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Ahmed M, Garzanich M, Melaragno LE, Nyirjesy S, Windheim NV, Marquardt M, Luttrull M, Quails N, VanKoevering KK. Exploring CT pixel and voxel size effect on anatomic modeling in mandibular reconstruction. 3D Print Med 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38922481 PMCID: PMC11202317 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-024-00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer-aided modeling and design (CAM/CAD) of patient anatomy from computed tomography (CT) imaging and 3D printing technology enable the creation of tangible, patient-specific anatomic models that can be used for surgical guidance. These models have been associated with better patient outcomes; however, a lack of CT imaging guidelines risks the capture of unsuitable imaging for patient-specific modeling. This study aims to investigate how CT image pixel size (X-Y) and slice thickness (Z) impact the accuracy of mandibular models. METHODS Six cadaver heads were CT scanned at varying slice thicknesses and pixel sizes and turned into CAD models of the mandible for each scan. The cadaveric mandibles were then dissected and surface scanned, producing a CAD model of the true anatomy to be used as the gold standard for digital comparison. The root mean square (RMS) value of these comparisons, and the percentage of points that deviated from the true cadaveric anatomy by over 2.00 mm were used to evaluate accuracy. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests were used to determine significant differences in accuracy. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant difference in RMS for slice thickness but not pixel size while post-hoc testing showed a significant difference in pixel size only between pixels of 0.32 mm and 1.32 mm. For slice thickness, post-hoc testing revealed significantly smaller RMS values for scans with slice thicknesses of 0.67 mm, 1.25 mm, and 3.00 mm compared to those with a slice thickness of 5.00 mm. No significant differences were found between 0.67 mm, 1.25 mm, and 3.00 mm slice thicknesses. Results for the percentage of points deviating from cadaveric anatomy greater than 2.00 mm agreed with those for RMS except when comparing pixel sizes of 0.75 mm and 0.818 mm against 1.32 mm in post-hoc testing, which showed a significant difference as well. CONCLUSION This study suggests that slice thickness has a more significant impact on 3D model accuracy than pixel size, providing objective validation for guidelines favoring rigorous standards for slice thickness while recommending isotropic voxels. Additionally, our results indicate that CT scans up to 3.00 mm in slice thickness may provide an adequate 3D model for facial bony anatomy, such as the mandible, depending on the clinical indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maariyah Ahmed
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Myra Garzanich
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luigi E Melaragno
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Nyirjesy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave 5th Floor Clinic, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - Natalia Von Windheim
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave 5th Floor Clinic, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - Matthew Marquardt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave 5th Floor Clinic, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - Michael Luttrull
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Quails
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyle K VanKoevering
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave 5th Floor Clinic, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA.
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Msallem B, Veronesi L, Beyer M, Halbeisen FS, Maintz M, Franke A, Korn P, Dragu A, Thieringer FM. Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of Robot-Guided Laser Osteotomy in Reconstruction with Patient-Specific Implants-An Accuracy Study of Digital High-Tech Procedures. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3594. [PMID: 38930123 PMCID: PMC11204867 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: With the rapid advancement in surgical technologies, new workflows for mandibular reconstruction are constantly being evaluated. Cutting guides are extensively employed for defining osteotomy planes but are prone to errors during fabrication and positioning. A virtually defined osteotomy plane and drilling holes in robotic surgery minimize potential sources of error and yield highly accurate outcomes. Methods: Ten mandibular replicas were evaluated after cutting-guided saw osteotomy and robot-guided laser osteotomy following reconstruction with patient-specific implants. The descriptive data analysis summarizes the mean, standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, maximum, and root mean square (RMS) values of the surface comparison for 3D printed models regarding trueness and precision. Results: The saw group had a median trueness RMS value of 2.0 mm (SD ± 1.7) and a precision of 1.6 mm (SD ± 1.4). The laser group had a median trueness RMS value of 1.2 mm (SD ± 1.1) and an equal precision of 1.6 mm (SD ± 1.4). These results indicate that robot-guided laser osteotomies have a comparable accuracy to cutting-guided saw osteotomies, even though there was a lack of statistical significance. Conclusions: Despite the limited sample size, this digital high-tech procedure has been shown to be potentially equivalent to the conventional osteotomy method. Robotic surgery and laser osteotomy offers enormous advantages, as they enable the seamless integration of precise virtual preoperative planning and exact execution in the human body, eliminating the need for surgical guides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Msallem
- University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany;
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.V.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (F.M.T.)
| | - Lara Veronesi
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.V.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (F.M.T.)
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Beyer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.V.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (F.M.T.)
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian S. Halbeisen
- Surgical Outcome Research Center, Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel c/o University Hospital of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Michaela Maintz
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.V.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (F.M.T.)
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Franke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Paula Korn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.F.); (P.K.)
| | - Adrian Dragu
- University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DE-01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.V.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (F.M.T.)
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Kallaverja E, Barca I, Ferragina F, Cristofaro MG. Classical Orbital Floor Post-Traumatic Reconstruction vs. Customized Reconstruction with the Support of "In-House" 3D-Printed Models: A Retrospective Study with an Analysis of Volumetric Measurement. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1248. [PMID: 38928663 PMCID: PMC11203151 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital floor fractures (OFFs) represent an interesting chapter in maxillofacial surgery, and one of the main challenges in orbit reconstruction is shaping and cutting the precise contour of the implants due to its complex anatomy. OBJECTIVE The aim of the retrospective study was to demonstrate, through pre- and postoperative volumetric measurements of the orbit, how the use of a preformed titanium mesh based on the stereolithographic model produced with 3D printers ("In-House" reconstruction) provides a better reconstruction volumetric compared to the intraoperatively shaped titanium mesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients with OFF enrolled in this study were divided into two groups according to the inclusion criteria. In Group 1 (G1), patients surgically treated for OFF were divided into two subgroups: G1a, patients undergoing orbital floor reconstruction with an intraoperatively shaped mesh, and G1b, patients undergoing orbital floor reconstruction with a preoperative mesh shaped on a 3D-printed stereolithographic model. Group 2 (G2) consisted of patients treated for other traumatic pathologies (mandible fractures and middle face fractures not involving orbit). Pre- and postoperative orbital volumetric measurements were performed on both G1 and G2. The patients of both groups were subjected to the measurement of orbital volume using Osirix software (Pixmeo SARL, CH-1233 Bernex, Switzerland) on the new CT examination. Both descriptive (using central tendency indices such as mean and range) and regressive (using the Bravais-Pearson index, calculated using the GraphPad program) statistical analyses were performed on the recorded data. RESULTS From 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021, of the 176 patients treated for OFF at the "Magna Graecia" University Hospital of Catanzaro 10 fulfilled the study's inclusion criteria: 5 were assigned to G1a and 5 to G1b, with a total of 30 volumetric measurements. In G2, we included 10 patients, with a total of 20 volumetric measurements. From the volumetric measurements and statistical analysis carried out, it emerged that the average of the volumetric differences of the healthy orbits was ±0.6351 cm3, the standard deviation of the volumetric differences was ±0.3383, and the relationship between the treated orbit and the healthy orbit was linear; therefore, the treated orbital volumes tend to approach the healthy ones after surgical treatment. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that if the volume is restored within the range of the standardized mean, the diplopia is completely recovered already after surgery or after one month. For orbital volumes that do not fall within this range, functional recovery could occur within 6 months or be lacking. The restoration of the orbital volume using pre-modeled networks on the patient's anatomical model, printed internally in 3D, allows for more accurate reconstructions of the orbital floor in less time, with clinical advantages also in terms of surgical timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Kallaverja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Renato Dulbecco Hospital, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Ida Barca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ferragina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Renato Dulbecco Hospital, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Giulia Cristofaro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Renato Dulbecco Hospital, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.K.); (F.F.)
