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Rathie B, Theelen B, Laurence M, Shapiro RS. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Three Malassezia Species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0507622. [PMID: 37310217 PMCID: PMC10433853 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05076-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Malassezia genus comprises lipid-dependent yeasts that have long been associated with common skin diseases, and have recently been linked with Crohn's disease and certain cancers. Understanding Malassezia susceptibility to diverse antimicrobial agents is crucial for identifying effective antifungal therapies. Here, we tested the efficacy of isavuconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and artemisinin against three Malassezia species: M. restricta, M. slooffiae, and M. sympodialis. Using broth microdilution, we found antifungal properties for the two previously unstudied antimicrobials: isavuconazole and artemisinin. Overall, all Malassezia species were particularly susceptible to itraconazole, with a MIC range from 0.007 to 0.110 μg/mL. IMPORTANCE The Malassezia genus is known to be involved in a variety of skin conditions and has recently been associated with diseases such as Crohn's disease, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, and breast cancer. This work was completed to assess susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial drugs on three Malassezia species, in particular Malassezia restricta, which is an abundant Malassezia species both on human skin and internal organs and has been implicated in Crohn's disease. We tested two previously unstudied drugs and developed a new testing method to overcome current limitations for measuring growth inhibition of slow-growing Malassezia strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Rathie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Díaz L, Castellá G, Bragulat MR, Cabañes FJ. ERG11 Gene Variability and Azole Susceptibility in Malassezia pachydermatis. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:21-34. [PMID: 36495417 PMCID: PMC10169892 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin microbiota of various animal species but under certain circumstances becomes an opportunistic pathogen producing otitis and dermatitis. Commonly these Malassezia diseases are effectively treated using azoles. However, some cases of treatment failure have been reported. Alterations in the ERG11 gene have been associated with in vitro azole resistance in M. pachydermatis. In the present study, in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 89 different strains of M. pachydermatis isolated from different animal species and health status was studied. The susceptibility to fluconazole (FLZ), itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole and amphotericin B was tested by a disk diffusion method and 17 strains were also subjected to an ITZ E-test. Mueller-Hinton supplemented with 2% glucose and methylene blue was used as culture medium in both susceptibility assays. Multilocus sequence typing was performed in 30 selected strains using D1D2, ITS, CHS2 and β-tubulin genes. Also, ERG11 gene was sequenced. The four antifungals tested were highly effective against most of the strains. Only two strains showed no inhibition zone to antifungals and a strain showed an increased MIC to ITZ. The study of the ERG11 sequences revealed a high diversity of DNA sequences and a total of 23 amino acid substitutions, from which only two have been previously described. Also, three deleterious substitutions (A302T, G459D and G461D) previously associated with azole resistance in this yeast were recovered. A correlation between certain genotypes and ERG11 mutations was observed. Some of the ERG11 mutations recovered were correlated with a reduced susceptibility to azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyna Díaz
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
- Grup de Micologia Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Čonková E, Proškovcová M, Váczi P, Malinovská Z. In Vitro Biofilm Formation by Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates and Its Susceptibility to Azole Antifungals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1209. [PMID: 36422031 PMCID: PMC9693420 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis, an opportunistic pathogen that inhabits the skin of various domestic and wild animals, is capable of producing a biofilm that plays an important role in antifungal resistance. The aim of this research study was to find the intensity of biofilm production by M. pachydermatis strains isolated from the ear canal of healthy dogs, and to determine the susceptibility of planktonic, adhered and biofilm-forming cells to three azole antifungals-itraco-nazole, voriconazole and posaconazole-that are most commonly used to treat Malassezia infections. Out of 52 isolates, 43 M. pachydermatis strains (82.7%) were biofilm producers with varying levels of intensity. For planktonic cells, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range was 0.125-2 µg/mL for itraconazole, 0.03-1 µg/mL for voriconazole and 0.03-0.25 µg/mL for posaconazole. Only two isolates (4.7%) were resistant to itraconazole, one strain (2.3%) to voriconazole and none to posaconazole. For adhered cells and the mature biofilm, the following MIC ranges were found: 0.25-16 µg/mL and 4-16 µg/mL for itraconazole, 0.125-8 µg/mL and 0.25-26 µg/mL for voriconazole, and 0.03-4 µg/mL and 0.25-16 µg/mL for posaconazole, respectively. The least resistance for adhered cells was observed for posaconazole (55.8%), followed by voriconazole (62.8%) and itraconazole (88.4%). The mature biofilm of M. pachydermatis showed 100% resistance to itraconazole, 95.3% to posaconazole and 83.7% to voriconazole. The results of this study show that higher concentrations of commonly used antifungal agents are needed to control infections caused by biofilm-forming strains of M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Čonková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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Ehemann K, Mantilla MJ, Mora-Restrepo F, Rios-Navarro A, Torres M, Celis Ramírez AM. Many ways, one microorganism: Several approaches to study Malassezia in interactions with model hosts. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010784. [PMID: 36074792 PMCID: PMC9455852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia, a lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeast, is a microorganism of current interest to mycobiologists because of its role as a commensal or pathogen in health conditions such as dermatological diseases, fungemia, and, as discovered recently, cancer and certain neurological disorders. Various novel approaches in the study of Malassezia have led to increased knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this yeast. However, additional efforts are needed for more comprehensive understanding of the behavior of Malassezia in interactions with the host. This article reviews advances useful in the experimental field for Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ehemann
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Juliana Mantilla
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora-Restrepo
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Rios-Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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Recent Advances in the Application of Essential Oils as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Candida-Related Infections. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis (oral, vulvovaginal, or systemic bloodstream infections) are important human fungal infections associated with a high global prevalence in otherwise healthy adults but are also opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. With the recent discovery of the multidrug resistant—and often difficult to treat—Candida auris, as well as the rising costs associated with hospitalisations and the treatment of infections caused by Candida species, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics against these pathogenic yeasts. Essential oils have been documented for many years as treatments for different ailments and are widely known and utilised in alternative and complementary therapies, including treating microbial infections. This review highlights knowledge from research on the effects of medicinal plants, and in particular, essential oils, as potential treatments against different Candida species. Studies have been evaluated that describe the experimental approaches used in investigating the anticandidal effects of essential oils (in vivo and in vitro), the established mode of action of the different compounds against different Candida species, the effect of a combination of essential oils with other compounds as potential therapies, and the evidence from clinical trial studies.
