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Baksh J, Lee D, Mori K, Zhang Y, Torii H, Jeong H, Hou J, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2777. [PMID: 38792319 PMCID: PMC11122110 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular matrix remodeling, which leads to axial elongation and further myopia progression. As ChT and ChBF could be used as potential biomarkers for the progression of myopia, several recent myopia treatments have targeted alterations in ChT and ChBF. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent literature review on the relationship between ChBF and myopia. We also highlight the importance of ChT and ChBF in the progression of myopia and the potential of ChT as an important biomarker for myopia progression. This summary has significant implications for the development of novel strategies for preventing and treating myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaul Baksh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiwako Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 34 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Kim JM, Choi YJ. Association between dietary nutrient intake and prevalence of myopia in Korean adolescents: evidence from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1285465. [PMID: 38283403 PMCID: PMC10811780 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1285465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The rise in myopia prevalence, particularly among adolescents in East Asia, is a cause for concern. While a combination of environmental and genetic factors is understood to contribute to this trend, the role of dietary nutrients is not yet fully clarified. Objective To assess the potential association between the intake of specific nutrients and the prevalence of myopia in a large, population-based sample of Korean adolescents. Methods Data from 18,077 adolescents (average age: 15.05 ± 1.67 years; 51.7% male, 48.3% female) who participated in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII, 2016) were analyzed. Refractive error was measured using an auto-refractor-keratometer (KR-8800) without cycloplegia. Dietary intake of 14 nutrients was assessed through a 24-h personalized dietary recall method. Results The study revealed a myopia prevalence of 87.6% among the adolescents. Multivariable models adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and other confounding factors indicated that higher intakes of carbohydrates, proteins, cholesterol, sodium, and vitamin B2 were associated with an increased risk of myopia. Conversely, higher intake of vitamin C was found to be associated with a decreased risk. Conclusion The findings suggested a potential association between dietary nutrient intake and myopia prevalence in Korean adolescents. While the study did not establish a causal link, the differences in nutrient intake between the myopic and non-myopic groups could indicate that diet plays a role in the development or progression of myopia. Further research is warranted to corroborate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mee Kim
- Department of Visual Optics, Far East University, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Jung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mei X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang H, Chen R, Ma K, Yang Y, Jiang P, Feng Z, Zhang C, Zhang Z. Necroptosis in Pneumonia: Therapeutic Strategies and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2024; 16:94. [PMID: 38257794 PMCID: PMC10818625 DOI: 10.3390/v16010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has garnered attention in the fields of pharmacology and immunology for its role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Characterized by cell death and inflammatory responses, necroptosis is a key mechanism contributing to tissue damage and immune dysregulation in various diseases, including pneumonia. This review comprehensively analyzes the role of necroptosis in pneumonia and explores potential pharmacological interventions targeting this cell death pathway. Moreover, we highlight the intricate interplay between necroptosis and immune responses in pneumonia, revealing a bidirectional relationship between necrotic cell death and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, we assess current therapeutic strategies modulating necroptosis, encompassing synthetic inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs targeting key components of the programmed necrosis pathway. The article also discusses challenges and future directions in targeting programmed necrosis for pneumonia treatment, proposing novel therapeutic strategies that combine antibiotics with necroptosis inhibitors. This review underscores the importance of understanding necroptosis in pneumonia and highlights the potential of pharmacological interventions to mitigate tissue damage and restore immune homeostasis in this devastating respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