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Choudhari A, Elder J, Mugale M, Karki S, Digole S, Omeike S, Borkar T. Enhancing Quality Control: Image-Based Quantification of Carbides and Defect Remediation in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2174. [PMID: 38793241 PMCID: PMC11123299 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
While binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing (AM) holds considerable promise for industrial applications, defects often compromise part quality. This study addresses these challenges by investigating binding mechanisms and analyzing common defects, proposing tailored solutions to mitigate them. Emphasizing defect identification for effective quality control in BJ-AM, this research offers strategies for in-process rectification and post-process evaluation to elevate part quality. It shows how to successfully process metallic parts with complex geometries while maintaining consistent material properties. Furthermore, the paper explores the microstructure of AISI M2 tool steel, utilizing advanced image processing techniques like digital image analysis and SEM images to evaluate carbide distribution. The results show that M2 tool steel has a high proportion of M6C carbides, with furnace-cooled samples ranging from ~2.4% to 7.1% and MC carbides from ~0.4% to 9.4%. M6C carbides ranged from ~2.6% to 3.8% in air-cooled samples, while water-cooled samples peaked at ~8.52%. Sintering conditions also affected shrinkage, with furnace-cooled samples showing the lowest rates (1.7 ± 0.4% to 5 ± 0.4%) and water-cooled samples showing the highest (2 ± 0.4% to 14.1 ± 0.4%). The study recommends real-time defect detection systems with autonomous corrective capabilities to improve the quality and performance of BJ-AM components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tushar Borkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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5
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Benca E, Eckhart B, Stoegner A, Unger E, Bittner-Frank M, Strassl A, Gahleitner C, Hirtler L, Windhager R, Hobusch GM, Moscato F. Dimensional accuracy and precision and surgeon perception of additively manufactured bone models: effect of manufacturing technology and part orientation. 3D Print Med 2024; 10:5. [PMID: 38376810 PMCID: PMC10877873 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-024-00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additively manufactured (AM) anatomical bone models are primarily utilized for training and preoperative planning purposes. As such, they must meet stringent requirements, with dimensional accuracy being of utmost importance. This study aimed to evaluate the precision and accuracy of anatomical bone models manufactured using three different AM technologies: digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and PolyJetting (PJ), built in three different part orientations. Additionally, the study sought to assess surgeons' perceptions of how well these models mimic real bones in simulated osteosynthesis. METHODS Computer-aided design (CAD) models of six human radii were generated from computed tomography (CT) imaging data. Anatomical models were then manufactured using the three aforementioned technologies and in three different part orientations. The surfaces of all models were 3D-scanned and compared with the original CAD models. Furthermore, an anatomical model of a proximal femur including a metastatic lesion was manufactured using the three technologies, followed by (mock) osteosynthesis performed by six surgeons on each type of model. The surgeons' perceptions of the quality and haptic properties of each model were assessed using a questionnaire. RESULTS The mean dimensional deviations from the original CAD model ranged between 0.00 and 0.13 mm with maximal inaccuracies < 1 mm for all models. In surgical simulation, PJ models achieved the highest total score on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (with 1 and 5 representing the lowest and highest level of agreement, respectively), (3.74 ± 0.99) in the surgeons' perception assessment, followed by DLP (3.41 ± 0.99) and FDM (2.43 ± 1.02). Notably, FDM was perceived as unsuitable for surgical simulation, as the material melted during drilling and sawing. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the choice of technology and part orientation significantly influenced the accuracy and precision of additively manufactured bone models. However, all anatomical models showed satisfying accuracies and precisions, independent of the AM technology or part orientation. The anatomical and functional performance of FDM models was rated by surgeons as poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Benca
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Barbara Eckhart
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alexander Stoegner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bittner-Frank
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Strassl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gahleitner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Lena Hirtler
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Gerhard M Hobusch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Peker Ozturk H, Ayyıldız S. Comparison of different 3D printers in terms of dimensional stability by image data of a dry human mandible obtained from CBCT and CT. Int J Artif Organs 2024; 47:49-56. [PMID: 37981804 DOI: 10.1177/03913988231212405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To manage the mandibular traumas, for the expression of the complex anatomy or pathology in education of health sciences related branches, a model of the traumatized mandible is indispensable. For these, different 3D-print-technologies can be used. The aim of this study is, to measure how close these 3D-printed-models are to human-mandible (trueness) and the effectiveness of CT and CBCT at this point. STUDY DESIGN One-dry-human-mandible and 10-models manufactured by five different 3D-printers in four different-kinds of additive-manufacturing technology (Fused-Deposition-Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Binder-jetting (BJ), Polyjet (PJ)) were used, five-anatomic-landmarks and eight-distances were measured and evaluated. Mandible's data were constructed based on DICOM-3.0 data from CBCT and CT scans. Images were opened in MIMICS (software-program). RESULTS Study compared the devices that produced models with the same dry human-mandible. It was seen that the model with the highest margin of error (132.5 mm) was manufactured by Fused-deposition-modeling device using CT-data. In terms of distance to real-data, the model with the lowest error was generated by Binder-Jetting (ZCorp) with CBCT-data. Models produced with CBCT-data are closer to dry-human-mandible than models with CT-data. CONCLUSION The current study shows that CBCT generates significantly better data than CT in producing mandibular models. The first choice for manufacturing of human mandible is BJ and the second choice is the technology of SLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Peker Ozturk
- Department of Dento Maxillofacial Radiology, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simel Ayyıldız
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Zeller AN, Goetze E, Thiem DGE, Bartella AK, Seifert L, Beiglboeck FM, Kröplin J, Hoffmann J, Pabst A. A survey regarding the organizational aspects and quality systems of in-house 3D printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 27:661-673. [PMID: 35989406 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-022-01109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to get a cross-sectional overview of the current status of specific organizational procedures, quality control systems, and standard operating procedures for the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to assist in-house workflow using additive manufacturing in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in Germany. METHODS An online questionnaire including dynamic components containing 16-29 questions regarding specific organizational aspects, process workflows, quality controls, documentation, and the respective backgrounds in 3D printing was sent to OMF surgeons in university and non-university hospitals as well as private practices with and without inpatient treatment facilities. Participants were recruited from a former study population regarding 3D printing; all participants owned a 3D printer and were registered with the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. RESULTS Sixty-seven participants answered the questionnaires. Of those, 20 participants ran a 3D printer in-unit. Quality assurance measures were performed by 13 participants and underlying processes by 8 participants, respectively. Standard operating procedures regarding computer-aided design and manufacturing, post-processing, use, or storage of printed goods were non-existent in most printing units. Data segmentation as well as computer-aided design and manufacturing were conducted by a medical doctor in most cases (n = 19, n = 18, n = 8, respectively). Most participants (n = 8) stated that "medical device regulations did not have any influence yet, but an adaptation of the processes is planned for the future." CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated significant differences in 3D printing management in OMFS, especially concerning process workflows, quality control, and documentation. Considering the ever-increasing regulations for medical devices, there might be a necessity for standardized 3D printing recommendations and regulations in OMFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-N Zeller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Goetze
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel G E Thiem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Bartella
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Seifert
- Department of Oral, Cranio Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian M Beiglboeck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Munster, Germany
- MAM Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestr. 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Kröplin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Hospital Schwerin, Wismarsche Str. 393-397, 19049, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Rübenacherstr. 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany.
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Haque F, Luscher AF, Mitchell KAS, Sutradhar A. Optimization of Fixations for Additively Manufactured Cranial Implants: Insights from Finite Element Analysis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:498. [PMID: 37887630 PMCID: PMC10603949 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of additive manufacturing technology, patient-specific cranial implants using 3D printing have massively influenced the field. These implants offer improved surgical outcomes and aesthetic preservation. However, as additive manufacturing in cranial implants is still emerging, ongoing research is investigating their reliability and sustainability. The long-term biomechanical performance of these implants is critically influenced by factors such as implant material, anticipated loads, implant-skull interface geometry, and structural constraints, among others. The efficacy of cranial implants involves an intricate interplay of these factors, with fixation playing a pivotal role. This study addresses two critical concerns: determining the ideal number of fixation points for cranial implants and the optimal curvilinear distance between those points, thereby establishing a minimum threshold. Employing finite element analysis, the research incorporates variables such as implant shapes, sizes, materials, the number of fixation points, and their relative positions. The study reveals that the optimal number of fixation points ranges from four to five, accounting for defect size and shape. Moreover, the optimal curvilinear distance between two screws is approximately 40 mm for smaller implants and 60 mm for larger implants. Optimal fixation placement away from the center mitigates higher deflection due to overhangs. Notably, a symmetric screw orientation reduces deflection, enhancing implant stability. The findings offer crucial insights into optimizing fixation strategies for cranial implants, thereby aiding surgical decision-making guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Haque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (F.H.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Anthony F. Luscher
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (F.H.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Kerry-Ann S. Mitchell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Alok Sutradhar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (F.H.); (A.F.L.)
