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Sambucci M, Nouri SM, Tayebi ST, Valente M. Synergic Effect of Recycled Carbon Fibers and Microfibrillated Cellulose Gel for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials. Gels 2023; 9:981. [PMID: 38131967 PMCID: PMC10742545 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A new hybrid fiber blend containing microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) gel and recycled carbon short fiber (RCSF) was implemented for designing fiber-reinforced cement mortars, to further improve the mechanical properties and enhance the sustainability of cement-based materials. The individual impact of single fibrous fillers as well as the synergistic effect of a hybrid fiber system (MFC + RCSF) were investigated in terms of the rheological properties, mechanical strength, and microstructure of the mortars. The results indicated that the workability of fresh mixtures slightly increased after fiber addition. The fibers incorporated alone improved the materials' performance in different ways. The addition of RCSF led to improvements of up to 76% in flexural strength and 13% in compression strength for a fiber content of 0.75 wt.%. However, the addition of carbon fibers led to slight deteriorations in terms of porosity and water absorption. On the other hand, the use of MFC induced a less significant growth in terms of mechanical strength (+14% in flexural strength for 0.75 wt.% of cellulose) but greatly improved the microstructural quality of the mortar, significantly reducing its water permeability. Considering the optimum MFC dosage, MFC+RCSF hybrid mixtures showed positive effects on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the mortar, displaying further improvements in strength, while preserving a lower porosity and water absorption than the control mix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Sambucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (S.M.N.); (S.T.T.); (M.V.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, UdR Rome, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nouri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (S.M.N.); (S.T.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Sara Taherinezhad Tayebi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (S.M.N.); (S.T.T.); (M.V.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, UdR Rome, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Valente
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials, Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (S.M.N.); (S.T.T.); (M.V.)
- INSTM Reference Laboratory for Engineering of Surface Treatments, UdR Rome, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Metaxa ZS, Tolkou AK, Efstathiou S, Rahdar A, Favvas EP, Mitropoulos AC, Kyzas GZ. Nanomaterials in Cementitious Composites: An Update. Molecules 2021; 26:1430. [PMID: 33800797 PMCID: PMC7961426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is an update about the addition of nanomaterials in cementitious composites in order to improve their performance. The most common used nanomaterials for cementitious materials are carbon nanotubes, nanocellulose, nanographene, graphene oxide, nanosilica and nanoTiO2. All these nanomaterials can improve the physical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of cementitious composites, for example increase their compressive and tensile strength, accelerate hydration, decrease porosity and enhance fire resistance. Cement based materials have a very complex nanostructure consisting of hydration products, crystals, unhydrated cement particles and nanoporosity where traditional reinforcement, which is at the macro and micro scale, is not effective. Nanomaterials can reinforce the nanoscale, which wasn't possible heretofore, enhancing the performance of the cementitious matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi S. Metaxa
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece; (S.E.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Athanasia K. Tolkou
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Stefania Efstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece; (S.E.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran;
| | - Evangelos P. Favvas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, GR-153 41 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios C. Mitropoulos
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece; (S.E.); (A.C.M.)
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, GR-654 04 Kavala, Greece; (S.E.); (A.C.M.)
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A Review on the Application of Nanocellulose in Cementitious Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122476. [PMID: 33321839 PMCID: PMC7763093 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of the concrete industry is always accompanied by some environmental issues such as global warming and energy consumption. Under this circumstance, the application of nanocellulose in cementitious materials is attracting more and more attention in recent years not only because of its renewability and sustainability but also because of its unique properties. To trace the research progress and provide some guidance for future research, the application of nanocellulose to cementitious materials is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), bacterial cellulose (BC), and cellulose filament (CF) on the physical and fresh properties, hydration, mechanical properties, microstructure, rheology, shrinkage, and durability of cementitious materials are summarized. It can be seen that the type, dosage, and dispersion of nanocellulose, and even the cementitious matrix type can lead to different results. Moreover, in this review, some unexplored topics are highlighted and remain to be further studied. Lastly, the major challenge of nanocellulose dispersion, related to the effectiveness of nanocellulose in cementitious materials, is examined in detail.