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Wang C, Li X, Su J, Duan J, Yao Y, Shang Q. Crocetin inhibits choroidal neovascularization in both in vitro and in vivo models. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109751. [PMID: 38097101 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the primary pathogenic process underlying wet age-related macular degeneration, leading to severe vision loss. Despite current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies, several limitations persist. Crocetin, a major bioactive constituent of saffron, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, yet its role and mechanism in CNV remain unclear. Here, we investigated the potential effects of crocetin on CNV using in vitro and in vivo models. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, crocetin demonstrated inhibition of VEGF-induced cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro, as assessed by CCK-8 and EdU assays, transwell and scratch assays, and tube formation analysis. Additionally, crocetin suppressed choroidal sprouting in ex vivo experiments. In the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell line ARPE-19, crocetin attenuated cobalt chloride-induced hypoxic cell injury, as evidenced by CCK-8 assay. As evaluated by quantitative PCR and Western blot assay, it also reduced hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), while enhancing zonula occludens-1 expression. In a laser-induced CNV mouse model, intravitreal administration of crocetin significantly reduced CNV size and suppressed elevated expressions of VEGF, HIF-1α, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, crocetin treatment attenuated the elevation of phospho-S6 in laser-induced CNV and hypoxia-induced RPE cells, suggesting its potential anti-angiogenic effects through antagonizing the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. Our findings indicate that crocetin may hold promise as an effective drug for the prevention and treatment of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jialiang Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yimin Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Qingli Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Li Y, Guo L, Zhang J, Tang X, Zhao F, Hu Y, Guo Y, Du X, Yang X, Lu C. Trajectories of spherical equivalent refraction from grades 1 to 4 in Chinese children. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2500. [PMID: 38093233 PMCID: PMC10720137 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development trajectories of children's SER remain unknown. This study aimed to characterize spherical equivalent refraction (SER) trajectories during grades 1-4 in Chinese children. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 1226 first-grade non-myopic children from 12 public primary schools, randomly selected in two districts in Guangzhou, China. From November 2018 to March 2022, four-wave ocular examinations and questionnaire surveys have been completed. The group-based trajectory modeling was used to explore SER trajectories in grades 1-4. RESULTS All five trajectories showed an upward trend and rose faster after grade 2. Children in the sharp-developing (n = 44), high-developing (n = 136), and rapid-developing (n = 237) myopia groups developed myopia before grades 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Their SER development speed remained at a relatively high level after myopia, almost consistent with that before myopia. Children in the moderate-developing (n = 418) and low-developing (n = 391) non-myopia groups did not develop myopia before grade 4. Some characteristics in grade 1 were independently associated with SER trajectories, including sex, axial length, number of parents with myopia, residence, academic achievement, and the duration of outdoor activity. Based on the baseline characteristics, we established the model predicting the probability of children belonging to each group. CONCLUSIONS Myopia interventions are best started in grade 1 or preschool age. If interventions are not taken in time, the latest intervention window might be in grades 1, 2, and 3 for children with a high probability of belonging to the sharp-developing, high-developing, and rapid-developing myopia groups, respectively. The above probabilities might be predicted using the model we established. Moreover, the interventions for myopic children shouldn't be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Li
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 Xianlie South Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 Xianlie South Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yangfeng Guo
- Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary Schools of Guangzhou Municipality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Du
- Health Promotion Center for Primary and Secondary Schools of Guangzhou Municipality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 Xianlie South Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Kang L, Ikeda SI, Yang Y, Jeong H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Establishment of a novel ER-stress induced myopia model in mice. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 10:44. [PMID: 37907982 PMCID: PMC10619234 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated a strong correlation between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myopia and that eyedrops containing the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (Tm) can induce myopic changes in C57BL/6 J mice. Therefore, this study aimed to create a new myopia model using Tm eyedrops and to explore the mechanism of ER stress-mediated myopia development. METHODS Three-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were treated with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and/or number of applications (zero, one, three, and seven) of Tm eyedrops. Refraction and axial length (AL) were measured before and one week after Tm treatment. Scleral collagen alterations were evaluated under