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Khaw S, Liu X, Cameron A, Aarts J, Choi JJE. Factors influencing the dimensional accuracy of additively manufactured dental models: A systematic review of in vitro studies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 146:106057. [PMID: 37542769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to systematically review the literature and evaluate the effect of post-printing factors such as aging, heat, appliance fabrication and storage on the dimensional accuracy of full-arch dental models manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM) technology for the intended use of working model purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three online databases, Medline (Ovid), Scopus and Web of Science were screened and last searched in March 2023. In-vitro studies and publications involving any distortions and shrinkage to the additively manufactured (AMed) model after printing and post-processing were included. However, literature reviews, abstracts, publications in a language different from English, or publications not testing a dental model with an arch or dentition were excluded. The references cited in the studies included were also checked via Google Scholar to identify relevant published studies potentially missed. RESULTS The systematic search identified and screened 769 different studies after the removal of duplicates. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 30 relevant titles and abstracts were found, yielding six final selections after full-text screening. Four out of the six studies evaluated the effect of both storage and aging on the dimensional accuracy of AMed dental models. The other two studies assessed the dimensional accuracy after the fabrication of thermoformed and vacuum-formed appliances on the AMed dental model. CONCLUSIONS AMed models can be utilised as working models on the condition that specific printing parameters are followed and additional model design features are employed. No definitive conclusions can be drawn on standardised methods to assess the dimensional accuracy of AMed dental models after storage, aging and appliance fabrication. In addition, there is no consensus on specific storage periods for an AMed model. Majority of study designs removed the palatal region to create a horseshoe shaped model, making the results less applicable to a working model scenario requiring the palate for retention purposes. The parameters investigated on AMed models include storage, aging, and appliance fabrication through thermoforming and vacuum-forming. Printing densities of solid models and wall thickness of hollow models were shown to influence the accuracy of AMed models. Dimensional accuracy of AMed models have been shown to be affected during appliance fabrication through thermoforming and vacuum-forming in certain conditions. SIGNIFICANCE There is a clear need of standardisation when manufacturing AMed dental models for working model purposes. The current methods investigated in this study lack established protocols to accurately manufacture the AMed models, and effectively store and utilise an AMed dental model for fabrication of orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Khaw
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Cameron
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland Disability & Rehabilitation Centre, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - John Aarts
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Jung Eun Choi
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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10
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Vishakha V, Abdel-Mohsen AM, Michalicka J, White PB, Lepcio P, Tinoco Navarro LK, Jančář J. Carboxymethyl starch as a reducing and capping agent in the hydrothermal synthesis of selenium nanostructures for use with three-dimensional-printed hydrogel carriers. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230829. [PMID: 37830030 PMCID: PMC10565383 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal method is a cost-effective and eco-friendly route for preparing various nanomaterials. It can use a capping agent, such as a polysaccharide, to govern and define the nanoparticle morphology. Elemental selenium nanostructures (spheres and rods) were synthesized and stabilized using a tailor-made carboxymethyl starch (CMS, degree of substitution = 0.3) under hydrothermal conditions. CMS is particularly convenient because it acts simultaneously as the capping and reducing agent, as verified by several analytical techniques, while the reaction relies entirely on green solvents. Furthermore, the effect of sodium selenite concentration, reaction time and temperature on the nanoparticle size, morphology, microstructure and chemical composition was investigated to identify the ideal synthesis conditions. A pilot experiment demonstrated the feasibility of implementing the synthesized nanoparticles into vat photopolymerization three-dimensional-printed hydrogel carriers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). When submersed into the water, the subsequent particle release was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), promising great potential for use in bio-three-dimensional printing and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Vishakha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A. M. Abdel-Mohsen
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Heyrovského nám. 2, Praha 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michalicka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul B. White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Lepcio
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Jančář
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Abad-Coronel C, Ruano Espinosa C, Ordóñez Palacios S, Paltán CA, Fajardo JI. Comparative Analysis between Conventional Acrylic, CAD/CAM Milled, and 3D CAD/CAM Printed Occlusal Splints. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6269. [PMID: 37763547 PMCID: PMC10532716 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of digital technologies has allowed for the fabrication of new materials; however, it makes it difficult to choose the best methods to obtain occlusal splints with optimal properties, so it is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of these materials. The aim of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of occlusal splints made of different materials after thermo-mechanical aging. METHODS A total of 32 samples were made from 4 materials (two 3D printed polymeric materials, a PMMA disc for CAD/CAM, and a conventional heat-cured acrylic resin); subsequently, the fracture test was performed using the load compression mode applied occlusally on the splint surface. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Four statistical tests were used (Shapiro-Wilk, Levene's test, ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test). RESULTS The following study showed that there are differences in fracture strength among the four materials investigated, where the highest strength was observed in the milled splint, with a mean of 3051.2 N (newton) compared to the strength of the flexible splint with 1943.4 N, the printed splint with 1489.9 N, and the conventional acrylic splint with 1303.9 N. CONCLUSIONS The milled splints were the most resistant to fracture. Of the printed splints, the splint made with flexural rigid resin withstood the applied forces in acceptable ranges, so its clinical indication may be viable. Although the results of this research indicated differences in the mechanical properties between the CAD/CAM and conventional fabrication methods, the selection may also be influenced by processing time and cost, since with a CAD/CAM system there is a significant reduction in the production time of the splint material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Abad-Coronel
- CAD/CAM Materials and Digital Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador
| | | | | | - César A. Paltán
- New Materials and Transformation Processes Research Group GiMaT, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (C.A.P.); (J.I.F.)
| | - Jorge I. Fajardo
- New Materials and Transformation Processes Research Group GiMaT, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador; (C.A.P.); (J.I.F.)
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12
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Ahmed M, Melaragno LE, Nyirjesy SC, von Windheim N, Fenberg R, Herster R, Sheldon A, Binzel K, Knopp MV, Herderick ED, VanKoevering KK. Higher Computed Tomography (CT) Scan Resolution Improves Accuracy of Patient-specific Mandibular Models When Compared to Cadaveric Gold Standard. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:1176-1185. [PMID: 37315925 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D-printed patient-specific anatomical models are becoming an increasingly popular tool for planning reconstructive surgeries to treat oral cancer. Currently there is a lack of information regarding model accuracy, and how the resolution of the computed tomography (CT) scan affects the accuracy of the final model. PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to determine the CT z-axis resolution necessary in creating a patient specific mandibular model with clinically acceptable accuracy for global bony reconstruction. This study also sought to evaluate the effect of the digital sculpting and 3D printing process on model accuracy. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study using cadaveric heads obtained from the Ohio State University Body Donation Program. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES The first independent variable is CT scan slice thickness of either 0.675 , 1.25, 3.00, or 5.00 mm. The second independent variable is the three produced models for analysis (unsculpted, digitally sculpted, 3D printed). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE The degree of accuracy of a model as defined by the root mean square (RMS) value, a measure of a model's discrepancy from its respective cadaveric anatomy. ANALYSES All models were digitally compared to their cadaveric bony anatomy using a metrology surface scan of the dissected mandible. The RMS value of each comparison evaluates the level of discrepancy. One-way ANOVA tests (P < .05) were used to determine statistically significant differences between CT scan resolutions. Two-way ANOVA tests (P < .05) were used to determine statistically significant differences between groups. RESULTS CT scans acquired for 8 formalin-fixed cadaver heads were processed and analyzed. The RMS for digitally sculpted models decreased as slice thickness decreased, confirming that higher resolution CT scans resulted in statistically more accurate model production when compared to the cadaveric gold standard. Furthermore, digitally sculpted models were significantly more accurate than unsculpted models (P < .05) at each slice thickness. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that CT scans with slice thicknesses of 3.00 mm or smaller created statistically significantly more accurate models than models created from slice thicknesses of 5.00 mm. The digital sculpting process statistically significantly increased the accuracy of models and no loss of accuracy through the 3D printing process was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maariyah Ahmed
- Undergraduate Student, Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Undergraduate Student, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbus, OH
| | - Luigi E Melaragno
- Undergraduate Student, Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Undergraduate Student, The Ohio State University College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbus, OH
| | - Sarah C Nyirjesy
- Resident, The Ohio State University Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Columbus, OH
| | - Natalia von Windheim
- Post-Doctoral Fellow, Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Rachel Fenberg
- Clinical Researcher, The Ohio State University Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Columbus, OH; Medical Student, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Herster
- Research Specialist, Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alexandra Sheldon
- Medical Student, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Katherine Binzel
- Professor, Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, OSUWMC, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael V Knopp
- Professor, Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, OSUWMC, Columbus, OH
| | - Edward D Herderick
- Director of Additive Manufacturing, Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kyle K VanKoevering
- Assistant Professor, The Ohio State University Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Columbus, OH.
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13
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Yang MY, Tseng HC, Liu CH, Tsai SY, Chen JH, Chu YH, Li ST, Lee JJ, Liao WC. Effects of the individual three-dimensional printed craniofacial bones with a quick response code on the skull spatial knowledge of undergraduate medical students. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:858-869. [PMID: 36905326 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the human skull is imperative for medical courses. However, medical students are overwhelmed by the spatial complexity of the skull. Separated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bone models have advantages as learning tools, but they are fragile and expensive. This study aimed to reconstruct 3D-printed skull bone models (3D-PSBs) using polylactic acid (PLA) with anatomical characteristics for spatial recognition of the skull. Student responses to 3D-PSB application were investigated through a questionnaire and tests to understand the requirement of these models as a learning tool. The students were randomly divided into 3D-PSB (n = 63) and skull (n = 67) groups to analyze pre- and post-test scores. Their knowledge was improved, with the gain scores of the 3D-PSB group (50.0 ± 3.0) higher than that of the skull group (37.3 ± 5.2). Most students agreed that using 3D-PSBs with quick response codes could improve immediate feedback on teaching (88%; 4.41 ± 0.75), while 85.9% of the students agreed that individual 3D-PSBs clarified the structures hidden within the skull (4.41 ± 0.75). The ball drop test revealed that the mechanical strength of the cement/PLA model was significantly greater than that of the cement or PLA model. The prices of the PVC, cement, and cement/PLA models were 234, 1.9, and 10 times higher than that of the 3D-PSB model, respectively. These findings imply that low-cost 3D-PSB models could revolutionize skull anatomical education by incorporating digital technologies like the QR system into the anatomical teaching repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Education, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chun Tseng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hung Chu
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ti Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jr Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstruction Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Andrzejewski K, Domżalski M, Komorowski P, Poszepczyński J, Rokita B, Elgalal M. Optimization of Revision Hip Arthroplasty Workflow by Means of Detailed Pre-Surgical Planning Using Computed Tomography Data, Open-Source Software and Three-Dimensional-Printed Models. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2516. [PMID: 37568878 PMCID: PMC10417331 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In revision hip arthroplasty (RHA), establishing the center of rotation (COR) can be technically challenging due to the acetabular bone destruction that is usually present, particularly in severe cases such as Paprosky type II and III defects. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of open-source medical image reconstruction software and low-cost 3D anatomical models in pre-surgical planning of RHA. METHODS A total of 10 patients, underwent RHA and were included in the study. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for all cases, before surgery and approximately 1 week after the procedure. The reconstruction of CT data, 3D virtual planning of the COR and positioning of acetabular cups, including their inclination and anteversion angles, was carried out using the free open source software platform 3D Slicer. In addition, anatomical models of the pelvis were built on a desktop 3D printer from polylactic acid (PLA). Preoperative and postoperative reconstructed imaging data were compared for each patient, and the position of the acetabular cups as well as the COR were evaluated for each case. RESULTS Analysis of the pre- and post-op center of rotation position data indicated statistically insignificant differences for the location of the COR on the X-axis (1.5 mm, t = 0.5741, p = 0.5868) with a fairly strong correlation of the results (r = -0.672, p = 0.0982), whilst for the location of the COR in the Y and Z-axes, there was statistical dependence (Y axis, 4.7 mm, t = 3.168 and p = 0.0194; Z axis, 1.9 mm, t = 1.887 and p = 0.1081). A strong correlation for both axes was also observed (Y and Z) (Y-axis, r = 0.9438 and p = 0.0014; Z-axis, r = 0.8829 and p = 0.0084). Analysis of inclination angle values showed a statistically insignificant difference between mean values (3.9 degrees, t = 1.111, p = 0.3092) and a moderate correlation was found between mean values (r = -0.4042, p = 0.3685). Analysis of the anteversion angle showed a statistically insignificant difference between mean values (1.9 degrees, t = 0.8671, p = 0.4192), while a moderate correlation between mean values was found (r = -0.4782, p = 0.2777). CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional reconstruction software, together with low-cost anatomical models, are very effective tools for pre-surgical planning, which have great potential use in orthopedic surgery, particularly RHA. In up and in- and up and out-type defects, it is essential to establish a new COR and to identify three support points within the revision acetabulum in order to correctly position acetabular cups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Andrzejewski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (K.A.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Marcin Domżalski
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (K.A.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jan Poszepczyński
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (K.A.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Bożena Rokita
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Elgalal
- Second Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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15
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Alevizakos V, Mosch R, von See C. Influence of Multiple Used Implant Drills on Their Cutting Performance and Fracture Resistance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5271. [PMID: 37569975 PMCID: PMC10420324 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the influence of multiple uses of zirconia implant drills on their cutting performance and bending strength. The hypothesis was that drill usage and sterilization cycles would not affect drilling time or flexural strength. Sixty zirconia twist drills from Z-Systems were used to drill in the angulus mandibulae region of fresh porcine jaws. The drills were divided into four groups based on the cycle count, and the drilling time was measured. Bending strength tests were conducted using a universal testing machine, and statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA tests. The results showed that drilling times followed a normal distribution, and significant differences were observed in drilling times between group 1 and the other groups for the pilot drill. However, no significant differences were found for ø3.75 mm and ø4.25 mm drills, and drilling times also varied significantly among different drill diameters, regardless of the cycle count. Flexural strength did not significantly differ among drill diameters or sterilization cycles. Overall, using and sterilizing zirconia implant drills had no significant impact on drilling time or flexural strength. Nevertheless, drilling times did vary depending on the diameter of the drill. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance and durability of zirconia implant drills, contributing to the optimization of dental implant procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Alevizakos
- Research Center for Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD/CAM, Danube Private University, Steiner Landstrasse 124, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria; (R.M.); (C.v.S.)
