The Role of Vitamin D in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Narrative Review

Cyclodextrins and their potential applications for delivering vitamins, iron, and iodine for improving micronutrient status

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been investigated as potential biopolymeric carriers that can form inclusion complexes with numerous bioactive ingredients. The inclusion of micronutrients (e.g. vitamins or minerals) into cyclodextrins can enhance their solubility and provide oxidative or thermal stability. It also enables the formulation of products with extended shelf-life. The designed delivery systems with CDs and their inclusion complexes including electrospun nanofibers, emulsions, liposomes, and hydrogels, show potential in enhancing the solubility and oxidative stability of micronutrients while enabling their controlled and sustained release in applications including food packaging, fortified foods and dietary supplements. Nano or micrometer-sized delivery systems capable of controlling burst release and permeation, or moderating skin hydration have been reported, which can facilitate the formulation of several personal and skin care products for topical or transdermal delivery of micronutrients. This review highlights recent developments in the application of CDs for the delivery of micronutrients, i.e. vitamins, iron, and iodine, which play key roles in the human body, emphasizing their existing and potential applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals industries.

The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis-Review

Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is the most common autoimmune disease. It most often manifests itself as hypothyroidism but may also present with euthyroidism or even hyperthyroidism. The etiopathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis is still unclear. However, in addition to genetic and epigenetic factors, many environmental factors are known to increase the risk of developing AIT. In this review, we aimed to collect and analyze data connected with environmental factors and autoimmune thyroiditis development. Our review indicates iodine intake, vitamin D deficiency, selenium deficiency, viral infections caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human parvovirus B19 (PVB19), Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori, microbiome disruption, medications such as interferon-alpha and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as stress, climate, and smoking can influence the risk of the occurrence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Having knowledge of risk factors allows for making changes to one's diet and lifestyle that will reduce the risk of developing the disease and alleviate the course of autoimmune thyroiditis.

The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet-gut-thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.

Exploring the diagnostic value of endothelial cell and angiogenesis-related genes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis based on transcriptomics and single cell RNA sequencing

(1) BACKGROUND: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) can cause angiogenesis in the thyroid gland. However, the molecular mechanism of endothelial cells and angiogenesis related genes (ARGs) has not been extensively studied in HT. (2) METHODS: The HRA001684, GSE29315 and GSE163203 datasets were included in this study. Using single-cell analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), functional enrichment analysis, machine learning algorithms and expression analysis for exploration. And receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves was draw. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized to investigate the biological function of the biomarkers. Meanwhile, we investigated into the relationship between biomarkers and different types of immune cells. Additionally, the expression of biomarkers in the TCGA-TC dataset was examined and the mRNA-drug interaction network was constructed. (3) RESULTS: We found 14 cell subtypes were obtained in HT samples after single-cell analysis. A total of 5 biomarkers (CD52, CD74, CD79A, HLA-B and RGS1) were derived, and they had excellent diagnostic performance. Then, 27 drugs targeting biomarkers were predicted. The expression analysis showed that CD74 and HLA-B were significantly up-regulated in HT samples. (4) CONCLUSION: In this study, 5 biomarkers (CD52, CD74, CD79A, HLA-B and RGS1) were screened and their expressions in endothelial cells was compared to offer a new reference for the recognition and management of HT.

Synergistic impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and physical activity on delaying aging

OBJECTIVE

Our study aims to examine the independent and combined associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and physical activity (PA) status with phenotypic age (PhenoAge).

METHOD

The analysis included 18,738 participants from the NHANES 2007-2010 & 2015-2018. Phenotypic Age Acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) was calculated as the residuals from regressing PhenoAge on chronological age. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to analysis the relationship between 25(OH)D and PA with PhenoAgeAccel. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was used to estimate the proportion of PhenoAgeAccel which could be avoided if exposure were eliminated.

RESULTS

The multivariate-adjusted OR (95%CI) for PhenoAgeAccel with high 25(OH)D and adequate PA were 0.657 (0.549,0.787) (p < 0.001) for all, 0.663 (0.538,0.818) (p < 0.001) for participants whose age ≤65years old. Furthermore, there was multiplicative interaction between 25(OH)D and PA in age ≤65 years old group (0.729 (0.542,0.979), p = 0.036). High 25(OH)D level and adequate PA reduced the risk of PhenoAgeAccel by 14.3 % and 14.2 %, respectively. Notably, 30.7 % decrease was attributable to both high 25(OH)D level and engaging in adequate PA concurrently. Combining 25(OH)D above 80.4 nmol/l with PA decreased PhenoAge by 1.291 years (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Higher 25(OH)D level was associated with lower risk of biological ageing. Combining 25(OH)D and PA demonstrated enhanced protective effects, especially in middle or young adults. These findings underscore the importance of outdoor PA in slowing down the aging process.