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Fracture Properties Evaluation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Cement Paste. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112507. [PMID: 32486384 PMCID: PMC7321427 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the need for high-performance and sustainable building materials, the investigation of the determination of fracture toughness of cement paste using new and sustainable materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is worthwhile. Contrary to other well-known nano-reinforcement particles, such as carbon nanotubes, CNCs are less toxic; therefore, they have less safety and environmental risks. Fracture behavior of cement paste has been studied intensively for a long time. However, the incorporation of new materials in the cement paste, such as cellulose nanocrystal materials (CNCs), has not been fully investigated. In this paper, the fracture behavior, compressive strength, and hydration properties of cement paste reinforced with cellulose nanocrystal particles were studied. At the age of 3, 7, and 28 days, a three-point bending moment test, and a calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were performed on the water-to-binder-weight ratio of 0.35 cement paste, containing 0.0%, 0.2%, and 1.0% volume cellulose nanocrystals. Results indicated that the fracture properties and compressive strength were improved for the sample containing 0.2% CNCs. Preliminary results indicate that CNCs can improve the fracture behavior of cementitious materials and can be considered as a renewable and sustainable material in construction.
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Zhang X, Gao J, Fan H, Li X, Gao Z, Xue L, Sun S. Study on the Mechanism of Nano-SiO 2 for Improving the Properties of Cement-Based Soil Stabilizer. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030405. [PMID: 32106519 PMCID: PMC7152852 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new nano-soil stabilizer (N-MBER, Nanometer Material Becoming Earth into Rock) material was developed in this research by using the high activity and ultrafine properties of nano-SiO2 (NS), which were able to improve the properties of cement-based soil stabilizer and had broad application prospects. The results showed that (1) the strength of N-MBER obeyed a compound function relation with curing period and additive amount of NS. The relationship between strength and curing period obeyed an exponential function when the additive amount was constant. The strength and additive amount were a power function when the curing period was fixed. The compressive strength of N-MBER increased by more than 15% compared with MBER at day 28 of the curing period, and 50% compared with grade 32.5 cement. (2) The pozzolanic catalytic activity of NS significantly increased the amount of calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H) in the N-MBER colloid. NS was also able to make the distribution of the network structure of colloidal space more uniform and improved the fractal dimension of particles by 0.05. The above results provide theoretical data for exploring the mechanism of soil stabilizer strength growth and for promoting the application of solid waste utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center on Soil & Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianen Gao
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center on Soil & Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Henghui Fan
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Research Center on Soil & Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Xue
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengli Sun
- Research Center on Soil & Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
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Fu C, Xie C, Liu J, Wei X, Wu D. A Comparative Study on the Effects of Three Nano-Materials on the Properties of Cement-Based Composites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040857. [PMID: 32070022 PMCID: PMC7079641 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of nano-materials to modify construction materials has become a research hotspot in recent years, but often different scholars use different research methods and reach different conclusions about the same material, which is not conducive to the performance comparison between different materials. In this paper, nano-SiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were used as raw materials to prepare cement-based composites to compare the effects of the three nanomaterials on the mechanical and water absorption properties under the same experimental conditions, and their principles were investigated via The scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and other microscopic analysis testing methods. At the same time, strength benefit indexes are introduced to comprehensively evaluate the economics of the strength improvement provided by the three kinds of nanomaterial. The results show that doping with nano-SiO2, CNTs and NCC can promote the hydration process of cement effectively. The composite material exhibits excellent mechanical properties at the macro level because of the nucleation and filling effect of nano-SiO2, and the bridging and strengthening effects of CNTs and NCC. The compressive strength increased by 45.13%, 28.31% and 44.19% at 7d, and 23.09%, 18.40% and 23.40% at 28d. The flexural strength of 7d increased by 31.00%, 36.22 and 54.81%, and 14.91%, 22.23% and 30.46% at 28d. The water absorption is SiO2 < NCC < CNTs, and the nano-SiO2 is lower than the other two materials at least 15.54%. CNTs group has the lowest compressive strength benefit, which is 16.91 yuan/m3, and the lowest flexural strength benefit is NCC, which is 3.59 yuan/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (C.F.); (C.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunyan Xie
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (C.F.); (C.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (C.F.); (C.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China;
| | - Dake Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (C.F.); (C.X.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1-399-610-2862