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16
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Wang X, Shujaat S, Shaheen E, Ferraris E, Jacobs R. Trueness of cone-beam computed tomography-derived skull models fabricated by different technology-based three-dimensional printers. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:397. [PMID: 37328901 PMCID: PMC10273646 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel innovation in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery, however, a lack of evidence exists related to the comparison of the trueness of skull models fabricated using different technology-based printers belonging to different cost segments. METHODS A study was performed to investigate the trueness of cone-beam computed tomography-derived skull models fabricated using different technology based on low-, medium-, and high-cost 3D printers. Following the segmentation of a patient's skull, the model was printed by: (i) a low-cost fused filament fabrication printer; (ii) a medium-cost stereolithography printer; and (iii) a high-cost material jetting printer. The fabricated models were later scanned by industrial computed tomography and superimposed onto the original reference virtual model by applying surface-based registration. A part comparison color-coded analysis was conducted for assessing the difference between the reference and scanned models. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS The model printed with the low-cost fused filament fabrication printer showed the highest mean absolute error ([Formula: see text]), whereas both medium-cost stereolithography-based and the high-cost material jetting models had an overall similar dimensional error of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Overall, the models printed with medium- and high-cost printers showed a significantly ([Formula: see text]) lower error compared to the low-cost printer. CONCLUSIONS Both stereolithography and material jetting based printers, belonging to the medium- and high-cost market segment, were able to replicate the skeletal anatomy with optimal trueness, which might be suitable for patient-specific treatment planning tasks in craniomaxillofacial surgery. In contrast, the low-cost fused filament fabrication printer could serve as a cost-effective alternative for anatomical education, and/or patient communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang, 150001 Harbin China
| | - Sohaib Shujaat
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 14611 Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Shaheen
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden
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Valls-Esteve A, Lustig-Gainza P, Adell-Gomez N, Tejo-Otero A, Englí-Rueda M, Julian-Alvarez E, Navarro-Sureda O, Fenollosa-Artés F, Rubio-Palau J, Krauel L, Munuera J. A state-of-the-art guide about the effects of sterilization processes on 3D-printed materials for surgical planning and medical applications: A comparative study. Int J Bioprint 2023; 9:756. [PMID: 37555083 PMCID: PMC10406103 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgeons use different medical devices in the surgery, such as patient-specific anatomical models, cutting and positioning guides, or implants. These devices must be sterilized before being used in the operation room. There are many sterilization processes available, with autoclave, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene oxide being the most common in hospital settings. Each method has both advantages and disadvantages in terms of mechanics, chemical interaction, and post-treatment accuracy. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the dimensional and mechanical effect of the most commonly used sterilization techniques available in clinical settings, i.e., Autoclave 121, Autoclave 134, and hydrogen peroxide (HPO), on 11 of the most used 3D-printed materials fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies. The results showed that the temperature (depending on the sterilization method) and the exposure time to that temperature influence not only the mechanical behavior but also the original dimensioning planned on the 3D model. Therefore, HPO is a better overall option for most of the materials evaluated. Finally, based on the results of the study, a recommendation guide on sterilization methods per material, technology, and clinical application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Valls-Esteve
- Innovation Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu,
Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i
Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Adell-Gomez
- Innovation Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu,
Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Tejo-Otero
- Centre CIM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
(CIM UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marti Englí-Rueda
- Innovation Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu,
Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Osmeli Navarro-Sureda
- Sterilization Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu,
Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felip Fenollosa-Artés
- Centre CIM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
(CIM UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering
of Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Josep Rubio-Palau
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i
Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Maxillofacial Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery,
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Krauel
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i
Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Munuera
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i
Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Sant Joan de
Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Kopycinska-Müller M, Schreiber L, Schwarzer-Fischer E, Günther A, Phillips C, Moritz T, Opitz J, Choi YJ, Yun HS. Signal-Decay Based Approach for Visualization of Buried Defects in 3-D Printed Ceramic Components Imaged with Help of Optical Coherence Tomography. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103607. [PMID: 37241233 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) as a tool for the quality control of 3-D-printed ceramics. Test samples with premeditated defects, namely single- and two-component samples of zirconia, titania, and titanium suboxides, were printed by stereolithography-based DLP (Digital Light Processing) processes. The OCT tomograms obtained on the green samples showed the capability of the method to visualize variations in the layered structure of the samples as well as the presence of cracks and inclusions at depths up to 130 µm, as validated by SEM images. The structural information was visible in cross-sectional images as well as in plan-view images. The optical signal measured from the printed zirconia oxide and titanium oxide samples showed strong attenuation with depth and could be fit with an exponential decay curve. The variations of the decay parameter correlated very well with the presence of defects and material variation. When used as an imaging quantity, the decay parameter projects the position of the defects into 2-D (X,Y) coordinates. This procedure can be used in real time, it reduces the data volume up to 1000 times, and allows for faster subsequent data analysis and transfer. Tomograms were also obtained on sintered samples. The results showed that the method can detect changes in the optical properties of the green ceramics caused by sintering. Specifically, the zirconium oxide samples became more transparent to the light used, whereas the titanium suboxide samples became entirely opaque. In addition, the optical response of the sintered zirconium oxide showed variations within the imaged volume, indicating material density variations. The results presented in this study show that OCT provides sufficient structural information on 3-D-printed ceramics and can be used as an in-line tool for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luise Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Schwarzer-Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Günther
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Conner Phillips
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tassilo Moritz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Opitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yeong-Jin Choi
- Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon-si 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Suk Yun
- Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon-si 51508, Republic of Korea
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19
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Paxton NC. Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models. 3D Print Med 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 37024730 PMCID: PMC10080800 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-023-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology has become increasingly popular in healthcare settings, with applications of 3D printed anatomical models ranging from diagnostics and surgical planning to patient education. However, as the use of 3D printed anatomical models becomes more widespread, there is a growing need for regulation and quality control to ensure their accuracy and safety. This literature review examines the current state of 3D printing in hospitals and FDA regulation process for software intended for use in producing 3D printed models and provides for the first time a comprehensive list of approved software platforms alongside the 3D printers that have been validated with each for producing 3D printed anatomical models. The process for verification and validation of these 3D printed products, as well as the potential for inaccuracy in these models, is discussed, including methods for testing accuracy, limits, and standards for accuracy testing. This article emphasizes the importance of regulation and quality control in the use of 3D printing technology in healthcare, the need for clear guidelines and standards for both the software and the printed products to ensure the safety and accuracy of 3D printed anatomical models, and the opportunity to expand the library of regulated 3D printers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Paxton
- Phil & Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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20
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Otaghsara SST, Joda T, Thieringer FM. Accuracy of dental implant placement using static versus dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery: An in vitro study: Accuracy of static vs. dynamic CAIS. J Dent 2023; 132:104487. [PMID: 36948382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in-vitro study compared the accuracy of implant placement using static versus dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery (CAIS) at two implant sites. METHODS Partially edentulous maxillary models were 3D-printed, and two implants (Straumann TL RN4.1 × 10mm) were inserted in FDI positions 15 and 16 per model using two CAIS approaches (10 models per approach). A three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction tool was used for implant planning, surgical guide design, and measuring implant positioning accuracy. In static CAIS, the implants were placed with 3D-printed surgical guides (n=20); in dynamic CAIS, real-time navigation was performed (n=20). Primary outcomes were defined as coronal and apical global deviation as well as angular deviations and deviation comparison between implants placed at positions 15 and 16; the secondary outcome was the bi-directional deviation in mesial-distal, buccal-palatal, and apical-coronal direction. RESULTS The mean±SD 3D-deviation at implant platform and apex levels for static CAIS in position 15 was 0.81±0.31mm, 1.41±0.37mm, and in position 16 was 0.67±0.31mm, 1.07±0.32mm. PRIMARY OUTCOMES buccal-palatal deviation is higher using static CAIS, and mesial-distal deviation is higher in dynamic CAIS. In position 15, mesial-distal deviation at the apex and the platform were lower in static approaches than in dynamic ones. In implant position 16, buccal-palatal deviation at the apex was lower in the dynamic group than with static ones. SECONDARY OUTCOMES for bi-directional analysis, buccal-palatal deviation at the platform (P=0.0028) and mesial-distal deviation at the apex (P=0.0056) were significantly lower in molar sites using static CAIS. Mesial-distal deviation at the apex (P=0.0246) revealed significantly lower values in position 16 following dynamic CAIS. CONCLUSIONS Both static and dynamic CAIS resulted in accurate implant placement. However, dynamic CAIS exhibited higher deviation in the mesial direction in an in-vitro setting. In addition, the implant site affects the accuracy of both CAIS approaches. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Static CAIS demonstrates the highest accuracy for guided implant placement today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sahar Taheri Otaghsara
