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Williams MD, Bullock MT, Johnson SC, Holland NA, Vuncannon DM, Oswald JZ, Adderley SP, Tulis DA. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2-Dependent Manner. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:213-226. [PMID: 37778342 PMCID: PMC10614497 DOI: 10.1159/000532032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are characterized by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) transition from a contractile to proliferative state. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) involvement in this phenotypic conversion remains unclear. We hypothesized that PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation in phenotype-dependent manner and through specific protein kinases. METHODS Rat clonal low (PLo; P3-P6) and high passage (PHi; P10-P15) VSM cells were established as respective models of quiescent and proliferative cells, based on reduced PKG-1 and VASP. Western blotting determined expression of cytoskeletal/contractile proteins, PAR2, and select protein kinases. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were measured 24-72 h following PAR2 agonism (SLIGRL; 100 nM-10 μm) with/without PKA (PKI; 10 μm), MEK1/2 (PD98059; 10 μm), and PI3K (LY294002; 1 μm) blockade. RESULTS PKG-1, VASP, SM22α, calponin, cofilin, and PAR2 were reduced in PHi versus PLo cells. Following PAR2 agonism, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation increased in PLo cells but decreased in PHi cells. Western analyses showed reduced PKA, MEK1/2, and PI3K in PHi versus PLo cells, and kinase blockade revealed PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation through PKA/MEK1/2. DISCUSSION Findings highlight PAR2 and PAR2-driven PKA/MEK1/2 in control of VSM cell growth and provide evidence for continued investigation of PAR2 in VSM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Williams
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T Bullock
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sean C Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle M Vuncannon
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joani Zary Oswald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Francisco JT, Holt AW, Bullock MT, Williams MD, Poovey CE, Holland NA, Brault JJ, Tulis DA. FoxO3 normalizes Smad3-induced arterial smooth muscle cell growth. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1136998. [PMID: 37693008 PMCID: PMC10483145 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition of arterial smooth muscle (ASM) from a quiescent, contractile state to a growth-promoting state is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. While many individual signals have been identified as important mechanisms in this phenotypic conversion, the combined impact of the transcription factors Smad3 and FoxO3 in ASM growth is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine that a coordinated, phosphorylation-specific relationship exists between Smad3 and FoxO3 in the control of ASM cell growth. Using a rat in vivo arterial injury model and rat primary ASM cell lysates and fractions, validated low and high serum in vitro models of respective quiescent and growth states, and adenoviral (Ad-) gene delivery for overexpression (OE) of individual and combined Smad3 and/or FoxO3, we hypothesized that FoxO3 can moderate Smad3-induced ASM cell growth. Key findings revealed unique cellular distribution of Smad3 and FoxO3 under growth conditions, with induction of both nuclear and cytosolic Smad3 yet primarily cytosolic FoxO3; Ad-Smad3 OE leading to cytosolic and nuclear expression of phosphorylated and total Smad3, with almost complete reversal of each with Ad-FoxO3 co-infection in quiescent and growth conditions; Ad-FoxO3 OE leading to enhanced cytosolic expression of phosphorylated and total FoxO3, both reduced with Ad-Smad3 co-infection in quiescent and growth conditions; Ad-FoxO3 inducing expression and activity of the ubiquitin ligase MuRF-1, which was reversed with concomitant Ad-Smad3 OE; and combined Smad3/FoxO3 OE reversing both the pro-growth impact of singular Smad3 and the cytostatic impact of singular FoxO3. A primary takeaway from these observations is the capacity of FoxO3 to reverse growth-promoting effects of Smad3 in ASM cells. Additional findings lend support for reciprocal antagonism of Smad3 on FoxO3-induced cytostasis, and these effects are dependent upon discrete phosphorylation states and cellular localization and involve MuRF-1 in the control of ASM cell growth. Lastly, results showing capacity of FoxO3 to normalize Smad3-induced ASM cell growth largely support our hypothesis, and overall findings provide evidence for utility of Smad3 and/or FoxO3 as potential therapeutic targets against abnormal ASM growth in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Watanabe-Kitamura F, Ogawa A, Fujimoto T, Iraha S, Inoue-Mochita M, Watanabe T, Takahashi E, Tanihara H, Inoue T. Potential roles of the IL-6 family in conjunctival fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108708. [PMID: 34332990 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant risk factor for vision loss due to glaucoma, which is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) is an important method to reduce IOP by guidance of aqueous humor into a newly built filtration bleb in the conjunctiva; management of the wound healing mechanism is essential for the success of GFS. Here, we