polarised light after picrosirius red staining. ER stress-related indicators, such as the expression of collagen I and cleaved collagen were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, mice administered eyedrops with 50 μg/mL Tm only once showed the greatest myopic shifts in refraction and AL elongation and reduced scleral expression of collagen I. Picrosirius red staining showed a lower percentage of bundled collagen in the Tm group. Expression of ER-stress indicators increased in the Tm groups. Furthermore, optimised administration of Tm induced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) expression in the sclera, which plays a major role in collagen degradation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that ER stress in the sclera is involved in myopia progression. Tm eyedrops induced myopic changes, loosening of the scleral collagen and decreased expression of collagen I. This process may be associated with ER stress in the sclera, which upregulates the expression of MMP2 leading to collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longdan Kang
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yajing Yang
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junhan Chen
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 34 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Ma Z, Jeong H, Yang Y, Jiang X, Ikeda SI, Negishi K, Kurihara T, Tsubota K. Contralateral effect in progression and recovery of lens-induced myopia in mice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:558-565. [PMID: 36930524 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apart from genetic factors, recent animal studies on myopia have focused on localised mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to examine the contralateral effects of monocular experimental myopia and recovery, which cannot be explained by a mere local mechanism. METHODS One eye of 3-week-old C57BL/6 male mice was fitted with a -30 dioptre (D) lens. The mice were distributed into two groups based on different conditions in the contralateral eye: either no lens (NLC) (n = 10) or a Plano lens on the contralateral eye (PLC) group (n = 6). Mice receiving no treatment on either eye were set as a control group (n = 6). Lenses were removed after 3 weeks of myopia induction. All mice were allowed to recover for 1 week in the same environment. Refractive status, axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness were measured before myopia induction, after 1 and 3 weeks of lens wear and after 1 week of recovery. RESULTS One week after removing the lenses, complete recovery was observed in the eyes that wore the -30 D lenses. In both the PLC and NLC groups, the refractive status showed a myopic shift after lens removal. Additionally, the choroid was significantly thinned in these eyes. The -30 D wearing eye showed a significant increase in AL after 3 weeks of lens wear. While the AL of the -30 D wearing eye ceased to grow after the lens was removed, the AL in the PLC and NLC contralateral eyes increased, and the binocular ALs gradually converged. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of lens-induced myopia was observed in mouse models. In the fellow eyes, the effects, including thinning of the choroid and changes in refractive status, were triggered by contralateral visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Ma
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yajing Yang
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Ginkgo biloba extracts improve choroidal circulation leading to suppression of myopia in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3772. [PMID: 36882511 PMCID: PMC9989591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is becoming more common across the world, necessitating the development of preventive methods. We investigated the activity of early growth response 1 (EGR-1) protein and discovered that Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs) activated EGR-1 in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6 J mice were fed either normal or 0.0667% GBEs (200 mg/kg) mixed chow (n = 6 each), and myopia was induced with - 30 diopter (D) lenses from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Refraction and axial length were measured by an infrared photorefractor and an SD-OCT system, respectively. In lens-induced myopia mice, oral GBEs significantly improved refractive errors (- 9.92 ± 1.53 D vs. - 1.67 ± 3.51 D, p < 0.001) and axial elongation (0.22 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.19 ± 0.02 mm, p < 0.05). To confirm the mechanism of GBEs in preventing myopia progression, the 3-week-old mice were divided into normally fed with either myopic-induced or non-myopic-induced groups and GBEs fed with either myopic-induced or non-myopic-induced groups (n = 10 each). Choroidal blood perfusion was measured with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). In both non-myopic induced groups, compared to normal chow, oral GBEs significantly improved choroidal blood perfusion (8.48 ± 15.75%Area vs. 21.74 ± 10.54%Area, p < 0.05) and expression of Egr-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the choroid. In both myopic-induced groups, compared to normal chow, oral GBEs also improved choroidal blood perfusion (- 9.82 ± 9.47%Area vs. 2.29 ± 11.84%Area, p < 0.05) and was positively correlated with the change in choroidal thickness. These findings suggest that GBEs may inhibit the progression of myopia by improving choroidal blood perfusion.