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Joda
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Markus Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Chen JR, Morris J, Wentworth A, Sears V, Duit A, Erie E, McGee K, Leng S. Three-dimensional printing accuracy analysis for medical applications across a wide variety of printers. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2023; 10:026501. [PMID: 37020530 PMCID: PMC10068246 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.10.2.026501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Three-dimensional (3D) printing has had a significant impact on patient care. However, there is a lack of standardization in quality assurance (QA) to ensure printing accuracy and precision given multiple printing technologies, variability across vendors, and inter-printer reliability issues. We investigated printing accuracy on a diverse selection of 3D printers commonly used in the medical field. Approach A specially designed 3D printing QA phantom was periodically printed on 16 printers used in our practice, covering five distinct printing technologies and eight different vendors. Longitudinal data were acquired over six months by printing the QA phantom monthly on each printer. Qualitative assessment and quantitative measurements were obtained for each printed phantom. Accuracy and precision were assessed by comparing quantitative measurements with reference values of the phantom. Data were then compared among printer models, vendors, and printing technologies; longitudinal trends were also analyzed. Results Differences in 3D printing accuracy across printers were observed. Material jetting and vat photopolymerization printers were found to be the most accurate. Printers using the same 3D printing technology but from different vendors also showed differences in accuracy, most notably between vat photopolymerization printers from two different vendors. Furthermore, differences in accuracy were found between printers from the same vendor using the same printing technology, but different models/generations. Conclusions These results show how factors such as printing technology, vendor, and printer model can impact 3D printing accuracy, which should be appropriately considered in practice to avoid potential medical or surgical errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ray Chen
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jonathan Morris
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Adam Wentworth
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Victoria Sears
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Duit
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eric Erie
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Kiaran McGee
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Shuai Leng
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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22
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Nguyen P, Stanislaus I, McGahon C, Pattabathula K, Bryant S, Pinto N, Jenkins J, Meinert C. Quality assurance in 3D-printing: A dimensional accuracy study of patient-specific 3D-printed vascular anatomical models. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:1097850. [PMID: 36824261 PMCID: PMC9941637 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2023.1097850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing enables the rapid manufacture of patient-specific anatomical models that substantially improve patient consultation and offer unprecedented opportunities for surgical planning and training. However, the multistep preparation process may inadvertently lead to inaccurate anatomical representations which may impact clinical decision making detrimentally. Here, we investigated the dimensional accuracy of patient-specific vascular anatomical models manufactured via digital anatomical segmentation and Fused-Deposition Modelling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and PolyJet 3D printing, respectively. All printing modalities reliably produced hand-held patient-specific models of high quality. Quantitative assessment revealed an overall dimensional error of 0.20 ± 3.23%, 0.53 ± 3.16%, -0.11 ± 2.81% and -0.72 ± 2.72% for FDM, SLA, PolyJet and SLS printed models, respectively, compared to unmodified Computed Tomography Angiograms (CTAs) data. Comparison of digital 3D models to CTA data revealed an average relative dimensional error of -0.83 ± 2.13% resulting from digital anatomical segmentation and processing. Therefore, dimensional error resulting from the print modality alone were 0.76 ± 2.88%, + 0.90 ± 2.26%, + 1.62 ± 2.20% and +0.88 ± 1.97%, for FDM, SLA, PolyJet and SLS printed models, respectively. Impact on absolute measurements of feature size were minimal and assessment of relative error showed a propensity for models to be marginally underestimated. This study revealed a high level of dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed patient-specific vascular anatomical models, suggesting they meet the requirements to be used as medical devices for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nguyen
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ivan Stanislaus
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Clover McGahon
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Krishna Pattabathula
- Vascular Surgery Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Vascular Biofabrication Program, Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel Bryant
- Vascular Surgery Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Vascular Biofabrication Program, Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nigel Pinto
- Vascular Surgery Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Vascular Biofabrication Program, Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Jenkins
- Vascular Surgery Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Vascular Biofabrication Program, Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Vascular Biofabrication Program, Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Correspondence: Christoph Meinert
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23
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Marturello DM, James JC, Perry KL, Déjardin LM. Accuracy of anatomic 3-dimensionally printed canine humeral models. Vet Surg 2023; 52:116-126. [PMID: 36134757 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of various three-dimensional print (3DP) technologies using morphometric measurements. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. SAMPLE POPULATION Cadaveric canine humeri and size-matched 3DP models. METHODS Fiduciary radiopaque markers were affixed to canine humeri of three different sizes (4, 13, 29 kg) at predetermined anatomical landmarks. 3DP models were created using one of three printers; desktop printers Form 3L and Ultimaker 5S, and industrial printer Objet Connex (n = 5/group/printer). Marker based morphometric dimensions between cadavers and 3DP models were statistically compared using 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (p < .05). RESULTS Bone size and printer type both significantly affected 3DP accuracy, with size having the larger effect (p < .0001 and p < .02, respectively). Regardless of printing technology, model size was smaller than native bone in most cases. At the humeral condylar level, the best accuracy was seen in the medium-sized humerus with the Ultimaker printer ([0.09 mm], p < .03). Accuracy was reduced in the proximal humerus in all groups. CONCLUSION Desktop printers were overall more accurate than the industrial printer. Although significant differences were identified between models of different sizes, the submillimetric magnitude of these differences is unlikely to be clinically relevant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE While preoperative planning using 3DP models is becoming mainstream, accurate representation of the actual bone is critical. This study demonstrates that common desktop printers are suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Marturello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan C James
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen L Perry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Loïc M Déjardin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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24
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AlRawi A, Basha T, Elmeligy AO, Mousa NA, Mohammed G. The Role of Three-dimensional Printed Models in Women's Health. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 19:17455057231199040. [PMID: 37688305 PMCID: PMC10493061 DOI: 10.1177/17455057231199040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is an innovative technology that has gained prominence in recent years due to its attractive features such as affordability, efficiency, and quick production. The technology is used to produce a three-dimensional model by depositing materials in layers using specific printers. In the medical field, it has been increasingly used in various specialties, including neurosurgery, cardiology, and orthopedics, most commonly for the pre-planning of complex surgeries. In addition, it has been applied in therapeutic treatments, patient education, and training wof medical professionals. In the field of obstetrics and gynecology, there is a limited number of studies in which three-dimensional printed models were applied. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of three-dimensional printing applications in the medical field, highlighting the few reported applications in obstetrics and gynecology. We also review all relevant studies and discuss the current challenges and limitations of adopting the technology in routine clinical practice. The technology has the potential to expand for wider applications related to women's health, including patient counseling, surgical training, and medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan AlRawi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tasneem Basha
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed O Elmeligy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Noha A Mousa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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25
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Fang C, Cai L, Chu G, Jarayabhand R, Kim JW, O'Neill G. 3D printing in fracture treatment : Current practice and best practice consensus. UNFALLCHIRURGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 125:1-7. [PMID: 35817874 PMCID: PMC9722822 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-022-01159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of 3D printing in orthopedic trauma is supported by clinical evidence. Existing computed tomography (CT) data are exploited for better stereotactic identification of morphological features of the fracture and enhanced surgical planning. Due to complex logistic, technical and resource constraints, deployment of 3D printing is not straightforward from the hospital management perspective. As a result not all trauma surgeons are able to confidently integrate 3D printing into the daily practice. We carried out an expert panel survey on six trauma units which utilized 3D printing routinely. The most frequent indications are acetabular and articular fractures and malalignments. Infrastructure and manpower structure varied between units. The installation of industrial grade machines and dedicated software as well as the use of trained personnel can enhance the capacity and reliability of fracture treatment. Setting up interdisciplinary jointly used 3d printing departments with sound financial and management structures may improve sustainability. The sometimes substantial logistic and technical barriers which impede the rapid delivery of 3D printed models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fang
- Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Leyi Cai
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gabriel Chu
- United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Ji Wan Kim
- Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
