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Nemeškalová A, Konvalinková J, Vágnerová M, Kuchař M, Buček J, Vrkoslav V, Sýkora D, Cvačka J, Volny M. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry provides screening of selective androgen receptor modulators. Talanta 2024; 277:126358. [PMID: 38879944 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry allows for analysis of samples in their natural state, i.e., with no sample pre-treatment. It can be viewed as a fast, simple, and economical analysis, but its main disadvantages include a lower analytical performance due to the presence of complex sample matrix and the lack of chromatographic separation prior to the introduction of the sample into the mass spectrometer. Here we present an application of two ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques, i.e., Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization, for the analysis of known Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, which represent common compounds of abuse in professional and semiprofessional sport. Eight real samples of illegal food supplements, seized by the local law enforcement, were used to test the performance of the ambient mass spectrometry and the results were validated against a newly developed targeted LC-UV-MS/MS method performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with an external calibration for each analyte. In order to decide whether or not the compound can be declared as present, we proposed a system of rules for the interpretation of the obtained spectra. The criteria are based on mass spectrum matching (5-10 ppm accuracy from the theoretical exact mass and a correct isotopic pattern), duration of the mass signal (three or five consecutive scans, depending on the instrumentation used), and intensity above the background noise (threefold increase in intensity and absolute intensity above 5E4 or 1E5, depending on the instrumentation). When applying these criteria, good agreement was found between the tested methods. Ambient ionization techniques were effective at detecting SARMs at pharmacologically relevant doses, i.e., approximately above 1 mg per capsule, although they may fail to detect lower levels or isomeric species. It is demonstrated that when adhering to a set of clear and consistent rules, ambient mass spectrometry can be employed as a qualitative technique for the screening of illegal SARMs with sufficient confidence and without the necessity to perform a regular LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Nemeškalová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Konvalinková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Vágnerová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Buček
- Plasmion GmbH, Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Volny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Dahleh MMM, Bortolotto VC, Boeira SP, Segat HJ, Guerra GP, Prigol M. From gains to gaps? How Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) YK11 impact hippocampal function: In silico, in vivo, and ex vivo perspectives. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110971. [PMID: 38521455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs), particularly (17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic-acid-methyl-ester (YK11), are increasingly popular among athletes seeking enhanced performance. Serving as an Androgen Receptor (AR) agonist, YK11 stimulates muscle growth while inhibiting myostatin. Our study delved into the impact of YK11 on the rat hippocampus, analyzing potential alterations in neurochemical mechanisms and investigating its synergistic effects with exercise (EXE), based on the strong relationship between SARM users and regular exercise. Utilizing Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, we demonstrated YK11 remarkable brain permeability, with molecular docking analysis revealing YK11 inhibitory effects on 5-alpha-reductase type II (5αR2), suggesting high cell bioavailability. Throughout a 5-week experiment, we divided the animals into the following groups: Control, YK11 (0.35 g/kg), EXE (swimming exercise), and EXE + YK11. Our findings showed that YK11 displayed a high binding affinity with AR in the hippocampus, influencing neurochemical function and modulating aversive memory consolidation, including the downregulation of the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling, irrespective of EXE combination. In the hippocampus, YK11 increased pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines, while reducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels. However, the EXE + YK11 group counteracted IL-6 effects and elevated IL-10. Analysis of apoptotic proteins revealed heightened p38 MAPK activity in response to YK11-induced inflammation, initiating the apoptotic cascade involving Bax/Bcl-2/cleaved caspase-3. Notably, the EXE + YK11 group mitigated alterations in Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. In conclusion, our findings suggest that YK11, at anabolic doses, significantly alters hippocampal neurochemistry, leading to impairments in memory consolidation. This underscore concerns about the misuse risks of SARMs among athletes and challenges common perceptions of their minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munir Mustafa Dahleh
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Hecson Jesser Segat
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, LaftamBio, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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Maccelli A, Borioni A, Aureli F, Gaudiano MC, Manna L, Raimondo M. A screening method for the quantitative determination of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in capsules by high resolution 19F- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2135-2146. [PMID: 38517236 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A new method for rapid determination of the content of selective androgenic receptor modulators (SARMs) andarine, cardarine, ligandrol, ostarine and S-23 in capsules by 1H- and 19F-high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was described and validated. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits were considered as validation parameters. Full 1H-, 13C- and 19F-NMR structural assignment of the SARMs is provided as a tool for self-standing identification without a reference standard. Amounts of 7-15 mg of SARMs/capsule were detected in different products with an intermediate precision of 0.8-1.7% in 4 to 20 minutes of analysis time. The validation results and rapidity of analysis confirm the applicability of the method for large-scale screening. The statistical analysis of the results from 19F- and 1H-quantitative NMR showed that both approaches were equally effective, thus expanding the potential use of the methodology to non-fluorinated SARMs. At present, no SARM has been approved for human consumption; however, SARMs are actually used by bodybuilders and recreational athletes, who purchase them even though the risk-benefit ratio of these molecules has not been definitively established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Maccelli
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Anna Borioni
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Federica Aureli
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Livia Manna
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Raimondo
- Chemical Medicines Unit, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Roma, Italy.
