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Biswas S, Das R, Jana K, Puste A. Integrated nutrient management on oat + grasspea intercropping system: an evaluation of system productivity, economics, energetics and carbon footprint. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19414. [PMID: 39169032 PMCID: PMC11339438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A field investigation took place at Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during winter seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 with the aim to evaluate system productivity, economics, energetics and carbon footprint (CF) of oat + grasspea intercropping systems under different integrated nutrient managements (INM). The experiment was executed in split-plot design with 4 cropping systems in main plots and 4 levels of nutrient management in sub plots. The 3:3 intercropping system of oat + grasspea ensured highest system productivity, whereas sole grasspea stood best in terms of economics, energetics and environment safety by lowering CF. Notably, INM involving 75% N through urea + 25% N through vermicompost registered significantly higher system productivity in case of 3:3 oat + grasspea intercropping system (CS4N3) (18.77 q ha-1). Further, this intercropping system yielded high economic profitability (net return: US$ 430.4 ha-1, benefit-cost ratio: 1.71) as well as energy indices (energy output: 71179.1 MJ ha-1, net energy gain: 60352.0 MJ ha-1, energy ratio: 6.57 and energy profitability: 5.57). CF was also found relatively low under CS4N3 (Yield scaled CF: 62.2 kg CO2-e q-1). Furthermore, high carbon efficiency (7.92) and carbon sustainability index (6.92) were also exhibited by CS4N3 as it produced maximum carbon output (1801.2 kg ha-1). In conclusion, the 3:3 oat + grasspea intercropping system using INM can be viable option to ensure economic and energy viability and minimize greenhouse gas emissions without compromising system productivity. Particularly, this intercropping system combined with 75% N through urea + 25% N through vermicompost as INM option can be recommended for the cereal and legume growers of India, specifically under intensive cropping scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Biswas
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India.
- Division of Agriculture, Faculty Centre of Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Morabadi, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834008, India.
| | - Rupa Das
- Faculty of Agriculture, Usha Martin University, Angara, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835103, India
| | - Kalyan Jana
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
- AICRP on Forage Crops and Utilization, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Anandamoy Puste
- Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
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Elshamly AMS, Abaza AS. Precise partial root-zone irrigation technique and potassium-zinc fertigation management improve maize physio-biochemical responses, yield, and water use in arid climate. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:775. [PMID: 39143521 PMCID: PMC11325621 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To optimize irrigation water use and productivity, understanding the interactions between plants, irrigation techniques, and fertilization practices is crucial. Therefore, the experiment aims to assess the effectiveness of two application methods of potassium humate combined with chelated zinc under partial root-zone drip irrigation techniques on maize nutrient uptake, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency across two irrigation levels. METHODS Open-field experiments were carried out in two summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 under alternate and fixed partial root-zone drip irrigation techniques to investigate their impacts at two irrigation levels and applied foliar and soil applications of potassium humate or chelated zinc in a sole and combinations on maize. RESULTS Deficit irrigation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased proline, antioxidant enzymes, carbohydrate, chlorophyll (a + b), and nutrient uptake in both partial root-zone techniques. The implementation of combined soil application of potassium humate and chelated zinc under drought conditions on maize led to varying impacts on antioxidant enzymes and nutritional status, depending on the type of partial root-zone technique. Meanwhile, the results showed that fixed partial root-zone irrigation diminished the negative effects of drought stress by enhancing phosphorus uptake (53.8%), potassium uptake (59.2%), proline (74.4%) and catalase (75%); compared to the control. These enhancements may contribute to improving the defense system of maize plants in such conditions. On the other hand, the same previous treatments under alternate partial root zone modified the defense mechanism of plants and improved the contents of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and the uptake of magnesium, zinc, and iron by 81.3%, 82.3%, 85.1%, 56.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adopting 75% of the irrigation requirements and treating maize plants with the soil application of 3 g l-1 potassium humate combined with 1.25 kg ha-1 chelated zinc under alternate partial root-zone technique, resulted in the maximum root length, leaf water content, chlorophyll content, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M S Elshamly
- Water Studies and Research Complex. National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
- National Water Research Center, Research Institute for Groundwater, El-Kanater, El-Khairiya, Egypt.