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3D printed microfluidics for bioanalysis: A review of recent advancements and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Abu Bakar AA, Zainuddin MZ, Abdullah SM, Tamchek N, Mohd Noor IS, Alauddin MS, Alforidi A, Mohd Ghazali MI. The 3D Printability and Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as Additives in Urethane Dimethacrylate (UDMA) Blends Polymer for Medical Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4518. [PMID: 36365512 PMCID: PMC9657082 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of additive manufacturing (3D printing) in the biomedical sector required material to portray a holistic characteristic in terms of printability, biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties. This research aims to evaluate the 3D printability and mechanical properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as additives in the urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) based resin and its potential for medical applications. The printability of the PHB/UDMA resin blends was limited to 11 wt.% as it reached the maximum viscosity value at 2188 cP. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted to assess the significant effect of the varied PHB (wt.%) incorporation within UDMA resin, and the aging duration of 3D printed PHB/UDMA on mechanical properties in terms of tensile and impact properties. Meanwhile, the increasing crystallinity index (CI) of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 3D printed PHB/UDMA as the PHB loading increased, indicating that there is a strong correlation with the lower tensile and impact strength. FESEM images also proved that the agglomerations that occurred within the UDMA matrix had affected the mechanical performance of 3D printed PHB/UDMA. Nonetheless, the thermal stability of the 3D printed PHB/UDMA had only a slight deviation from the 3D printed UDMA since it had better thermal processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adnan Abu Bakar
- SMART RG, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulhilmi Zainuddin
- SMART RG, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Shahino Mah Abdullah
- SMART RG, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Tamchek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor
- Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syafiq Alauddin
- SMART RG, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai 71800, Malaysia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Alforidi
- Electrical Engineering Department, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Ifwat Mohd Ghazali
- SMART RG, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Marković MP, Cingesar IK, Keran L, Prlić D, Grčić I, Vrsaljko D. Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of the New Functional Composites Used for 3D Printing of Static Mixers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196713. [PMID: 36234051 PMCID: PMC9571915 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the possibility of integrating the combination of nanofillers, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) into the thermoplastic polymer matrix. This combination of fillers can possibly modify the physico-chemical properties of composites compared to the pure polymer matrix. The composites were blended using the extrusion method. The composite filament produced was used to manufacture static mixers on a 3D printer using the additive manufacturing technology fused filament fabrication (FFF). The aim of this work was to inspect the influence of the filler addition on the thermal and mechanical properties of glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G) polymer composites. The fillers were added to the PET-G polymer matrix in several ratios. Tensile test results showed an increase in the overall strength and decrease in the elongation at break of the material. Melt flow rate (MFR) showed a decrease in the viscosity with the initial filler addition and reaching a plateau after 2 wt% filler was added. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed minor changes in the thermal properties. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed homogenous distribution of the filler in the matrix and strong filler-matrix adhesion. The results indicate suitable properties of new functional composites for the 3D printing of static mixers for application in tubular reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan-Pere Marković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Karlo Cingesar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laura Keran
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Prlić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Grčić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova Aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Vrsaljko
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Influence of Light-Intensity-Dependent Droplet Directionality on Dimensions of Structures Constructed Using an In Situ Light-Guided 3D Printing Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183839. [PMID: 36145989 PMCID: PMC9502263 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to conventional 3D printing methods that require supports, a new 3D printing strategy that utilizes guided light in situ has been developed for fabricating freestanding overhanging structures without supports. Light intensity has been found to be a crucial factor in modifying the dimensions of structures printed using this method; however, the underlying mechanism has not been clearly identified. Therefore, the light-intensity-dependent changes in the structure dimensions were analyzed in this study to elucidate the associated mechanism. Essentially, the entire process of deposition was monitored by assessing the behavior of photocurable droplets prior to their collision with the structure using imaging analysis tools such as a high-speed camera and MATLAB®. With increasing light intensity, the instability of the ejected falling droplets increased, and the droplet directionality deteriorated. This increased the dispersion of the droplet midpoints, which caused the average midpoints of the deposited single layers to shift further away from the center of the structure. Consequently, the diameter of the structure formed by successive stacking of single layers increased, and the layer thickness per droplet decreased. These led to light-intensity-dependent differences in the diameter and height of structures that were created from the same number of droplets.
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Tang Y, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Sun Q, Peng L, Zhang L, Lu W, Liang W, Chen G, Wei Y. Accuracy of additive manufacturing in stomatology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:964651. [PMID: 36051587 PMCID: PMC9424550 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.964651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in recent decades, precise and personalized manufacturing has been achieved gradually, bringing benefit to biomedical application, especially stomatology clinical practice. So far, 3D printing has been widely applied to prosthodontics, orthodontics, and maxillofacial surgery procedures, realizing accurate, efficient operation processes and promising treatment outcomes. Although the printing accuracy has improved, further exploration is still needed. Herein, we summarized the various additive manufacturing techniques and their applications in dentistry while highlighting the importance of accuracy (precision and trueness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Meng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Peng
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhsuan Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liang, ; Gui Chen, ; Yan Wei,
| | - Gui Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liang, ; Gui Chen, ; Yan Wei,
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liang, ; Gui Chen, ; Yan Wei,
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Ravi P, Chepelev LL, Stichweh GV, Jones BS, Rybicki FJ. Medical 3D Printing Dimensional Accuracy for Multi-pathological Anatomical Models 3D Printed Using Material Extrusion. J Digit Imaging 2022; 35:613-622. [PMID: 35237891 PMCID: PMC9156585 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-022-00614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical 3D printing of anatomical models is being increasingly applied in healthcare facilities. The accuracy of such 3D-printed anatomical models is an important aspect of their overall quality control. The purpose of this research was to test whether the accuracy of a variety of anatomical models 3D printed using Material Extrusion (MEX) lies within a reasonable tolerance level, defined as less than 1-mm dimensional error. Six medical models spanning across anatomical regions (musculoskeletal, neurological, abdominal, cardiovascular) and sizes (model volumes ranging from ~ 4 to 203 cc) were chosen for the primary study. Three measurement landing blocks were strategically designed within each of the six medical models to allow high-resolution caliper measurements. An 8-cc reference cube was printed as the 7th model in the primary study. In the secondary study, the effect of model rotation and scale was assessed using two of the models from the first study. All models were 3D printed using an Ultimaker 3 printer in triplicates. All absolute measurement errors were found to be less than 1 mm with a maximum error of 0.89 mm. The maximum relative error was 2.78%. The average absolute error was 0.26 mm, and the average relative error was 0.71% in the primary study, and the results were similar in the secondary study with an average absolute error of 0.30 mm and an average relative error of 0.60%. The relative errors demonstrated certain patterns in the data, which were explained based on the mechanics of MEX 3D printing. Results indicate that the MEX process, when carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis, could be suitable for the 3D printing of multi-pathological anatomical models for surgical planning if an accuracy level of 1 mm is deemed sufficient for the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Ravi
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman St, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA.
| | - Leonid L Chepelev
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gabrielle V Stichweh
- 1819 Innovation Hub Makerspace, University of Cincinnati, 2900 Reading Rd, Cincinnati, OH, 45206, USA
| | - Benjamin S Jones
- 1819 Innovation Hub Makerspace, University of Cincinnati, 2900 Reading Rd, Cincinnati, OH, 45206, USA
| | - Frank J Rybicki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman St, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA
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Manufacturing Polymer Model of Anatomical Structures with Increased Accuracy Using CAx and AM Systems for Planning Orthopedic Procedures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112236. [PMID: 35683908 PMCID: PMC9182597 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, medicine uses typical industrial structure techniques, including reverse engineering, data processing, 3D-CAD modeling, 3D printing, and coordinate measurement techniques. Taking this into account, one can notice the applications of procedures used in the aviation or automotive industries based on the structure of Industry 4.0 in the planning of operations and the production of medical models with high geometric accuracy. The procedure presented in the publication shortens the processing time of tomographic data and increases the reconstruction accuracy within the hip and knee joints. The procedure allows for the partial removal of metallic artifacts from the diagnostic image. Additionally, numerical models of anatomical structures, implants, and bone cement were developed in more detail by averaging the values of local segmentation thresholds. Before the model manufacturing process, additional tests of the PLA material were conducted in terms of its strength and thermal properties. Their goal was to select the appropriate type of PLA material for manufacturing models of anatomical structures. The numerical models were divided into parts before being manufactured using the Fused Filament Fabrication technique. The use of the modifier made it possible to change the density, type of filling, number of counters, and the type of supporting structure. These treatments allowed us to reduce costs and production time and increase the accuracy of the printout. The accuracy of the manufactured model geometry was verified using the MCA-II measuring arm with the MMDx100 laser head and surface roughness using a 3D Talyscan 150 profilometer. Using the procedure, a decrease in geometric deviations and amplitude parameters of the surface roughness were noticed. The models based on the presented approach allowed for detailed and meticulous treatment planning.
