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López-González JA, Martínez-Soto JM, Avila-Cervantes C, Mata-Pineda AL, Álvarez-Hernández G, Álvarez-Meza JB, Bolado-Martínez E, Candia-Plata MDC. Evaluation of Systemic Inflammation Before and After Standard Anti-tuberculosis Treatment in Patients With Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e55391. [PMID: 38562330 PMCID: PMC10984244 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity of active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) that increases the risk of treatment failure during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Evaluating systemic inflammatory response could help determine differences in response to treatment between APTB patients and those with APTB and DM. Methodology To explore changes in systemic inflammation, measured by a set of inflammatory mediators in subjects with APTB and TBDM before and after six months of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, 30 APTB and nine TBDM subjects underwent cytokine testing, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, C-reactive protein by nephelometry, and sialic acid by colorimetric assay at baseline and following six months of standard anti-tuberculosis treatment. Sputum smear microscopy or molecular biology (Xpert MTB/RIF) was used for diagnosis, and sputum smear microscopy was performed monthly during the treatment of the patient with pulmonary tuberculosis to evaluate his evolution. Principal component analysis examined changes in the inflammatory status. Results Both groups showed negative sputum smear microscopy in the sixth month after starting anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. TGF-β1 was found to be significantly higher in subjects with TBDM before treatment compared to APTB patients (p<0.001), and systemic inflammation continued only in TBDM subjects after treatment (accumulation and persistence of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β1, C-reactive protein, and sialic acid in blood). On the other hand, the mediators IFN-γ, C-reactive protein, and total sialic acid were found to be most influential in distinguishing pre- and post-treatment inflammatory response in subjects with APTB without DM. Conclusions Inflammatory mediators analyzed in combination, including IFN-γ, CRP, and total sialic acid, may be useful in evaluating the systemic inflammatory response in subjects with APTB and TBDM before and after anti-tuberculosis treatment. Determining these mediators revealed persistent systemic inflammation in TBDM subjects after six months of standard tuberculosis treatment, despite negative sputum smear microscopy results and good glycemic control. This suggests a need for inflammation-modulating therapies during tuberculosis control. Finally, monitoring sputum smear microscopy results alongside the determination of proposed inflammatory mediators (IFN-γ, CRP, and total sialic acid) are effective in evaluating the response to anti-tuberculosis treatment in APTB subjects without DM, warranting further investigation.
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Yegiazaryan A, Abnousian A, Alexander LJ, Badaoui A, Flaig B, Sheren N, Aghazarian A, Alsaigh D, Amin A, Mundra A, Nazaryan A, Guilford FT, Venketaraman V. Recent Developments in the Understanding of Immunity, Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169297. [PMID: 36012562 PMCID: PMC9409103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent a diverse family of enveloped positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses. COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, is a highly contagious respiratory disease transmissible mainly via close contact and respiratory droplets which can result in severe, life-threatening respiratory pathologies. It is understood that glutathione, a naturally occurring antioxidant known for its role in immune response and cellular detoxification, is the target of various proinflammatory cytokines and transcription factors resulting in the infection, replication, and production of reactive oxygen species. This leads to more severe symptoms of COVID-19 and increased susceptibility to other illnesses such as tuberculosis. The emergence of vaccines against COVID-19, usage of monoclonal antibodies as treatments for infection, and implementation of pharmaceutical drugs have been effective methods for preventing and treating symptoms. However, with the mutating nature of the virus, other treatment modalities have been in research. With its role in antiviral defense and immune response, glutathione has been heavily explored in regard to COVID-19. Glutathione has demonstrated protective effects on inflammation and downregulation of reactive oxygen species, thereby resulting in less severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection and warranting the discussion of glutathione as a treatment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Yegiazaryan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Arbi Abnousian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Logan J. Alexander
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ali Badaoui
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Brandon Flaig
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nisar Sheren
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Armin Aghazarian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Dijla Alsaigh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Arman Amin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Akaash Mundra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Anthony Nazaryan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Frederick T. Guilford
- Your Energy System, LLC 555 Bryant St. #305, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
- Correspondence: (F.T.G.); (V.V.); Tel.: +1-909-706-3736 (V.V.); Fax: +1-909-469-5698 (V.V.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Correspondence: (F.T.G.); (V.V.); Tel.: +1-909-706-3736 (V.V.); Fax: +1-909-469-5698 (V.V.)