| | - A S Abaza
- Water Studies and Research Complex. National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Arenas-Calle L, Sherpa S, Rossiter D, Nayak H, Urfels A, Kritee K, Poonia S, Singh D, Choudhary A, Dubey R, Kumar V, Nayak A, McDonald A. Hydrologic variability governs GHG emissions in rice-based cropping systems of Eastern India. AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT 2024; 301:108931. [PMID: 39118824 PMCID: PMC11304473 DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is increasingly recognized as an urgent greenhouse gas mitigation priority for avoiding ecosystem 'tipping points' that will accelerate global warming. Agricultural systems, namely ruminant livestock and rice cultivation are dominant sources of CH4 emissions. Efforts to reduce methane from rice typically focus on water management strategies that implicitly assume that irrigated rice systems are consistently flooded and that farmers exert a high level of control over the field water balance. In India most rice is cultivated during the monsoon season and hydrologic variability is common, particularly in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) where high but variable rainfall, shallow groundwater, and subtle differences in topography interact to create complex mosaics of field water conditions. Here, we characterize the hydrologic variability of monsoon season rice fields (n = 207) in the Indian EGP ('Eastern India') across two contrasting climate years (2021, 2022) and use the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model to estimate GHG emissions for the observed hydrologic conditions. Five distinct clusters of field hydrology patterns were evident in each year, but cluster characteristics were not stable across years. In 2021, average GHG emissions (8.14 mt CO2-eq ha-1) were twice as high as in 2022 (3.81 mt CO2-eq ha-1). Importantly, intra-annual variability between fields was also high, underlining the need to characterize representative emission distributions across the landscape and across seasons to appropriately target GHG mitigation strategies and generate accurate baseline values. Simulation results were also analyzed to identify main drivers of emissions, with readily identified factors such as flooding period and hydrologic interactions with crop residues and nitrogen management practices emerging as important. These insights provide a foundation for understanding landscape variability in GHG emissions from rice in Eastern India and suggest priorities for mitigation that honor the hydrologic complexity of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Arenas-Calle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S. Sherpa
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, Bihar 801105, India
| | - D. Rossiter
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H. Nayak
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A. Urfels
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
- Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K. Kritee
- Environmental Defense Fund, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - S. Poonia
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, Bihar 801105, India
| | - D.K. Singh
- CIMMYT-India, Sabajpura, Khagaul, Patna, Bihar 801105, India
| | - A. Choudhary
- Environmental Defense Fund, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - R. Dubey
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - V. Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - A.K. Nayak
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - A. McDonald
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Chachei K. Greenhouse gas emissions in the Indian agriculture sector and mitigation by best management practices and smart farming technologies-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44489-44510. [PMID: 38951399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for agricultural products, driven by the Green Revolution, has led to a significant increase in food production. However, the demand is surpassing production, making food security a major concern, especially under climatic variation. The Indian agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall, drought, pests, and diseases in the present climate change scenario. Nonetheless, the key agriculture sub-sectors such as livestock, rice cultivation, and biomass burning also significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a driver of global climate change. Agriculture activities alone account for 10-12% of global GHG emissions. India is an agrarian economy and a hub for global food production, which is met by intensive agricultural inputs leading to the deterioration of natural resources. It further contributes to 14% of the country's total GHG emissions. Identifying the drivers and best mitigation strategies in the sector is thus crucial for rigorous GHG mitigation. Therefore, this review aims to identify and expound the key drivers of GHG emissions in Indian agriculture and present the best strategies available in the existing literature. This will help the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to evaluate the current agricultural practices and uphold the best approach available. We also discussed the socio-economic, and environmental implications to understand the impacts that may arise from intensive agriculture. Finally, we examined the current national climate policies, areas for further research, and policy amendments to help bridge the knowledge gap among researchers, policymakers, and the public in the national interest toward GHG reduction goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Chachei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Osei AK, Rezanezhad F, Oelbermann M. Impact of freeze-thaw cycles on greenhouse gas emissions in marginally productive agricultural land under different perennial bioenergy crops. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120739. [PMID: 38552522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of freeze-thaw-induced carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and concomitant nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in perennial bioenergy crops is crucial to understanding the contribution of these crops in mitigating climate change through reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, a 49-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to compare the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on N2O and CO2 emissions in different perennial bioenergy crops [miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus L.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and willow (Salix miyabeana L.)] to a successional site and to understand the processes controlling the N2O and CO2 emissions in these crops. The results showed that freeze-thaw cycles caused a decline in dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) concentrations but enhanced the dissolved organic N (DON) and nitrate (NO3-). Although, freeze-thaw decreased water stable soil aggregates in all the bioenergy crops and successional site, this did not have any significant impact on N2O and CO2 emissions, suggesting that the N2O and CO2 emitted during the freeze-thaw cycles may have originated mostly from cellular materials released from lysis and death of microbial biomass rather than from soil aggregate disruption. Cumulative N2O emissions measured over the 49-day incubation period ranged from 148 mg N2O-N m-2 to 17 mg N2O-N m-2 and were highest in miscanthus followed by willow, switchgrass, and successional site. Cumulative CO2 on the other hand was highest in the successional site than any of the bioenergy crops and ranged from 25,262 mg CO2-C m-2 to 15,403 mg CO2-C m-2 after the 49 days. Higher N2O emissions in the miscanthus and willow than switchgrass and successional site were attributed to accelerated N losses as N2O. Results from our study indicate that managing perennial bioenergy crops on low productive agricultural lands to reduce freeze-thaw related GHG emissions and climate change mitigation is dependent on the crop species grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine K Osei
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability. University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Fereidoun Rezanezhad
- Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maren Oelbermann
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability. University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kim DW, Chung EG, Na EH, Kim Y. A novel approach to identify priority areas for optimal nutrient management in mixed land-use watersheds through nutrient budget assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120645. [PMID: 38579463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Excessive nutrient supply in agricultural regions has led to various environmental issues, thereby requiring concentrated management owing to its persistent upward trend. Nutrient budgets (NBs), a vital agricultural environmental indicator, are employed for nutrient management in agricultural areas, using data surveyed by administrative agencies. However, the spatial extent of nutrient data for nutrient budgeting is limited by administrative boundaries according to the surveying organization, posing challenges in interpreting spatial patterns at the watershed level. In this study, a novel approach was developed to identify priority nutrient management areas by applying hot spot spatial analysis to watershed-level NBs, considering hydrological characteristics. This method was applied to approximately 850 subwatersheds across the Republic of Korea, where land cover characteristics are complex. Reassessing nutrient budgets at the watershed scale, accounting for overlapping administrative boundary areas and crop cultivation ratios, indicated similar levels between the two methods. Hot spot analysis revealed that watersheds with elevated NBs mirrored the spatial patterns of livestock excreta and cropland. The spatial distribution characteristics of watersheds with high nutrient levels in rivers corresponded with the concentration characteristics of industrial and commercial areas. Therefore, applying watershed-level NBs based on land cover ratios that consider nutrient input characteristics in agricultural regions is deemed appropriate for selecting priority nutrient management areas. Collectively, this study presents a method for selecting nutrient management priority areas by simultaneously considering the spatial characteristics of various environmental factors, such as land cover, livestock excreta, river water quality, and land area-based watershed-specific NBs. The proposed approach, considering mixed land cover characteristics, is anticipated to be valuable for selecting priority management areas in watersheds with diverse pollution sources. Future research is needed to explore nutrient budgets within watersheds, the influence of land use on pollution sources, and their correlation with water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Woo Kim
- Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eu Gene Chung
- Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Na
- Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
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de Carvalho AM, Ramos MLG, Dos Santos DCR, de Oliveira AD, de Carvalho Mendes I, Silva SB, de Sousa TR, Dantas RDA, Silva AMM, Marchão RL. Understanding the Relations between Soil Biochemical Properties and N 2O Emissions in a Long-Term Integrated Crop-Livestock System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:365. [PMID: 38337898 PMCID: PMC10857650 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Edaphoclimatic conditions influence nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural systems where soil biochemical properties play a key role. This study addressed cumulative N2O emissions and their relations with soil biochemical properties in a long-term experiment (26 years) with integrated crop-livestock farming systems fertilized with two P and K rates. The farming systems consisted of continuous crops fertilized with half of the recommended P and K rates (CCF1), continuous crops at the recommended P and K rates (CCF2), an integrated crop-livestock system with half of the recommended P and K rates (ICLF1), and an integrated crop-livestock at the recommended P and K rates (ICLF2). The ICLF2 may have promoted the greatest entry of carbon into the soil and positively influenced the soil's biochemical properties. Total carbon (TC) was highest in ICLF2 in both growing seasons. The particulate and mineral-associated fractions in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and the microbial biomass fraction in the two growing seasons were also very high. Acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase in ICLF1 and ICLF2 were highest in 2016. The soil properties correlated with cumulative N2O emissions were TC, total nitrogen (TN), particulate nitrogen (PN), available nitrogen (AN), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The results indicated that ICLF2 induces an accumulation of more stable organic matter (OM) fractions that are unavailable to the microbiota in the short term and result in lower N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-970, Brazil; (D.C.R.D.S.); (S.B.S.); (T.R.d.S.)
| | - Divina Cléia Resende Dos Santos
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-970, Brazil; (D.C.R.D.S.); (S.B.S.); (T.R.d.S.)
| | | | - Ieda de Carvalho Mendes
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil; (A.D.d.O.); (I.d.C.M.); (R.d.A.D.); (R.L.M.)
| | - Stefany Braz Silva
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-970, Brazil; (D.C.R.D.S.); (S.B.S.); (T.R.d.S.)
| | - Thais Rodrigues de Sousa
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-970, Brazil; (D.C.R.D.S.); (S.B.S.); (T.R.d.S.)
| | - Raíssa de Araujo Dantas
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil; (A.D.d.O.); (I.d.C.M.); (R.d.A.D.); (R.L.M.)
| | | | - Robélio Leandro Marchão
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR-020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil; (A.D.d.O.); (I.d.C.M.); (R.d.A.D.); (R.L.M.)
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Wang X, Xiang B, Li J, Zhang M, Frostegard A, Bakken L, Zhang X. Using adaptive and aggressive N 2O-reducing bacteria to augment digestate fertilizer for mitigating N 2O emissions from agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166284. [PMID: 37586512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from agricultural soils destroys stratospheric ozone and contributes to global warming. A promising approach to reduce emissions is fertilizing the soil using organic wastes augmented by non-denitrifying N2O-reducing bacteria (NNRB). To realize this potential, we need a suite of NNRB strains that fulfill several criteria: efficient reduction of N2O, ability to grow in organic waste, and ability to survive in farmland soil. In this study, we enriched such organisms by sequential anaerobic batch incubations with N2O and reciprocating inoculation between the sterilized substrates of anaerobic manure digestate and soils. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics analysis showed that a cluster of bacteria containing nosZ genes encoding N2O-reductase, was enriched during the incubation process. Strains of several dominant members were then isolated and characterized, and three of them were found to harbor the nosZ gene but none of the other denitrifying genes, thus qualifying as NNRB. The selected isolates were tested for their capacities to reduce N2O emissions from three different typical Chinese farmland soils. The results indicated the significant mitigation effect of these isolates, even in very acidic red soil. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a strategy to engineer the soil microbiome with promising NNRB with high adaptability to livestock manure digestate as well as different agricultural soils, which would be suitable for developing novel fertilizer for farmland application to efficiently mitigate the N2O emissions from agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Baoyu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Asa Frostegard