investigated the roles of interleukin (IL)-6 family members during the wound healing process after GFS. At the surgical site, the expression levels of genes encoding IL-6, oncostatin M (OSM), their receptors, and collagen I were elevated at 3 h after GFS, whereas the levels of genes encoding transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), type IV collagen, and fibronectin were elevated at 3 days after GFS. IL-6 trans-signaling and OSM signaling suppressed TGF-β-induced expression of α-SMA and collagen IV, as well as activation of the non-canonical TGF-β pathway, suggesting that IL-6 and OSM may aid in controlling the phase transition from inflammation to proliferation and remodeling. The suppressive effects of OSM were accompanied by STAT3 activation, such that STAT1 function was complementary to STAT3. Taken together, these observations indicated that IL-6 family members constitute early response genes after GFS, which can suppress TGF-β-induced expression of late response genes at the surgical site after GFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Watanabe-Kitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Department of Modomics Biology & Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iraha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Miyuki Inoue-Mochita
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eri Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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Baillie GS, Tejeda GS, Kelly MP. Therapeutic targeting of 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: inhibition and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:770-796. [PMID: 31388135 PMCID: PMC6773486 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes that degrade 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides, are being pursued as therapeutic targets for several diseases, including those affecting the nervous system, the cardiovascular system, fertility, immunity, cancer and metabolism. Clinical development programmes have focused exclusively on catalytic inhibition, which continues to be a strong focus of ongoing drug discovery efforts. However, emerging evidence supports novel strategies to therapeutically target PDE function, including enhancing catalytic activity, normalizing altered compartmentalization and modulating post-translational modifications, as well as the potential use of PDEs as disease biomarkers. Importantly, a more refined appreciation of the intramolecular mechanisms regulating PDE function and trafficking is emerging, making these pioneering drug discovery efforts tractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gonzalo S Tejeda
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michy P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Chu S, Zhang X, Sun Y, Liang Y, Sun J, Lu M, Huang J, Jiang M, Ma L. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bronchial epithelial cells through cGMP/PKG signaling by targeting Smad3 in a murine model of allergic asthma. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:245-254. [PMID: 31496319 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1660734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human airway cells. We aim to explore the role and mechanism of ANP on EMT of bronchial epithelial cells from murine model of allergic asthma in vitro. Methods: Murine model of allergic asthma was established with BALB/c mice using ovalbumin (OVA). Bronchial epithelial cells were isolated from OVA-exposed mice, and then were cocultured with TGF-β1, ANP, natriuretic peptide receptor A antagonist, cGMP analog, cGMP inhibitor or/and protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor, respectively. We assessed expressions of E-Cadherin, α-SMA, cGMP, Smad3 and p-Smad3 in the murine cells before and after Smad3 silence. Results: Compared with bronchial epithelial cells from controls and OVA-exposed mice without additional stimulation, the mRNA and protein expressions of E-Cadherin were decreased but α-SMA expressions were increased in cells with TGF-β1 stimulation from OVA-exposed mice in vitro. That could be reversed by ANP. The effect of ANP could be mimicked by the cGMP analog, which could be reversed by cGMP or PKG inhibitor. Moreover, the phosphorylated Smad3 expression was consistent with that of α-SMA. When Smad3 was silenced, Smad3 was mostly expressed in cytoplasm. In contrast, it is mostly expressed in nucleus of non-silenced cells during EMT. Conclusions: In a murine model of allergic asthma, ANP could inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT of bronchial epithelial cells through cGMP/PKG signaling, targeting TGF-β1/Smad3 via attenuating phosphorylation of Smad3 in vitro, which may provide potential of ANP in treating allergic asthma with airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Chu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yabing Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Yaxi Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Minyan Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Jianwei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
| | - Libing Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guilin Medical University , Guilin , Guangxi , China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Colleges and Universities Affiliated Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Guilin , Guangxi , China
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