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MIZUTANI S, OYABU M, YAMAMOTO A, UCHITOMI R, SUGIMOTO T, KAMEI Y. Vitamin D Activates Various Gene Expressions, Including Lipid Metabolism, in C2C12 Cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:65-72. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sako MIZUTANI
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Mamoru OYABU
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Arisa YAMAMOTO
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Ran UCHITOMI
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Takumi SUGIMOTO
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Yasutomi KAMEI
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
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Zheng J, Long X, Chen H, Ji Z, Shu B, Yue R, Liao Y, Ma S, Qiao K, Liu Y, Liao Y. Photoclick Reaction Constructs Glutathione-Responsive Theranostic System for Anti-Tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:845179. [PMID: 35237665 PMCID: PMC8883117 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.845179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a virulent form of an infectious disease that causes a global burden due to its high infectivity and fatality rate, especially the irrepressible threats of latent infection. Constructing an efficient strategy for the prevention and control of TB is of great significance. Fortunately, we found that granulomas are endowed with higher reducibility levels possibly caused by internal inflammation and a relatively enclosed microenvironment. Therefore, we developed the first targeted glutathione- (GSH-) responsive theranostic system (RIF@Cy5.5-HA-NG) for tuberculosis with a rifampicin- (RIF-) loaded near-infrared emission carrier, which was constructed by photoclick reaction-actuated hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, enabling the early diagnosis of tuberculosis through granulomas-tracking. Furthermore, the loaded rifampicin was released through the dissociation of disulfide bond by the localized GSH in granulomas, realizing the targeted tuberculosis therapy and providing an especially accurate treatment mapping for tuberculosis. Thus, this targeted theranostic strategy for tuberculosis exhibits the potential to realize both granulomas-tracking and anti-infection of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judun Zheng
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Long
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yue
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yechun Liao
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengchao Ma, ; Kun Qiao, ; Ying Liu, ; Yuhui Liao,
| | - Kun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Shengchao Ma, ; Kun Qiao, ; Ying Liu, ; Yuhui Liao,
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
- *Correspondence: Shengchao Ma, ; Kun Qiao, ; Ying Liu, ; Yuhui Liao,
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shengchao Ma, ; Kun Qiao, ; Ying Liu, ; Yuhui Liao,
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Abdrabbo M, Birch CM, Brandt M, Cicigoi KA, Coffey SJ, Dolan CC, Dvorak H, Gehrke AC, Gerzema AEL, Hansen A, Henseler EJ, Huelsbeck AC, LaBerge B, Leavens CM, Le CN, Lindquist AC, Ludwig RK, Reynolds JH, Severson NJ, Sherman BA, Sillman HW, Smith MA, Smith MA, Snortheim MJ, Svaren LM, Vanderpas EC, Wackett MJ, Wozney AJ, Bhattacharyya S, Hati S. Vitamin D and COVID-19: A review on the role of vitamin D in preventing and reducing the severity of COVID-19 infection. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2206-2220. [PMID: 34558135 PMCID: PMC8521296 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a pathogenic coronavirus causing COVID‐19 infection. The interaction between the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, both of which contain several cysteine residues, is impacted by the disulfide‐thiol balance in the host cell. The host cell redox status is affected by oxidative stress due to the imbalance between the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antioxidants. Recent studies have shown that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce oxidative stress. It has also been proposed that vitamin D at physiological concentration has preventive effects on many viral infections, including COVID‐19. However, the molecular‐level picture of the interplay of vitamin D deficiency, oxidative stress, and the severity of COVID‐19 has remained unclear. Herein, we present a thorough review focusing on the possible molecular mechanism by which vitamin D could alter host cell redox status and block viral entry, thereby preventing COVID‐19 infection or reducing the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Abdrabbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cole M Birch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Brandt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kelsey A Cicigoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen J Coffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Connor C Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hannah Dvorak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ava C Gehrke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Audrey E L Gerzema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abby Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ethan J Henseler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alyssa C Huelsbeck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ben LaBerge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Caterra M Leavens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christine N Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison C Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rickaela K Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob H Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Severson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brandon A Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hunter W Sillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Macey A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marissa J Snortheim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Levi M Svaren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily C Vanderpas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miles J Wackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alec J Wozney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sudeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
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