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Lars Bakken
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Li Y, Muhammad R, Saba B, Xia H, Wang X, Wang J, Xia X, Cuncang J. Effect of co-application of straw and various nitrogen fertilizers on N 2O emission in acid soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119045. [PMID: 37778069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the alteration of N transformation and N2O emissions in acid soil with the co-application of straw and different types of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, an incubation experiment was carried out for 40 days. There are totally five treatments in the study: (a) without straw and N fertilizer (N0), (b) straw alone application (SN0), (c) straw with NH4Cl (SN1), (d) straw with NaNO3 (SN2), and (e) straw with NH4NO3 (SN3). N2O emissions, soil physicochemical properties, and abundance/activity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were measured. The results showed that the combined application of straw and N enhanced N2O emissions, particularly, SN2 and SN3 treatments. Moreover, the soil pH was lower in co-application treatments and the average decreasing rate was 9.69%. Specially, the pH was lowest in the SN1 treatment. The results of correlation analysis indicated a markedly negative relationship between pH and N2O, as well as a negative relationship between pH and net mineralization rate. These findings suggest that pH alteration can affect the N transformation process in soil and thus influence N2O emissions. In addition, the dominant AOA at the genus level in the SN2 treatment was Nitrosopumilus, and Candidatus nitrosocosmicus in the SN3 treatment. The reshaped AOA structure can serve as additional evidence of the changes in the N transformation process. In conclusion, as the return of straw, the cumulation of N2O from arable acid soil depends on the form of N fertilizer. It is also important to consider how N fertilizer is applied to reduce the possibility of N being lost in the soil as gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Riaz Muhammad
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China.
| | - Babar Saba
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Hao Xia
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecoagriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, PR China.
| | - JiYuan Wang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyang Xia
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| | - Jiang Cuncang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecoagriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, PR China.
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Kumari A, Dash M, Singh SK, Jagadesh M, Mathpal B, Mishra PK, Pandey SK, Verma KK. Soil microbes: a natural solution for mitigating the impact of climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1436. [PMID: 37940796 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbes are microscopic organisms that inhabit the soil and play a significant role in various ecological processes. They are essential for nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and maintaining soil health. Importantly, soil microbes have the potential to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through processes like carbon fixation and storage in organic matter. Unlocking the potential of microbial-driven carbon storage holds the key to revolutionizing climate-smart agricultural practices, paving the way for sustainable productivity and environmental conservation. A fascinating tale of nature's unsung heroes is revealed by delving into the realm of soil microbes. The guardians of the Earth are these tiny creatures that live beneath our feet and discreetly work their magic to fend off the effects of climate change. These microbes are also essential for plant growth enhancement through their roles in nutrient uptake, nitrogen fixation, and synthesis of growth-promoting chemicals. By understanding and managing soil microbial communities, it is possible to improve soil health, soil water-holding capacity, and promote plant growth in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Added to it, these microbes play an important role in biodegradation, bioremediation of heavy metals, and phytoremediation, which in turn helps in treating the contaminated soils. Unfortunately, climate change events affect the diversity, composition, and metabolism of these microbes. Unlocking the microbial potential demands an interdisciplinary endeavor spanning microbiology, ecology, agronomy, and climate science. It is a call to arms for the scientific community to recognize soil microbes as invaluable partners in the fight against climate change. By implementing data-driven land management strategies and pioneering interventions, we possess the means to harness their capabilities, paving the way for climate mitigation, sustainable agriculture, and promote ecosystem resilience in the imminent future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhna Kumari
- College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Ganj Basoda, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 464221, India
| | - Munmun Dash
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, 848125, India.