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Invasive Malassezia pachydermatis Infection in an 8-Year-Old Child on Lipid Parenteral Nutrition. Case Rep Infect Dis 2022; 2022:8636582. [PMID: 35096432 PMCID: PMC8794696 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8636582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive disease due to Malassezia pachydermatis infection is uncommon but increasingly recognized in children, especially neonates on parenteral nutrition or immunocompromised children. We describe a case of Malassezia pachydermatis fungemia in a demographically distinct patient and discuss the workup and current strategies for managing this infection in the setting of a central venous catheter.
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Gellan gum-based in situ gelling ophthalmic nanosuspension of Posaconazole. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2920-2935. [PMID: 35538191 PMCID: PMC9089292 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formulation and delivery of highly hydrophobic drugs in an optimized dosage form is challenging to formulation scientists. Posaconazole has shown promising action in case studies against fungal keratitis. Biological macromolecules like gellan gum would aid in enhancing the availability of such drugs by increasing the contact time of the formulation. Herein, we propose a transmucosal ocular delivery system of Posaconazole by developing a gellan gum-based in situ gelling nanosuspension. The HPLC method for Posaconazole was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The nanosuspension was prepared by microfluidization and optimized by Quality by Design. The gellan gum concentration selected was 0.4% w/v based on the viscosity and mucoadhesion measurements. A greater zone of inhibition of ~ 15 mm was observed for the prepared nanosuspension as compared to ~ 11 mm for the marketed itraconazole nanosuspension. A potential irritancy score of 0.85, considered to be non-irritant, was observed for the developed nanosuspension. Higher drug release of ~ 35% was noted for the nanosuspension compared to about ~ 10% for the coarse suspension. Ex vivo corneal retention studies on excised goat cornea demonstrated ~ 70% drug retention in the tissue. Graphical abstract depicting the central hypothesis of the work.
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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de Sousa ESO, Cortez ACA, de Souza Carvalho Melhem M, Frickmann H, de Souza JVB. Factors influencing susceptibility testing of antifungal drugs: a critical review of document M27-A4 from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1791-1800. [PMID: 32757139 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing numbers of fungal infections and the emergence of drug-resistant fungi, optimization and standardization of diagnostic methods for the measurement of antifungal susceptibility are ongoing. The M27-A4 document by the US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) is presently used for the interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations of major opportunistic yeast species as measured by broth microdilution testing in many countries. Although microdilution is considered a benchmark for reproducible and accurate results, increased testing capacity, and limited human bias, the method is often inaccessible to routine clinical laboratories and researchers, especially in low-income countries. Furthermore, several studies suggest that there are still a considerable number of factors that make the estimation of in vitro activity of antifungal agents challenging. This review article summarizes the limitations of the M27-A4 standard which, despite the advances and improvements obtained by the standardization of antimicrobial resistance testing methods by CLSI, still persist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Claúdia Alves Cortez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Institute for Amazonian Research - INPA, André Araújo Avenue, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcia de Souza Carvalho Melhem
- Department of Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - João Vicente Braga de Souza
- Department of Medical Microbiology, National Institute for Amazonian Research - INPA, André Araújo Avenue, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Antifungal Resistance Regarding Malassezia pachydermatis: Where Are We Now? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020093. [PMID: 32630397 PMCID: PMC7345795 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast inhabiting the skin and ear canals in healthy dogs. In the presence of various predisposing conditions it can cause otitis and dermatitis, which are treated with multiple antifungal agents, mainly azole derivatives. This manuscript aims to review the available evidence regarding the occurrence of resistance phenomena in this organism. Various findings support the capacity of M. pachydermatis for developing resistance. These include some reports of treatment failure in dogs, the reduced antifungal activity found against yeast isolates sampled from dogs with exposure to antifungal drugs and strains exposed to antifungal agents in vitro, and the description of resistance mechanisms. At the same time, the data reviewed may suggest that the development of resistance is a rare eventuality in canine practice. For example, only three publications describe confirmed cases of treatment failure due to antifungal resistance, and most claims of resistance made by past studies are based on interpretive breakpoints that lack sound support from the clinical perspective. However, it is possible that resistant cases are underreported in literature, perhaps due to the difficulty of obtaining a laboratory confirmation given that a standard procedure for susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis is still unavailable. These considerations highlight the need for maintaining surveillance for the possible emergence of clinically relevant resistance, hopefully through a shared strategy put in place by the scientific community.