Assessment of Vitamin Concentrations in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Their Relationships with Thyroid Function, Biochemical Status, and Anthropometric Parameters-A Preliminary Study

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the leading cause of hypothyroidism, affecting mainly the female population. Many patients with HT have metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiencies. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D, A, E, B2, and B6 concentrations, thyroid function, metabolic profile, and anthropometric parameters of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In 81 female patients with HT (study group), vitamin A and B2 concentrations were significantly lower than in 34 healthy women (control group). No differences were noted in vitamin D, E, and B6 concentrations between groups. Moreover, HT patients had similar anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, and glucose and insulin concentrations compared to controls. This study showed some relationships between vitamin concentrations and anthropometric or biochemical profiles in HT patients. Among others, in the HT group, the concentration of vitamin D was positively correlated with the level of HDL and negatively correlated with BMI, total fat mass, and insulin level, which influence cardiovascular risk. The results indicate that patients with HT should be routinely tested for vitamin concentrations to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Further studies are also needed on the role of vitamins in the development and progression of HT and the presence of metabolic complications in this population.

A Mendelian randomization study of the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on autoimmune thyroid disease

Objective

The influence of vitamin D on autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), autoimmune hyperthyroidism (AIH), and Graves disease (GD).

Methods

Data on single nucleotide polymorphisms related to serum 25(OH)D levels, AIT, AIH, and GD were sourced from UK Biobank and FinnGen. Inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median were employed to test the exposure-outcome causal relationship. Assessments of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and stability were performed using the MR-Egger intercept, Cochran's Q test, and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, respectively.

Results

The results of MR analysis showed increased serum 25(OH)D levels was associated with a reduced risk of AIT (OR 0.499, 95% CI 0.289 to 0.860, p = 0.012) but not causal associated with AIH (OR 0.935, 95% CI 0.695 to 1.256, p = 0.654) and GD (OR 0.813, 95% CI 0.635 to 1.040, p = 0.100). Intercept analysis showed no horizontal pleiotropy (p > 0.05), and Cochran's Q test showed no heterogeneity (p > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis suggested that these results were robust.

Conclusion

An increased serum 25(OH)D level is associated with AIT risk reduction but unrelated to AIH and GD. This finding suggests that vitamin D supplementation can be valuable for preventing and treating AIT.

The 2023's Growing Evidence Confirming the Relationship between Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseases

The second Special Issue of Nutrients dedicated to "Vitamin D, Immune Response, and Autoimmune Diseases" will include original data and recent achievements from authors who would like to participate in this research topic [...].

Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: The Mediterranean Diet as a Protective Choice

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in "modern" societies. In this context, diet seems to play a crucial role. An unhealthy high-energy diet, rich in animal fat and proteins, salt and refined sugars (the so-called "Western diet") negatively influences the risk of autoimmunity by altering the immune balance and the gut microbiota composition, enhancing oxidative stress and promoting inflammation. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet represents a unique model of healthy eating, characterized by a high intake of food from vegetable sources, a low consumption of saturated fats in favor of unsaturated fats (mainly, olive oil), a moderate consumption of fish (typically, the small oily fishes) and dairy products, as well as a moderate consumption of wine at meals, and a low intake of meat. Thanks to its nutritional components, the Mediterranean Diet positively influences immune system function, gut microbiota composition, and redox homeostasis, exerting anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The present review was aimed at exploring the existing knowledge on the correlations between dietary habits and thyroid autoimmunity, to evaluate the role of the Mediterranean diet as a protective model.

IgG4-related sclerosing thyroiditis (Riedel-Struma): a review of clinicopathological features and management

We present a thorough review of the literature on Riedel thyroiditis (RT) with emphasis on aetiology, diagnosis and management, using the PubMed, Sinomed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Although the exact aetiology of RT remains obscure, the histopathological features are consistent with a localized form of IgG4-related systemic disease (IgG4-RSD). Nevertheless, IgG4-RSD as a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder per se rarely affects the thyroid in the context of multiorgan manifestations. The initial diagnosis of RT is based on clinical history and imaging, but confirmation by histopathological examination is mandatory. In contrast to the historical surgical approach, glucocorticosteroid therapy is currently considered first line therapy, in line with the RT currently being viewed as a manifestation of, or analogous to, IgG4-RSD. For disease relapse, immunomodulatory agents (azathioprine, methotrexate, rituximab) can be used.