| | - M Jagadesh
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Bhupendra Mathpal
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - P K Mishra
- College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Ganj Basoda, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, 464221, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Pandey
- College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Narmadapuram, Madhya Pradesh, 461110, India
| | - Krishan K Verma
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Gao N, Yu X, Yang S, Li Q, Zhang H, Rajasekar A, Shen W, Senoo K. Mitigation of N2O emission from granular organic fertilizer with alkali- and salt-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad225. [PMID: 37777842 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Organic fertilizer application significantly stimulates nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains are the core of bio-fertilizer or bio-organic fertilizer, while their beneficial effects are inhibited by environmental conditions, such as alkali and salt stress observed in organic manure or soil. This study aims to screen alkali- and salt-resistant PGPR that could mitigate N2O emission after applying strain-inoculated organic fertilizer. METHODS AND RESULTS Among the 29 candidate strains, 11 (7 Bacillus spp., 2 Achromobacter spp., 1 Paenibacillus sp., and 1 Pseudomonas sp.) significantly mitigated N2O emissions from the organic fertilizer after inoculation. Seven strains were alkali tolerant (pH 10) and five were salt tolerant (4% salinity) in pure culture. Seven strains were selected for further evaluation in two agricultural soils. Five of these seven strains could significantly decrease the cumulative N2O emissions from Anthrosol, while six could significantly decrease the cumulative N2O emissions from Cambisol after the inoculation into the granular organic fertilizer compared with the non-inoculated control. CONCLUSIONS Inoculating alkali- and salt-resistant PGPR into organic fertilizer can reduce N2O emissions from soils under microcosm conditions. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these strains will work under field conditions, under higher salinity, or at different soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinchun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Siqi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Adharsh Rajasekar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Weishou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Institute of Soil Health and Climate-Smart Agriculture, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Keishi Senoo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Melash AA, Bogale AA, Bytyqi B, Nyandi MS, Ábrahám ÉB. Nutrient management: as a panacea to improve the caryopsis quality and yield potential of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) under the changing climatic conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1232675. [PMID: 37701803 PMCID: PMC10493400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing human population and the changing climate, which have given rise to frequent drought spells, pose a serious threat to global food security, while identification of high-yielding drought-tolerant genotypes coupled with nutrient management remains a proficient approach to cope with these challenges. An increase in seasonal temperature, recurring drought stress, and elevated atmospheric CO2 are alarmingly affecting durum wheat production, productivity, grain quality, and the human systems it supports. An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide can improve wheat grain yield in a certain amount, but the right amount of nutrients, water, and other required conditions should be met to realize this benefit. Nutrients including nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur supply could alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stress by enhancing antioxidant defense and improving nitrogen assimilation, although the effects on plant tolerance to drought stress varied with nitrogen ionic forms. The application of sewage sludge to durum wheat also positively impacts its drought stress tolerance by triggering high accumulation of osmoregulators, improving water retention capacity in the soil, and promoting root growth. These beneficial effect of nutrients contribute to durum wheat ability to withstand and recover from abiotic stress conditions, ultimately enhance its productivity and resilience. While these nutrients can provide benefits when applied in appropriate amounts, their excessive use can lead to adverse environmental consequences. Advanced technologies such as precision nutrient management, unmanned aerial vehicle-based spraying, and anaerobic digestion play significant roles in reducing the negative effects associated with nutrients like sewage sludge, zinc, nanoparticles and silicon fertilizers. Hence, nutrient management practices offer significant potential to enhance the caryopsis quality and yield potential of durum wheat. Through implementing tailored nutrient management strategies, farmers, breeders, and agronomists can contribute to sustainable durum wheat production, ensuring food security and maintaining the economic viability of the crop under the changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh Agezew Melash
- Kálmán Kerpely Doctoral School of Crop Production and Horticultural Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Debark University, Debark, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Assefa Bogale
- Institute of Crop Production, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Bekir Bytyqi