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Nash E, Nicoll A, Batt N, George J, Perananthan V, Prince D, Wallace M, Gow P, Vaz K, Chitturi S, Flores JE, Braund A, Bonnichsen M, Riordan S, Humphris J, Duong T, McKenzie C, Liu K, Strasser SI. Drug-induced liver injury from selective androgen receptor modulators, anabolic-androgenic steroids and bodybuilding supplements in Australia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:953-961. [PMID: 38372012 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of DILI due to herbal and dietary supplements have been increasing over time. AIMS To characterise clinical, laboratory and histopathological phenotypes and outcomes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), and bodybuilding supplements (BBS) in Australia. METHODS Retrospective case series. Patients presented to nine Australian tertiary hospitals, 2017-2023. DILI was defined biochemically and patients were included if their treating physician attributed DILI to preceding use of AAS, SARMs or BBS. Primary endpoint was time to normalisation of liver biochemistry. Secondary endpoints were hospitalisation for investigation or management of DILI, death attributable to liver injury, and liver transplantation. RESULTS Twenty-three cases of DILI were identified, involving 40 drugs: 18 AAS, 14 SARMs and eight BBS. Patients were predominantly male (22/23), with median age 30 years (IQR 26-42). Most were symptomatic (21/23). Median latency of onset was 58 days (IQR 28-112 days) from drug commencement. Most patients (17/23) were admitted to hospital. Based on updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, DILI was possible in 17/23, probable in 2/23 and unlikely in 4/23. Median time to normalisation of liver biochemistry was 175 days (IQR 70-292 days) from presentation. Three (3/23) were treated with corticosteroids, 14/23 were treated for itch, and one (1/23) underwent liver transplantation. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of DILI from AAS, SARMs and BBS is good although liver transplantation may rarely be required. A detailed drug history is important in uncovering DILI due to these supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nash
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Varan Perananthan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Prince
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Wallace
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Gow
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl Vaz
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joan Ericka Flores
- The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alicia Braund
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Bonnichsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Riordan
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy Humphris
- The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tuan Duong
- The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ken Liu
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gaudiano MC, Aureli F, Manna L, Borioni A, Maccelli A, Raimondo M, De Giorgi D, Bartolomei M. Illegal products containing selective androgen receptor modulators purchased online from Italy: health risks for consumers. Sex Med 2024; 12:qfae018. [PMID: 38560649 PMCID: PMC10973938 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small synthetic drug molecules that are still not approved as medicine in Europe or the United States but are sold on illegal websites to improve sport performance, particularly bodybuilding. Aim To address the quality issues of illegal SARM products and their increasing diffusion in Italy with their potential health risks for consumers. Methods Web-based tools were used to investigate retail websites, trending searches, and information exchange via social media. Thirteen SARM products, purchased on retail websites accessible from Italy, were subject to visual inspection and chemical analysis by mass spectrometry and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. Outcomes The primary outcome was demonstration of additional health risks due to the illicit presence of other active ingredients, contamination, and misdosage in SARM products sold on the internet. The secondary outcome was to show the increasing trend of interest in Italy for these products. Results Most websites reported misleading information; specifically, the statement "for research only" was reported notwithstanding indications on dosage and training phases. The trending search showed that interest toward SARMs increased in Italy in the last years. The use of these products is clearly encouraged by the emerging phenomenon of "broscience" as revealed in socials. Visual inspection evidenced nonconform labeling. Qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of the stated SARM in about 70% of samples. In 23% of samples, the expected SARM was not detected but a different one instead, and in 1 sample, no SARMs were detected. Other undeclared pharmaceutical substances (tamoxifen, clomifene, testosterone, epimethandienone, tadalafil) were measured in 30% of samples. The copresence of >1 active substance was observed in >60% of samples. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance data showed nonuniform content ranging from 30% to 90% of the label claim. Clinical Implications The use of SARMs, in the presence of unexpected life-threatening reactions in persons using the products to increase sport performance, should be assessed. Strengths and Limitations This investigation involved an integrated approach to study SARM products and related sociologic aspects. The main shortcomings are the limited number of samples and retail websites in the clear web investigated. Conclusion SARMs sold online as food supplement-like products represent a health hazard due to the presence of unapproved and undeclared active substances. The presence of contaminants clearly indicates the absence of good manufacturing practices in the production, which increases the health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Federica Aureli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Livia Manna
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Borioni
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Mariangela Raimondo
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Donato De Giorgi
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Monica Bartolomei