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Zhu Z, Chen Y, Tan Z, Xiong R, McGuinness MB, Müller A. Interventions recommended for myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:160-166. [PMID: 34844916 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, a consortium of government bodies in China led by the Ministry of Education released the Comprehensive Plan to Prevent Nearsightedness among Children and Teenagers (CPPNCT), aiming to reduce the incidence of myopia and control myopic progression in China. Recommendations span from home-based to school-based interventions, including time outdoors, physical activity, light exposure, near-work activity, screen time, Chinese eye exercises, diet and sleep. To date, the levels of evidence for this suite of interventions have not been thoroughly investigated. This review has summarised the evidence of the interventions recommended by the CPPNCT in myopia prevention and control. Thus, the following statements are supposed by the evidence: (1) Increasing time outdoors and reducing near-work time are effective in lowering incident myopia in school-aged children. (2) All interventions have a limited effect on myopia progression. Ongoing research may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of myopia development, the interaction of different interventions and recommendations, confounding variables and their true effect on myopia prevention, and the identification of those most likely to respond to specific interventions. This field may also benefit from longer-term studies of the various interventions or strategies covered within this review article, to better understand the persistence of treatment effects over time and explore more novel approaches to myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zachary Tan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruilin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Myra Beth McGuinness
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Mou YL, Zhao R, Lyu SY, Zhang ZY, Zhu MF, Liu Q. Crocetin protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by attenuating Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission via PGC-1α. J Geriatr Cardiol 2023; 20:68-82. [PMID: 36875162 PMCID: PMC9975486 DOI: 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been traditionally used as food, spice, and medicine. Crocetin (CRT), as main bioactive component of saffron, has accumulated pieces of beneficial evidence on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms are poorly explored. This study aims to investigate the effects of CRT on H9c2 cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and elucidated the possible underlying mechanism. METHODS H/R attack was performed on H9c2 cells. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the cell viability. Cell samples and culture supernatants were evaluated via commercial kits to measure the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Various fluorescent probes were used to detect cell apoptosis, intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Proteins were evaluated via Western Blot. RESULTS H/R exposure severely reduced cell viability and increased LDH leakage. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) suppression and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) activation were coincided with excessive mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse in H9c2 cells treated with H/R. Mitochondria fragmentation under H/R injury induced ROS over-production, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. Notably, CRT treatment significantly prevented mitochondrial fission, mPTP opening, MMP loss, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, CRT sufficiently activated PGC-1α and inactivated Drp1. Interestingly, mitochondrial fission inhibition with mdivi-1 similarly suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. However, silencing PGC-1α with small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the beneficial effects of CRT on H9c2 cells under H/R injury, accompanied with increased Drp1 and p-Drp1ser616 levels. Furthermore, over-expression of PGC-1α with adenovirus transfection replicated the beneficial effects of CRT on H9c2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified PGC-1α as a master regulator in H/R-injured H9c2 cells via Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. We also presented the evidence that PGC-1α might be a novel target against cardiomyocyte H/R injury. Our data revealed the role of CRT in regulating PGC-1α/Drp1/mitochondrial fission process in H9c2 cells under the burden of H/R attack, and we suggested that modulation of PGC-1α level may provide a therapeutic target for treating cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ling Mou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ying Lyu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Fei Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Cayouette F, O’Hearn K, Gertsman S, Menon K. Operationalization of assent for research participation in pre-adolescent children: a scoping review. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:106. [PMID: 36329421 PMCID: PMC9632024 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seeking assent from children for participation in medical research is an ethical imperative of numerous institutions globally. However, none of these organizations provide specific guidance on the criteria or process to be used when obtaining assent. The primary objective of this scoping review was to determine the descriptions of assent discussed in the literature and the reported criteria used for seeking assent for research participation in pre-adolescent children. METHODS Medline and Embase databases were searched until November 2020 using the term "assent" in the title or abstract. Inclusion criteria were (1) studies enrolling children which specifically described operationalization of the assent process and (2) studies of the assent process which provided a description of assent. Data collected included participant information, patient criteria for seeking assent, guidelines referenced, description of assent reported, how assent was obtained and assent information presented, and reported assent rate. For qualitative articles focusing on the assent process, important themes were identified. RESULTS A total of 116 articles were included of which 79 (68.9%) operationalized assent and 57 studies (%) described the assent process. The most commonly reported criterion used to determine the ability of a child to assent was age (35.4%, 28/79). The reported minimal age for obtaining pediatric assent varied considerably across and within jurisdictions (5-13 years; median 7.5 years, IQR 7.0, 9.75). Cognitive ability was reported as a criterion for obtaining assent in 5.1% (4/79) of studies. Assent rates were only reported in 17.7% (14/79) of citations and ranged from 32.0 to 100%. Analysis of the 57 studies describing the assent process identified several themes, including age thresholds, assessment of capacity, variable knowledge of pediatric assent and parental roles. CONCLUSION We found significant variation in criteria used for assessment of patient capacity, delivery of information used to obtain assent and documentation of the assent process. While we acknowledge that individual children, settings and jurisdictions may require different approaches to obtaining assent, there should be agreement on important principles to be followed with resulting common guidance on assessing capacity, delivering information and documentation of the assent process for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cayouette
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Katie O’Hearn
- grid.414148.c0000 0000 9402 6172CHEO Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Shira Gertsman
- grid.414148.c0000 0000 9402 6172CHEO Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Present Address: Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Kusum Menon
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada ,grid.414148.c0000 0000 9402 6172CHEO Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON Canada
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12
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Short-Term Exposure to Violet Light Emitted from Eyeglass Frames in Myopic Children: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206000. [PMID: 36294321 PMCID: PMC9604831 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Violet light (VL), 360−400 nm wavelength, is contained in the sunlight and is an effective element for myopia suppression. This study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of novel eyeglasses that emit VL from the frames. This is a double-masked, randomized, pilot clinical trial conducted in a clinic in Japan. Forty-three children with myopia were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, wearing VL-emitting eyeglass frames (VLf) that emitted VL of 310 μW/cm2 (VLf group, n = 22) or pseudo-placebo eyeglass frames with a minimal emission of VL (<10 μW/cm2) (control group, n = 21). The exposure time was 3 h per day. The primary outcomes were visual acuity, tear film break-up time, corneal endothelial cell density, and the slit-lamp/fundus examinations. The secondary outcome was the 6-month changes in the axial lengths and cycloplegic refractions. Forty-one (95%) participants were included; twenty-one in the VLf group and twenty in the control group. No significant differences were seen in any safety evaluation. Significant changes were seen in axial elongation, choroidal thickness, and cycloplegic refractions in the subgroup analysis of 8- to 10-year-old children (p < 0.05), but otherwise no significant differences were seen. The VLf showed short-term safety and effectiveness against myopia progression.