- Kálmán Kerpely Doctoral School of Crop Production and Horticultural Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Muhoja Sylivester Nyandi
- Kálmán Kerpely Doctoral School of Crop Production and Horticultural Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Babett Ábrahám
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Crop Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Li Y, Muhammad R, Saba B, Xia H, Wang X, Wang J, Jiang C. Can the co-application of biochar and different inorganic nitrogen fertilizers repress N 2O emissions in acidic soil? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116217. [PMID: 37245574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sole application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer with lower N2O emission potential or combined with biochar may help for mitigating N2O production. However, how biochar applied with various inorganic N fertilizers affected N2O emission in acidic soil remains unclear. Thus, we examined N2O emission, soil N dynamics and relating nitrifiers (i.e., ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA) in acidic soil. The study contained three N fertilizers (including NH4Cl, NaNO3, NH4NO3) and two biochar application rates (i.e., 0% and 0.5%). The results indicated that the alone application of NH4Cl produced more N2O. Meanwhile, the co-application of biochar and N fertilizers enhanced N2O emission as well, especially in the combined treatment of biochar and NH4NO3. Soil pH was decreased with the application of various N fertilizers, especially with NH4Cl, and the average decrease rate was 9.6%. Meanwhile, correlation analysis showed a negative relationship between N2O and pH, dramatically, which might indicate that the alteration of pH was one factor relating to N2O emission. However, there was no difference between the same N addition treatments with or without biochar on pH. Interestingly, in the combined treatment of biochar and NH4NO3, the lowest net nitrification rate and net mineralization rate appeared during days 16-23. Meanwhile, the highest emission rate of N2O in the same treatment also appeared during days 16-23. The accordance might indicate that N transformation alteration was another factor relating to N2O emissions. In addition, compared to NH4NO3 alone application, co-applied with biochar had a lower content of Nitrososphaera-AOA, which was a main contributor to nitrification. The study emphasizes the importance of using a suitable form of N fertilizers and further indicates that two factors, namely alteration of pH and N transformation rate, are related to N2O emission. Moreover, in future studies, it is necessary to explore the soil N dynamics controlled by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Riaz Muhammad
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China
| | - Babar Saba
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Hao Xia
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecoagriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, PR China
| | - JiYuan Wang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecoagriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, PR China.
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Shah ST, Basit A, Mohamed HI, Ullah I, Sajid M, Sohrab A. Der Einsatz von Mulchen bei verschiedenen Bodenbearbeitungsbedingungen reduziert den Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen – ein Überblick. GESUNDE PFLANZEN 2023; 75:455-477. [DOI: 10.1007/s10343-022-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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Effects of Biofuel Crop Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) Cultivation on Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122105. [PMID: 36556470 PMCID: PMC9781985 DOI: 10.3390/life12122105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Under the macroenvironmental background of global warming, all countries are working to limit climate change. Internationally, biofuel plants are considered to have great potential in carbon neutralization. Several countries have begun using biofuel crops as energy sources to neutralize carbon emissions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is considered a resource-efficient low-input crop that produces bioenergy. In this paper, we reviewed the effects of switchgrass cultivation on carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, the future application and research of switchgrass are discussed and prospected. Switchgrass has huge aboveground and underground biomass, manifesting its huge carbon sequestration potential. The net change of soil surface 30 cm soil organic carbon in 15 years is predicted to be 6.49 Mg ha-1, significantly higher than that of other crops. In addition, its net ecosystem CO2 exchange is about -485 to -118 g C m-2 yr-1, which greatly affects the annual CO2 flux of the cultivation environment. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main source of N2O emission in the switchgrass field. Nitrogen addition increases the yield of switchgrass and also increases the N2O flux of switchgrass soil. It is necessary to formulate the most appropriate N fertilizer application strategy. CH4 emissions are also an important indicator of carbon debt. The effects of switchgrass cultivation on CH4 emissions may be significant but are often ignored. Future studies on GHG emissions by switchgrass should also focus on CH4. In conclusion, as a biofuel crop, switchgrass can well balance the effects of climate change. It is necessary to conduct studies of switchgrass globally with the long-term dimension of climate change effects.