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Pop SI, Dudescu M, Mihali SG, Păcurar M, Bratu DC. Effects of Disinfection and Steam Sterilization on the Mechanical Properties of 3D SLA- and DLP-Printed Surgical Guides for Orthodontic Implant Placement. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102107. [PMID: 35631989 PMCID: PMC9144921 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printed surgical guides increase the precision of orthodontic mini-implant placement. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of disinfection and of two types of autoclave sterilization on the mechanical properties of 3D printed surgical guides obtained via the SLA (stereolithography) and DLP (digital light processing) printing methods. A total of 96 standard specimens (48 SLA and 48 DLP) were printed to analyze the tensile and flexural properties of the materials. A total of 80 surgical guide (40 SLA and 40 DLP) specimens from each printing method were classified into four groups: CG (control group); G1, disinfected with 4% Gigasept (Gigasept Instru AF; Schülke & Mayer Gmbh, Norderstedt, Germany); G2, autoclave-sterilized (121 °C); and G3, autoclave-sterilized (134 °C). Significant differences in the maximum compressive load were determined between the groups comprising the DLP-(p < 0.001) and the SLA- (p < 0.001) printed surgical guides. Groups G2 (p = 0.001) and G3 (p = 0.029) showed significant parameter modifications compared with the CG. Disinfection with 4% Gigasept (Gigasept Instru AF; Schülke & Mayer Gmbh, Norderstedt, Germany) is suitable both for SLA- and DLP-printed surgical guides. Heat sterilization at both 121 °C and 134 °C modified the mechanical properties of the surgical guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Izabella Pop
- Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Str., 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (S.I.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mircea Dudescu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sorin Gheorghe Mihali
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 94 Revolutiei Blvd, 310025 Arad, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Mariana Păcurar
- Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Str., 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (S.I.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Dana Cristina Bratu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics, Orthodontic Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Fang C, Cai L, Chu G, Jarayabhand R, Kim JW, O’Neill G. 3D-Druck in der Frakturversorgung. Unfallchirurg 2022; 125:342-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00113-022-01158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Development of a Multicolor 3D Printer Using a Novel Filament Shifting Mechanism. INVENTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing has become an unchallenged method for the manufacturing of complex shape objects. Although multicolor devices in Fuse Filament Feeder category recently have shown promising developments, their number still remains limited. The present study introduces the design of a new prototype of three-dimensional printer using Fused Filament Feeder and capable of printing multicolor objects. A single-color three-dimensional printer is used as a platform and is augmented for multicolor printing by the implementation of a mechatronic device that provides two functions. First, a transmission mechanism based on planetary gears allows feeding the selected filament color toward the printing head. The second function is provided by a combination of a central cam disk and several pushing rods. It allows selecting the filament color to be fed by the transmission system. The mechatronic device has been dimensioned to manage five different filament colors and the printing head has been modified to accommodate a five-to-one diamond nozzle. The filament shifting device is integrated into the single-color three-dimensional printer and a series of validation experiments has been carried out. These tests have demonstrated the new prototype ability to print out multicolor objects and to rival with commercial three-dimensional printers in terms of dimensional accuracy. This shows the ability of the proposed design and method to be used to upgrade a standard single-color 3D printer into a multicolor one. The presented multicolor 3D printer will be available to the 3D printing community for free.
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Elliott T, Hamilton A, Griseto N, Gallucci GO. Additively Manufactured Surgical Implant Guides: A Review. J Prosthodont 2022; 31:38-46. [PMID: 35313020 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Static computer assisted implant surgery (s-CAIS) is an integral part of the digital workflow in implant dentistry and provides the link between the virtual planning environment and surgical field. The accuracy of s-CAIS is influenced by many cumulative factors including the fit of the template which is related to the manufacturing process. This critical review provides an overview of the current research on additively manufactured surgical implant guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Elliott
- Division of Oral Restorative and Rehabilitative Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Adam Hamilton
- Division of Oral Restorative and Rehabilitative Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.,Division of Regenerative and Implant Sciences, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Neil Griseto
- Division of Regenerative and Implant Sciences, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - German O Gallucci
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
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Msallem B, Maintz M, Halbeisen FS, Meyer S, Sigron GR, Sharma N, Cao S, Thieringer FM. Biomechanical Evaluation of Patient-Specific Polymethylmethacrylate Cranial Implants for Virtual Surgical Planning: An In-Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051970. [PMID: 35269201 PMCID: PMC8911603 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cranioplasty with freehand-molded polymethylmethacrylate implants is based on decades of experience and is still frequently used in clinical practice. However, data confirming the fracture toughness and standard biomechanical tests are rare. This study aimed to determine the amount of force that could be applied to virtually planned, template-molded, patient-specific implants (n = 10) with an implant thickness of 3 mm, used in the treatment of a temporoparietal skull defect (91.87 cm2), until the implant cracks and finally breaks. Furthermore, the influence of the weight and porosity of the implant on its force resistance was investigated. The primary outcome showed that a high force was required to break the implant (mean and standard deviation 1484.6 ± 167.7 N), and this was very strongly correlated with implant weight (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.97; p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes were force application at the implant’s first, second, and third crack. Only a moderate correlation could be found between fracture force and the volume of porosities (Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.59; p = 0.073). The present study demonstrates that an implant thickness of 3 mm for a temporoparietal skull defect can withstand sufficient force to protect the brain. Greater implant weight and, thus, higher material content increases thickness, resulting in more resistance. Porosities that occur during the described workflow do not seem to reduce resistance. Therefore, precise knowledge of the fracture force of polymethylmethacrylate cranial implants provides insight into brain injury prevention and serves as a reference for the virtual design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Msallem
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Michaela Maintz
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Florian S. Halbeisen
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Simon Meyer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Guido R. Sigron
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland;
| | - Neha Sharma
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; (B.M.); (N.S.); (S.C.); (F.M.T.)
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland;
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Prosthetic Surgical Templates and Dental Implant Site Time Preparation: An In Vitro Study. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous types of prosthodontics surgical guides, with and without metallic sleeves, have been found to be useful in clinical studies. The aim of this in vitro research was to compare the time required to complete the surgical procedure with two differently designed surgical prosthetic templates. Ten identical prototype models of mandible based on a CBCT and optical scan of a partially edentulous patient with missing teeth numbers 37, 46, and 47 were prepared and then printed. Five of these models were used for implant site preparation with a surgical guide without metal sleeves and dedicated surgical kit, and the other five models were used for the same procedure performed with a surgical guide with metal sleeves and a dedicated surgical kit. The time of implant site preparation was measured and recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test for independent samples. Differences between groups were found to be statistically significant (t = −9.94; df = 28; p = 0.0000) with a lower value in favor of the surgical templates without metallic sleeves. Different types of prosthodontics surgical guides, with or without metallic sleeves, seemed to be an important factor which can significantly impact the time of implant site preparation and, therefore, the overall surgical procedure.
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Muff JL, Heye T, Thieringer FM, Brantner P. Clinical acceptance of advanced visualization methods: a comparison study of 3D-print, virtual reality glasses, and 3D-display. 3D Print Med 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35094166 PMCID: PMC8801110 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-022-00133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare different methods of three-dimensional representations, namely 3D-Print, Virtual Reality (VR)-Glasses and 3D-Display regarding the understanding of the pathology, accuracy of details, quality of the anatomical representation and technical operability and assessment of possible change in treatment in different disciplines and levels of professional experience. METHODS Interviews were conducted with twenty physicians from the disciplines of cardiology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedic surgery, and radiology between 2018 and 2020 at the University Hospital of Basel. They were all presented with three different three-dimensional clinical cases derived from CT data from their area of expertise, one case for each method. During this, the physicians were asked for their feedback written down on a pencil and paper questionnaire. RESULTS Concerning the understanding of the pathology and quality of the anatomical representation, VR-Glasses were rated best in three out of four disciplines and two out of three levels of professional experience. Regarding the accuracy of details, 3D-Display was rated best in three out of four disciplines and all levels of professional experience. As to operability, 3D-Display was consistently rated best in all levels of professional experience and all disciplines. Possible change in treatment was reported using 3D-Print in 33%, VR-Glasses in 44%, and 3D-Display in 33% of participants. Physicians with a professional experience of more than ten years reported no change in treatment using any method. CONCLUSIONS 3D-Print, VR-Glasses, and 3D-Displays are very well accepted, and a relevant percentage of participants with less than ten years of professional work experience could imagine a possible change in treatment using any of these three-dimensional methods. Our findings challenge scientists, technicians, and physicians to further develop these methods to improve the three-dimensional understanding of pathologies and to add value to the education of young and inexperienced physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Louis Muff
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Heye
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Markus Thieringer
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery and 3D Print Lab, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Brantner
- Department of Radiology, Gesundheitszentrum Fricktal, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
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Abstract
The creation of innovative tools, objects and artifacts that introduce abstract ideas in the real world is a necessary step for the evolution process and characterize the creative capacity of civilization. Sculpture is based on the available technology for its creation process and is strongly related to the level of technological sophistication of each era. This paper analyzes the evolution of basic sculpture techniques (carving, lost-wax casting and 3D scanning/printing), and their importance as a culture footprint. It also presents and evaluates the added creative capacities of each technological step and the different methods of 3D scanning/printing concerning sculpture. It is also an attempt to define the term “material poetics”, which is connected to sculpture artifacts. We conclude that 3D scanning/printing is an important sign of civilization, although artifacts lose a part of material poetics with additive manufacturing. Subsequently, there are various causes of the destruction of sculptures, leaving a hole in the history of art. Finally, this paper showcases the importance of 3D scanning/printing in salvaging cultural heritage, as it has radically altered the way we “backup” objects.
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The Influence of the Material Type and the Placement in the Print Chamber on the Roughness of MJF-Printed 3D Objects. MACHINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/machines10010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a surface-roughness study performed on samples manufactured additively using the Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) technology. The samples were divided into three groups based on the material used in the process: polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyamide 11 (PA11). Subsequently, they were tested by means of a roughness-measuring system, which made it possible to determine the typical surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rz). The tests were designed to examine whether the placement and orientation of 3D objects while printing, in connection with the material used, can significantly influence the surface quality of MJF-printed objects. The results show that the TPU samples have a surface roughness much higher than the PP and PA11 ones, which exhibit roughness levels very similar to each other. It can also be concluded that surfaces printed vertically (along the Z-axis) tend to be less smooth—similarly to the surfaces of objects made of TPU located in the central zones of the print chamber during printing. This information may be of value in cases where low surface roughness is preferred (e.g., manufacturing patient-specific orthoses), although this particular study does not focus on one specific application.