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13
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Mori K, Kuroha S, Hou J, Jeong H, Ogawa M, Ikeda SI, Kang JX, Negishi K, Torii H, Arita M, Kurihara T, Tsubota K. Lipidomic analysis revealed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed choroidal thinning and myopia progression in mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22312. [PMID: 35532744 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101947r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is increasing worldwide and its preventable measure should urgently be pursued. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have various effects such as vasodilative and anti-inflammatory, which myopia may be involved in. This study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of PUFAs on myopia progression. A lens-induced myopia (LIM) model was prepared using C57B L6/J 3-week-old mice, which were equipped with a -30 diopter lens to the right eye. Chows containing two different ratios of n-3/n-6 PUFA were administered to the mice, and myopic shifts were confirmed in choroidal thickness, refraction, and axial length in the n-3 PUFA-enriched chow group after 5 weeks. To exclude the possibility that the other ingredients in the chow may have taken the suppressive effect, fat-1 transgenic mice, which can produce n-3 PUFAs endogenously, demonstrated significant suppression of myopia. To identify what elements in n-3 PUFAs took effects on myopia suppression, enucleated eyes were used for targeted lipidomic analysis, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were characteristically distributed. Administration of EPA to the LIM model confirmed the inhibitory effect on choroidal thinning and myopia progression. Subsequently, to identify the elements and the metabolites of fatty acids effective on myopia suppression, targeted lipidomic analysis was performed and it demonstrated that metabolites of EPA were involved in myopia suppression, whereas prostaglandin E2 and 14,15-dihydrotestosterone were associated with progression of myopia. In conclusion, EPA and its metabolites are related to myopia suppression and inhibition of choroidal thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwako Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayoko Kuroha
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Guo ZL, Li MX, Li XL, Wang P, Wang WG, Du WZ, Yang ZQ, Chen SF, Wu D, Tian XY. Crocetin: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:745683. [PMID: 35095483 PMCID: PMC8795768 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.745683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocetin is an aglycone of crocin naturally occurring in saffron and produced in biological systems by hydrolysis of crocin as a bioactive metabolite. It is known to exist in several medicinal plants, the desiccative ripe fruit of the cape jasmine belonging to the Rubiaceae family, and stigmas of the saffron plant of the Iridaceae family. According to modern pharmacological investigations, crocetin possesses cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidepressant, antiviral, anticancer, atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, and memory-enhancing properties. Although poor bioavailability hinders therapeutic applications, derivatization and formulation preparation technologies have broadened the application prospects for crocetin. To promote the research and development of crocetin, we summarized the distribution, preparation and production, total synthesis and derivatization technology, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, drug safety, drug formulations, and preparation of crocetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Liang Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mao-Xing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Gang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ze Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Chemical Technology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Fu Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Tian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese of PLA, Gansu Plateau Pharmaceutical Technology Center, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Li M, Tan CS, Foo LL, Sugianto R, Toh JY, Sun CH, Yap F, Sabanayagam C, Chong FFM, Saw SM. Dietary intake and associations with myopia in Singapore children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 42:319-326. [PMID: 34862645 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate associations of dietary factors with myopia, spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) and axial length (AL) in children at age 9 from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort. METHODS We included 467 multi-ethnic children (933 eyes) who participated in the GUSTO prospective birth cohort and were delivered in two major hospitals in Singapore (2009-2010). At the 9-year visit, we assessed the 6-year incidence of myopia (between ages 3 to 9), cycloplegic SE and AL in children without myopia (SE ≤ -0.5 D in either eye) at the 3-year visit. Using a validated 112-item food frequency questionnaire, parents reported each child's average daily intake of dietary factors (nutrients and food groups) in the past month. Paired eyes were analysed using Generalised Estimating Equations with multivariable logistic or linear regression. Bonferroni corrections were applied, correcting for multiple comparisons between the 13 nutrients (p < 0.004) or 8 food groups (p < 0.006) and each outcome. RESULTS In children aged 9 years (51.0% boys; 56.3% Chinese), the 6-year incidence of myopia was 35.5%. Overall, the mean (SD) SE and AL were -0.3 (1.7) D and 23.4 (1.0) mm, respectively. In multivariable regression, macronutrients or micronutrients were not associated with incident myopia (p ≥ 0.004 for all), adjusting for total energy, gender, ethnicity, time outdoors, near-work and the number of myopic parents (additionally child's height for outcome AL). Similarly, all food groups (including refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, protein foods, fruits and vegetables) were not associated with incident myopia (p ≥ 0.006 for all). Additionally, none of the nutrients (p ≥ 0.004 for all) or food groups (p ≥ 0.006 for all) were associated with SE or AL. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings of no significant association between specific nutrients or food groups and incident myopia or SE or AL suggest that diet may not be associated with myopia in children aged 9 years. Well-conducted prospective studies in other populations may clarify the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijie Li
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen-Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Lian Foo
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ray Sugianto
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Foong-Fong Mary Chong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective for myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104689118. [PMID: 34675076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104689118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. However, a safe and accessible approach for myopia control and prevention is currently unavailable. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of dietary supplements of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on myopia progression in animal models and on decreases in choroidal blood perfusion (ChBP) caused by near work, a risk factor for myopia in young adults. We demonstrated that daily gavage of ω-3 PUFAs (300 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] plus 60 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) significantly attenuated the development of form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs and mice, as well as of lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs. Peribulbar injections of DHA also inhibited myopia progression in form-deprived guinea pigs. The suppression of myopia in guinea pigs was accompanied by inhibition of the "ChBP reduction-scleral hypoxia cascade." Additionally, treatment with DHA or EPA antagonized hypoxia-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in cultured human scleral fibroblasts. In human subjects, oral administration of ω-3 PUFAs partially alleviated the near-work-induced decreases in ChBP. Therefore, evidence from these animal and human studies suggests ω-3 PUFAs are potential and readily available candidates for myopia control.