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Farooq MS, Wang X, Uzair M, Fatima H, Fiaz S, Maqbool Z, Rehman OU, Yousuf M, Khan MR. Recent trends in nitrogen cycle and eco-efficient nitrogen management strategies in aerobic rice system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960641. [PMID: 36092421 PMCID: PMC9453445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered as a staple food for more than half of the global population, and sustaining productivity under a scarcity of resources is challenging to meet the future food demands of the inflating global population. The aerobic rice system can be considered as a transformational replacement for traditional rice, but the widespread adaptation of this innovative approach has been challenged due to higher losses of nitrogen (N) and reduced N-use efficiency (NUE). For normal growth and developmental processes in crop plants, N is required in higher amounts. N is a mineral nutrient and an important constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids, and many photosynthetic metabolites, and hence is essential for normal plant growth and metabolism. Excessive application of N fertilizers improves aerobic rice growth and yield, but compromises economic and environmental sustainability. Irregular and uncontrolled use of N fertilizers have elevated several environmental issues linked to higher N losses in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and nitrate (NO3 -), thereby threatening environmental sustainability due to higher warming potential, ozone depletion capacities, and abilities to eutrophicate the water resources. Hence, enhancing NUE in aerobic rice has become an urgent need for the development of a sustainable production system. This article was designed to investigate the major challenge of low NUE and evaluate recent advances in pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system, and thereby suggest the agronomic management approaches to improve NUE. The major objective of this review is about optimizing the application of N inputs while sustaining rice productivity and ensuring environmental safety. This review elaborates that different soil conditions significantly shift the N dynamics via changes in major pathways of the N cycle and comprehensively reviews the facts why N losses are high under the aerobic rice system, which factors hinder in attaining high NUE, and how it can become an eco-efficient production system through agronomic managements. Moreover, it explores the interactive mechanisms of how proper management of N cycle pathways can be accomplished via optimized N fertilizer amendments. Meanwhile, this study suggests several agricultural and agronomic approaches, such as site-specific N management, integrated nutrient management (INM), and incorporation of N fertilizers with enhanced use efficiency that may interactively improve the NUE and thereby plant N uptake in the aerobic rice system. Additionally, resource conservation practices, such as plant residue management, green manuring, improved genetic breeding, and precision farming, are essential to enhance NUE. Deep insights into the recent advances in the pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system necessarily suggest the incorporation of the suggested agronomic adjustments to reduce N losses and enhance NUE while sustaining rice productivity and environmental safety. Future research on N dynamics is encouraged under the aerobic rice system focusing on the interactive evaluation of shifts among activities and diversity in microbial communities, NUE, and plant demands while applying N management measures, which is necessary for its widespread adaptation in face of the projected climate change and scarcity of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hira Fatima
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Zubaira Maqbool
- Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Ur Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Corn and Wheat Residue Management Effects on Greenhouse Emissions in the Mid-Atlantic USA. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop residue management have been studied extensively, yet the effects of harvesting more than one crop residue in a rotation have not been reported. Here, we measured the short-term changes in methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in response to residue removal from continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CC) and corn–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (CWS) rotations in the Mid-Atlantic USA. A first experiment retained five corn stover rates (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1) in a continuous corn (CC) in Blacksburg, VA, in 2016 and 2017. Two other experiments, initiated during the wheat and corn phases of the CWS rotation in New Kent, VA, utilized a factorial combination of retained corn (0, 3.33, 6.66, and 10.0 Mg ha−1) and wheat residue (0, 1, 2, and 3 Mg ha−1). Soybean residue was not varied. Different crop retention rates did not affect CO2 fluxes in any of the field studies. In Blacksburg, retaining 5 Mg ha−1 stover or more increased CH4 and N2O emissions by ~25%. Maximum CH4 and N2O fluxes (4.16 and 5.94 mg m−2 day−1) occurred with 200% (20 Mg ha−1) retention. Two cycles of stover management in Blacksburg, and one cycle of corn or wheat residue management in New Kent did not affect GHG fluxes. This study is the first to investigate the effects of crop residue on GHG emissions in a multi-crop system in humid temperate zones. Longer-term studies are warranted to understand crop residue management effects on GHG emissions in these systems.
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