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Zhou QA. Antiaging Strategies and Remedies: A Landscape of Research Progress and Promise. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:408-446. [PMID: 38214973 PMCID: PMC10853939 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is typified by a gradual loss of physiological fitness and accumulation of cellular damage, leading to deteriorated functions and enhanced vulnerability to diseases. Antiaging research has a long history throughout civilization, with many efforts put forth to understand and prevent the effects of aging. Multiple strategies aiming to promote healthy aging and extend the lifespan have been developed including lifestyle adjustments, medical treatments, and social programs. A multitude of antiaging medicines and remedies have also been explored. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection to analyze the publication landscape of recent research related to antiaging strategies and treatments. We review the recent advances and delineate trends in research headway of antiaging knowledge and practice across time, geography, and development pipelines. We further assess the state-of-the-art antiaging approaches and explore their correlations with age-related diseases. The landscape of antiaging drugs has been outlined and explored. Well-recognized and novel, currently evaluated antiaging agents have also been summarized. Finally, we review clinical applications of antiaging products with their development pipelines. The objective of this review is to summarize current knowledge on preventive strategies and treatment remedies in the field of aging, to outline challenges and evaluate growth opportunities, in order to further efforts to solve the problems that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS, a Division of the American
Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS, a Division of the American
Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Xinmei Wang
- CAS, a Division of the American
Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a Division of the American
Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
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Leciejewska N, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Manríquez-Núñez J, Muszyńska B, Pokrywka A. Selective androgen receptor modulator use and related adverse events including drug-induced liver injury: Analysis of suspected cases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:185-202. [PMID: 38059982 PMCID: PMC10847181 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have demonstrated agonist activity on the androgen receptor in various tissues, stimulating muscle mass growth and improving bone reconstruction. Despite being in clinical trials, none has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency for pharmacotherapy. Still, SARMs are very popular as performance-enhancing drugs. The FDA has issued warnings about the health risks associated with SARMs, but the long-term exposure and possible adverse events still need to be fully understood. This review aims to evaluate the adverse events associated with using SARMs by humans. METHODS PubMed database was searched from September 16, 2022, to October 2, 2023. In total, 20 records were included in the final review. Data from preclinical and clinical studies supported the review. RESULTS Since 2020, 20 reports of adverse events, most described as drug-induced liver injury associated with the use of SARM agonists, have been published. The main symptoms mentioned were cholestatic or hepatocellular liver injury and jaundice. Limited data are related to the dosages and purity of SARM supplements. CONCLUSION Promoting SARMs as an anabolic agent in combination with other performance-enhancing drugs poses a risk to users not only due to doping controls but also to health safety. The lack of quality control of consumed supplements makes it very difficult to assess the direct impact of SARMs on the liver and their potential hepatotoxic effects. Therefore, more detailed analyses are needed to determine the safety of using SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jędrejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Víctor M Gómez-Renaud
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Josué Manríquez-Núñez
- Department of Research and Graduate Studies in Food Sciences, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review 16 th edition-Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2022/2023. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:5-29. [PMID: 37985429 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this 16th edition of the annual banned-substance review on analytical approaches in human sports drug testing, literature on recent developments in this particular section of global anti-doping efforts that was published between October 2022 and September 2023 is summarized and discussed. Most recent additions to the continuously growing portfolio of doping control analytical approaches and investigations into analytical challenges in the context of adverse analytical findings are presented, taking into account existing as well as emerging challenges in anti-doping, with specific focus on substances and methods of doping recognized in the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2023 Prohibited List. As in previous years, focus is put particularly on new or enhanced analytical options in human doping controls, appreciating the exigence and core mission of anti-doping and, equally, the conflict arising from the opposingly trending extent of the athlete's exposome and the sensitivity of instruments nowadays commonly available in anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Dahleh MMM, Bortolotto VC, Guerra GP, Boeira SP, Prigol M. YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106364. [PMID: 37468001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Our study investigates potential neurochemical effects of (17α,20E)- 17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]- 3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester (YK11), a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), in the rat hippocampus, with a particular focus on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, as well as its potential effect when combined with exercise (EXE). To validate YK11's anabolic potential, we performed a molecular docking analysis with the androgen receptor (AR), which showed high affinity with YK11, highlighting hydrogen interactions in Arg752. During the five-week protocol, we divided male Wistar rats into the following groups: Control, YK11 (0.35 g/kg), EXE (swimming protocol), and EXE+YK11. The administration of YK11 resulted in alterations in the endogenous antioxidant system, promoting increased oxidative stress and proteotoxic effects, impairing all mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus. In contrast, EXE alone had a neuroprotective effect, increasing antioxidant defenses and improving mitochondrial metabolism. When combined, EXE+YK11 prevented alterations in some mitochondrial toxicity markers, including MnSOD/SOD2 and MTT reduction capacity, but did not reverse YK11's neurochemical impairments regarding increased oxidative stress and dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and mitochondrial dynamics regulatory proteins in the hippocampus. In summary, our study identifies important pathways of YK11's hippocampal effects, revealing its potential to promote oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the administration of YK11 may pose potential neurological risks for athletes and bodybuilders seeking to enhance performance. These findings highlight the need for further research to assess the safety and efficacy of YK11 and SARM use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munir Mustafa Dahleh
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules - LaftamBio - Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui CEP 97650-000, RS, Brazil.