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Velidakis E, Mountakis N, Tsikritzis D, Gkagkanatsiou A, Kanellopoulou S. Investigation of the Biocidal Performance of Multi-Functional Resin/Copper Nanocomposites with Superior Mechanical Response in SLA 3D Printing. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:8. [PMID: 35076452 PMCID: PMC8788471 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals, such as silver, gold, and copper are known for their biocidal properties, mimicking the host defense peptides (HDPs) of the immune system. Developing materials with such properties has great importance in medicine, especially when combined with 3D printing technology, which is an additional asset for various applications. In this work, copper nanoparticles were used as filler in stereolithography (SLA) ultraviolet (UV) cured commercial resin to induce such biocidal properties in the material. The nanocomposites developed featured enhanced mechanical responses when compared with the neat material. The prepared nanocomposites were employed to manufacture specimens with the SLA process, to be tested for their mechanical response according to international standards. The process followed was evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The antibacterial activity of the fabricated nanocomposites was evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method. Results showed enhanced mechanical performance of approximately 33.7% in the tensile tests for the nanocomposites filled with 1.0 wt.%. ratios, when compared to the neat matrix material, while this loading showed sufficient antibacterial performance when compared to lower filler loadings, providing an added value for the fabrication of effective nanocomposites in medical applications with the SLA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Emmanuel Velidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aikaterini Gkagkanatsiou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Sotiria Kanellopoulou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (E.V.); (N.M.); (A.G.); (S.K.)
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Aristotle S, Patil S, Jayakumar S. Dimensional accuracy of medical models of the skull produced by three-dimensional printing technology by advanced morphometric analysis. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_202_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Hydrogen is a notoriously difficult substance to store yet has endless energy applications. Thus, the study of long-term hydrogen storage, and high-pressure bulk hydrogen storage have been the subject of much research in the last several years. To create a research path forward, it is important to know what research has already been done, and what is already known about hydrogen storage. In this review, several approaches to hydrogen storage are addressed, including high-pressure storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and metal hydride absorption. Challenges and advantages are offered based on reported research findings. Since the project looks closely at advanced manufacturing, techniques for the same are outlined as well. There are seven main categories into which most rapid prototyping styles fall. Each is briefly explained and illustrated as well as some generally accepted advantages and drawbacks to each style. An overview of hydrogen adsorption on metal hydrides, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes are presented. The hydrogen storage capacities of these materials are discussed as well as the differing conditions in which the adsorption was performed under. Concepts regarding storage shape and materials accompanied by smaller-scale advanced manufacturing options for hydrogen storage are also presented.
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Shintake J, Ichige D, Kanno R, Nagai T, Shimizu K. Monolithic Stacked Dielectric Elastomer Actuators. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:714332. [PMID: 34901169 PMCID: PMC8654933 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.714332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are a promising actuator technology for soft robotics. As a configuration of this technology, stacked DEAs afford a muscle-like contraction that is useful to build soft robotic systems. In stacked DEAs, dielectric and electrode layers are alternately stacked. Thus, often a dedicated setup with complicated processes or sometimes laborious manual stacking of the layers is required to fabricate stacked actuators. In this study, we propose a method to monolithically fabricate stacked DEAs without alternately stacking the dielectric and electrode layers. In this method, the actuators are fabricated mainly through two steps: 1) molding of an elastomeric matrix containing free-form microfluidic channels and 2) injection of a liquid conductive material that acts as an electrode. The feasibility of our method is investigated via the fabrication and characterization of simple monolithic DEAs with multiple electrodes (2, 4, and 10). The fabricated actuators are characterized in terms of actuation stroke, output force, and frequency response. In the actuators, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) are used for the elastomeric matrix and electrode material, respectively. Microfluidic channels are realized by dissolving a three-dimensional printed part suspended in the elastomeric structure. The experimental results show the successful implementation of the proposed method and the good agreement between the measured data and theoretical predication, validating the feasibility of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shintake
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Daiki Ichige
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kanno
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nagai
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Keita Shimizu
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
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Turek P, Pakla P, Budzik G, Lewandowski B, Przeszłowski Ł, Dziubek T, Wolski S, Frańczak J. Procedure Increasing the Accuracy of Modelling and the Manufacturing of Surgical Templates with the Use of 3D Printing Techniques, Applied in Planning the Procedures of Reconstruction of the Mandible. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235525. [PMID: 34884227 PMCID: PMC8658254 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of anatomical models and surgical templates in maxillofacial surgery allows, among other benefits, the increase of precision and the shortening of the operation time. Insufficiently precise anastomosis of the broken parts of the mandible may adversely affect the functioning of this organ. Applying the modern mechanical engineering methods, including computer-aided design methods (CAD), reverse engineering (RE), and rapid prototyping (RP), a procedure used to shorten the data processing time and increase the accuracy of modelling anatomical structures and the surgical templates with the use of 3D printing techniques was developed. The basis for developing and testing this procedure was the medical imaging data DICOM of patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Fryderyk Chopin Provincial Clinical Hospital in Rzeszów. The patients were operated on because of malignant tumours of the floor of the oral cavity and the necrosis of the mandibular corpus, requiring an extensive resection of the soft tissues and resection of the mandible. Familiarity with and the implementation of the developed procedure allowed doctors to plan the operation precisely and prepare the surgical templates and tools in terms of the expected accuracy of the procedures. The models obtained based on this procedure shortened the operation time and increased the accuracy of performance, which accelerated the patient’s rehabilitation in the further course of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Turek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (G.B.); (Ł.P.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Pakla
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Fryderyk Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital No.1 in Rzeszów, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (P.P.); (B.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Grzegorz Budzik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (G.B.); (Ł.P.); (T.D.)
| | - Bogumił Lewandowski
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Fryderyk Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital No.1 in Rzeszów, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (P.P.); (B.L.); (J.F.)
- Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Łukasz Przeszłowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (G.B.); (Ł.P.); (T.D.)
| | - Tomasz Dziubek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; (G.B.); (Ł.P.); (T.D.)
| | - Sławomir Wolski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Applied Physics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Jan Frańczak
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Fryderyk Chopin Clinical Voivodeship Hospital No.1 in Rzeszów, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (P.P.); (B.L.); (J.F.)
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Thermal Deformations of Thermoplast during 3D Printing: Warping in the Case of ABS. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14227070. [PMID: 34832469 PMCID: PMC8620654 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This research focuses on thermal deformations of thermoplast during three-dimensional printing. A filament acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was used, and the main focus was put on warping. Twenty-seven cuboids divided in six categories by their length, height, surface area, color, nozzle temperature and bed temperature were printed by Fused Filament Fabrication 3D printer. The whole process was captured by a thermal camera and the movies were used to analyze the temperature distribution during printing. All printouts were measured and scanned with a 3D scanner in order to highlight any abbreviations from the original digital models. The obtained results were used to formulate some general conclusions on the influence of selected parameters on the warping process. Based on the outcomes of the study, a set of guidelines on how to minimalize warping was proposed.
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Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors. Bone Res 2021; 9:46. [PMID: 34707086 PMCID: PMC8551153 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
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Wegmüller L, Halbeisen F, Sharma N, Kühl S, Thieringer FM. Consumer vs. High-End 3D Printers for Guided Implant Surgery-An In Vitro Accuracy Assessment Study of Different 3D Printing Technologies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214894. [PMID: 34768413 PMCID: PMC8584299 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the accuracy of drill guides fabricated in medical-grade, biocompatible materials for static, computer-aided implant surgery (sCAIS). The virtually planned drill guides of ten completed patient cases were printed (n = 40) using professional (Material Jetting (MJ)) and consumer-level three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, namely, Stereolithography (SLA), Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), and Digital Light Processing (DLP). After printing and post-processing, the drill guides were digitized using an optical scanner. Subsequently, the drill guide's original (reference) data and the surface scans of the digitized 3D-printed drill guide were superimposed to evaluate their incongruencies. The accuracy of the 3D-printed drill guides was calculated by determining the root mean square (RMS) values. Additionally, cast models of the planned cases were used to check that the drill guides fitted manually. The RMS (mean ± SD) values for the accuracy of 3D-printed drill guides were-MJ (0.09 ± 0.01 mm), SLA (0.12 ± 0.02 mm), FFF (0.18 ± 0.04 mm), and DLP (0.25 ± 0.05 mm). Upon a subjective assessment, all drill guides could be mounted on the cast models without hindrance. The results revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in all except the MJ- and SLA-printed drill guides. Although the measured differences in accuracy were statistically significant, the deviations were negligible from a clinical point of view. Within the limits of this study, we conclude that consumer-level 3D printers can produce surgical guides with a similar accuracy to a high-end, professional 3D printer with reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wegmüller
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.W.); (N.S.)
| | - Florian Halbeisen
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Neha Sharma
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.W.); (N.S.)
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Florian M. Thieringer
- Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (Swiss MAM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (L.W.); (N.S.)
- Clinic of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213637. [PMID: 34771194 PMCID: PMC8587952 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental effects—temperature and moisture—on 3D printed part dimensional accuracy are explored. The coefficient of thermal expansion of four different nylon materials was determined for XY and ZX print orientations, with 0°, 45°/−45°, and 90° infill patterns. Unreinforced nylon exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of the same order regardless of condition (from 11.4 to 17.5 × 10−5 1/°C), while nylons reinforced with discontinuous carbon fiber were highly anisotropic, for instance exhibiting 2.2 × 10−5 1/°C in the flow direction (0° infill angle) and 24.8 × 10−5 1/°C in the ZX orientation. The temperature profile of a part during printing is shown, demonstrating a build steady state temperature of ~ 35 °C. The effect of moisture uptake by the part was also explored, with dimensional changes of ~0.5–1.5% seen depending on feature, with height expanding the most. The effects of moisture were significantly reduced for large flat parts with the inclusion of continuous fiber reinforcement throughout the part.
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