveGuard liners adversely affected bed bugs from diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 2501 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joshua L Bryant
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 2501 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Scott A Harrison
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, 2501 Carmack Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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