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Barnat-Hunek D, Grzegorczyk-Frańczak M, Szymańska-Chargot M, Łagód G. Effect of Eco-Friendly Cellulose Nanocrystals on Physical Properties of Cement Mortars. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122088. [PMID: 31847175 PMCID: PMC6960752 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, being a material with nanodimensions, is characterized by high tensile strength, high modulus of elasticity, low thermal expansion, and relatively low density, as well as exhibiting very good electrical conductivity properties. The paper presents the results of research on cement mortars with the addition of nanocrystals cellulose, applied in three different amounts (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) by weight of cement, including: physical and mechanical properties, frost resistance and resistance against the detrimental effect of salt, and microstructure examination (SEM). Along with an increase in amount of admixture, the weight loss following frost resistance and salt crystallization tests is reduced. Studies have shown that the addition of nanocrystalline cellulose improves the compressive and flexural strength by 27.6% and 10.9%, respectively. After 50 freezing and thawing (F–T) cycles for the mortars with 1.5% nanocellulose admixture, an improvement in frost resistance by 98% was observed. In turn, the sulfate crystallization tests indicated a 35-fold decrease in weight loss following 1.5% nanopolymer addition to the mortar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Barnat-Hunek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-815384426
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
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Farzanian K, Vafaei B, Ghahremaninezhad A. The Behavior of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) in Cement Mixtures with Glass Powders as Supplementary Cementitious Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213597. [PMID: 31683866 PMCID: PMC6862685 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and desorption of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in cement mixtures containing two different glass powders as supplementary cementitious materials are examined in this paper. Two SAPs with different chemical compositions were synthesized in-house and used in the experiments. SAP absorption was investigated directly through the mass change of SAPs in cement slurries, as well as indirectly using the flow test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the desorption of SAPs using samples prepared with freeze-drying. Hydration and setting time were evaluated to explain the desorption behavior of SAPs. SAP absorption generally increased in pastes with glass powders. The desorption rate of SAPs in different pastes was shown to correlate with the onset of solid skeleton development in the pastes. The addition of SAPs reduced autogenous shrinkage in neat cement paste more than in pastes with glass powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Farzanian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Babak Vafaei
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Ali Ghahremaninezhad
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Tang Z, Huang R, Mei C, Sun X, Zhou D, Zhang X, Wu Q. Influence of Cellulose Nanoparticles on Rheological Behavior of Oil Well Cement-Water Slurries. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12020291. [PMID: 30658486 PMCID: PMC6356419 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Performance of hardened oil well cement (OWC) is largely determined by the rheological properties of the cement slurries. This work was carried out to investigate the effect of water- to-cement ratio (WCR) and cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs), including cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), on rheology performance of OWC-based slurries using a Couette rotational viscometer coupled with rheological models. The yield stress and viscosity of neat OWC slurries had a decreasing trend with the increase of WCRs. The suspension became increased unstable with the increase of WCRs. The properties of CNPs, including rheological behaviors, surface properties and morphology, determine the rheological performance of CNP-OWC slurries. In comparison with CNC-OWC slurries, the gel strength, yield stress and viscosity of CNF-OWC slurries were higher as CNFs were more likely to form an entangled network. The gel strength, yield stress and viscosity of CNP-OWC slurries increased with reduced CNF size through regrinding and the proportion of CNFs in the mixture of CNFs and CNCs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Runzhou Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Changtong Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Dingguo Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- Key Biomass Energy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Fu T, Montes F, Suraneni P, Youngblood J, Weiss J. The Influence of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Hydration and Flexural Strength of Portland Cement Pastes. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E424. [PMID: 30965728 PMCID: PMC6418915 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can be used at low dosage levels (approximately 0.2% by volume of cement) to increase the extent of hydration and to improve the flexural strength of cement pastes. However, the previous work was based on using a CNC made from a single source material and processing technique and was performed using only Type V cement. This work examines the influence of various raw material sources and processing techniques used to make the CNCs. In total, nine different CNCs were investigated with pastes made using Type I/II and Type V cements. Isothermal calorimetry (IC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ball-on-three-ball (B3B) flexural strength testing were used to quantify the performance of CNC-cement composites. IC and TGA results showed that CNCs increased the degree of hydration in all systems. IC results showed that the increase in total heat release was greater in the Type V than in the Type I/II cement paste systems. B3B flexural testing indicated an increase in flexural strength of up to 20% with both Type I/II and Type V systems. These results also showed that the performance of CNC-cement composites can be affected by the source and manufacturing process used to make the CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Fu
- School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Francisco Montes
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Prannoy Suraneni
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gable, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jason Weiss
- School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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