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Saunte DML, Gaitanis G, Hay RJ. Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases, the Use of Diagnostics and Treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:112. [PMID: 32266163 PMCID: PMC7098993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts of the genus, Malassezia, formerly known as Pityrosporum, are lipophilic yeasts, which are a part of the normal skin flora (microbiome). Malassezia colonize the human skin after birth and must therefore, as commensals, be normally tolerated by the human immune system. The Malassezia yeasts also have a pathogenic potential where they can, under appropriate conditions, invade the stratum corneum and interact with the host immune system, both directly but also through chemical mediators. The species distribution on the skin and the pathogenetic potential of the yeast varies between different Malassezia related diseases such as head and neck dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, and Malassezia folliculitis. The diagnostic methods used to confirm the presence of Malassezia yeasts include direct microcopy, culture based methods (often a combination of morphological features of the isolate combined with biochemical test), molecular based methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization—Time Of Flight mass spectrometry and the chemical imprint method Raman spectroscopy. Skin diseases caused by Malassezia are usually treated with antifungal therapy and if there are associated inflammatory skin mechanisms this is often supplemented by anti-inflammatory therapy. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of Malassezia related skin disease, diagnostic methods and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte M L Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Gaitanis
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,DELC Clinic, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Roderick James Hay
- St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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Angileri M, Pasquetti M, De Lucia M, Peano A. Azole resistance of Malassezia pachydermatis causing treatment failure in a dog. Med Mycol Case Rep 2018; 23:58-61. [PMID: 30662826 PMCID: PMC6325069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old neutered female toy Poodle chronically treated with systemic and topical azoles to control recurrent Malassezia dermatitis/otitis was presented because of the loss of treatment efficacy. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) obtained in vitro for various azoles (especially itraconazole and ketoconazole) against Malassezia strains isolated from the dog were increased by several-fold compared with MICs obtained for control isolates. These results reinforced the assumption based on clinical observation, i.e. the development of azole resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Angileri
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Mario Pasquetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Michela De Lucia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Andrea Peano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Corresponding author.
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A Ketoconazole Susceptibility Test for Malassezia pachydermatis Using Modified Leeming⁻Notman Agar. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040126. [PMID: 30453525 PMCID: PMC6308931 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a ketoconazole susceptibility test for Malassezia pachydermatis using modified Leeming–Notman agar (mLNA). The susceptibilities of 33 M. pachydermatis isolates obtained by modified CLSI M27-A3 method were compared with the results by disk diffusion method, which used different concentrations of ketoconazole on 6 mm diameter paper disks. Results showed that 93.9% (31/33) of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained from both methods were similar (consistent with two methods within 2 dilutions). M. pachydermatis BCRC 21676 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were used to verify the results obtained from the disk diffusion and modified CLSI M27-A3 tests, and they were found to be consistent. Therefore, the current study concludes that this new novel test—using different concentrations of reagents on cartridge disks to detect MIC values against ketoconazole—can be a cost-effective, time-efficient, and less technically demanding alternative to existing methods.
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Schlemmer KB, Jesus FPK, Loreto ÉS, Tondolo JSM, Ledur PC, Dallabrida A, da Silva TM, Kommers GD, Alves SH, Santurio JM. An experimental murine model of otitis and dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis. Mycoses 2018; 61:954-958. [PMID: 30106183 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a malasseziosis model in immunocompromised Swiss mice. For this model, the mice were immunosuppressed with a combination of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg and hydrocortisone acetate at 250 mg/kg. Two groups were formed according to the site of inoculation. Dermatitis group received an intradermal injection of 5 × 106 cell/mouse at a shaved dorsal region, while the otitis group received the same inoculum in the middle ear. Five animals/group were euthanised at different times, and the skin and ear were histopathologically analysed. During the first euthanasia, which occurred after inoculation, microscopic examination showed that all mice presented budding yeast-like in a tissue sample. The presence of yeasts decreased over time being undetected on the 17th day (dermatitis group) and the 21st day (otitis group) after inoculation. This is the first murine model for malasseziosis that can be useful for evaluating new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Schlemmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Érico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Andressa Dallabrida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Taiara M da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Schlemmer KB, de Jesus FPK, Loreto ES, Farias JB, Alves SH, Ferreiro L, Santurio JM. In vitro combination of antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis. Med Mycol 2018; 57:324-327. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karine B Schlemmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia B Farias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laerte Ferreiro
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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