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Kwiatkowska D, Wicka M, Grucza K, Konarski P, Drapała A, Kaliszewski P. Variation of Sequential Ligandrol (LGD-4033) Metabolite Levels in Routine Anti-Doping Urine Samples Detected with or without Other Xenobiotics. Molecules 2023; 28:6486. [PMID: 37764261 PMCID: PMC10535477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligandrol, also known as LGD-4033, belongs to the group of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Ligandrol was first included in the WADA Prohibited List in 2018. This work presents a method that allows for the detection and identification of ligandrol and its metabolite in athletes' urine and in dietary supplements by means of ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Samples were prepared according to an approach involving acid hydrolysis and double liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Furthermore, due to the lack of reference material for ligandrol metabolites, the urine collected from the control excretion study was analyzed. The presented method is appropriate to monitor ligandrol and its metabolites. The samples collected for doping control purpose contained multiple metabolites, which may potentially rule out the hypothesis of ingesting a single 1 µg or 10 µg dose only. Another aspect to take into account is that ligandrol can be applied together with SARMs, steroids, and GHSs. This will also affect the substances' metabolism and elimination. It is also worth noting that dietary supplements may contain ligandrol as an official ingredient or as a contaminant. The described method may be usefully applied by other anti-doping or toxicological laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Wicka
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Grucza
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Patryk Konarski
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Drapała
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kaliszewski
- Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory, Ksiecia Ziemowita 53 Bud. 4, 03-885 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (K.G.); (P.K.); (A.D.); (P.K.)
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Thomasius F, Pesta D, Rittweger J. Adjuvant pharmacological strategies for the musculoskeletal system during long-term space missions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37559171 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 2 h of daily exercise training, muscle wasting and bone loss are still present after 6-month missions to the international space station. Some crew members lose bone much faster than others. In preparation for missions to the Moon and Mars, space agencies are therefore reviewing their countermeasure portfolios. Here, we discuss the potential of current pharmacological strategies. Bone loss in space is fuelled by bone resorption. Alendronate, an oral bisphosphonate, reduced bone losses in experimental bed rest and space. However, gastrointestinal side effects precluded its further utilization in space. Zoledronate (a potent bisphosphonate), denosumab (RANKL antagonist) and romosozumab (sclerostin antagonist) are all administered via injection. They effectively suppress bone resorption and are routinely prescribed against osteoporosis. Their serious adverse effects, namely, osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures occur very rarely when the usage is limited to 1 or 2 years. Hence, utilization of one of these compounds may outweigh the bone risks of space travelling, in particular in those with high bone resorption rates. Muscle wasting in space is likely due to hampered muscle protein synthesis. Even though this might theoretically be countered by the synthesis-boosting effects of anabolic steroids, the practical grounds for such recommendation are currently weak. Moreover, they reveal their full potential only when combined with an anabolic exercise stimulus, for example, via strength training. It therefore seems that a combination of exercise and pharmacological countermeasures should be considered for musculoskeletal health on the way to the Moon and Mars and back.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Hall E, Vrolijk MF. Androgen Receptor and Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Risk for the Abuse of Supplements Containing Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. Nutrients 2023; 15:3330. [PMID: 37571268 PMCID: PMC10420890 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) exert their biological function through complex interactions with the AR. It has been speculated that overexertion of AR signaling cascades as a result of SARM abuse can be a risk factor for the development of various cardiovascular diseases. The present literature review explores the implications of the interaction between SARMs and the AR on cardiovascular health by focusing on the AR structure, function, and mechanisms of action, as well as the current clinical literature on various SARMs. It is shown that SARMs may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases through implications on the renin-angiotensin system, smooth muscle cells, sympathetic nervous system, lipid profile, inflammation, platelet activity, and various other factors. More research on this topic is necessary as SARM abuse is becoming increasingly common. There is a noticeable lack of clinical trials and literature on the relationship between SARMs, cardiovascular diseases, and the AR. Future in vivo and in vitro studies within this field are vital to understand the mechanisms that underpin these complex interactions and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha F. Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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