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17
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Ofuji Y, Torii H, Yotsukura E, Mori K, Kurihara T, Negishi K, Tsubota K. Axial length shortening in a myopic child with anisometropic amblyopia after wearing violet light-transmitting eyeglasses for 2 years. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020; 20:101002. [PMID: 33364519 PMCID: PMC7750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case in which the axial length (AL) shortened and the choroid thickened due to the use of violet light-transmitting eyeglasses. OBSERVATIONS A 4-year-old boy with high myopia was referred to Keio University Hospital. He was prescribed standard eyeglasses. Six months after the first visit, his best-corrected visual acuities were 1.2 and 0.4 in the right and left eyes, respectively, with the standard eyeglasses, and he was diagnosed with anisometropic amblyopia. The right eye then was patched for 6 hours daily during the daytime. Because of the availability of violet light-transmitting eyeglasses, we changed the eyeglasses and instructed his parents to have him engage in outdoor activities for over 2 hours daily to be exposed to sufficient violet light. As a result, the violet light entered his left eye and minimal violet light entered his right eye. The changes in the ALs, choroidal thicknesses, and cycloplegic objective refractions in the right and left eyes during 2 years of wearing violet light-transmitting eyeglasses were +0.85 and -0.20 mm, +4.9 and + 115.7 μm, and -1.02 and + 1.88 D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE We successfully described a case in which the myopia improved, the AL shortened, and the choroid thickened after using violet light-transmitting eyeglasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ofuji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Erisa Yotsukura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiwako Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 304 Toshin Shinanomachi-ekimae Bldg., 34 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan
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18
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Fernández-Albarral JA, de Hoz R, Ramírez AI, López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, Pinazo-Durán MD, Ramírez JM, Salazar JJ. Beneficial effects of saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) in ocular pathologies, particularly neurodegenerative retinal diseases. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1408-1416. [PMID: 31997799 PMCID: PMC7059587 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been traditionally used in food preparation and as a medicinal plant. It currently has numerous therapeutic properties attributed to it, such as protection against ischemia, as well as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, hypolipidemic, anti-atherogenic, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, and anti-cancer properties. In addition, saffron has remarkable beneficial properties, such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, due to its main metabolites, among which crocin and crocetin stand out. Furthermore, increasing evidence underwrites the possible neuroprotective role of the main bioactive saffron constituents in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, both in experimental models and in clinical studies in patients. Currently, saffron supplementation is being tested for ocular neurodegenerative pathologies, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, among others, and shows beneficial effects. The present article provides a comprehensive and up to date report of the investigations on the beneficial effects of saffron extracts on the main neurodegenerative ocular pathologies and other ocular diseases. This review showed that saffron extracts could be considered promising therapeutic agents to help in the treatment of ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María D Pinazo-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo; Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Madrid, Spain
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