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Bermudo Gamboa C, Martín-Béjar S, Bañón García F, Sevilla Hurtado L. Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2422. [PMID: 39274055 PMCID: PMC11397912 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This research paper aims to enhance the fatigue resistance of polylactic acid (PLA) in Material Extrusion (ME) by incorporating natural reinforcement, focusing on rotational bending fatigue. The study investigates the fatigue behavior of PLA in ME, using various natural fibers such as cellulose, coffee, and flax as potential reinforcements. It explores the optimization of printing parameters to address challenges like warping and shrinkage, which can affect dimensional accuracy and fatigue performance, particularly under the rotational bending conditions analyzed. Cellulose emerges as the most promising natural fiber reinforcement for PLA in ME, exhibiting superior resistance to warping and shrinkage. It also demonstrates minimal geometrical deviations, enabling the production of components with tighter dimensional tolerances. Additionally, the study highlights the significant influence of natural fiber reinforcement on the dimensional deviations and rotational fatigue behavior of printed components. The fatigue resistance of PLA was significantly improved with natural fiber reinforcements. Specifically, PLA reinforced with cellulose showed an increase in fatigue life, achieving up to 13.7 MPa stress at 70,000 cycles compared to unreinforced PLA. PLA with coffee and flax fibers also demonstrated enhanced performance, with stress values reaching 13.6 MPa and 13.5 MPa, respectively, at similar cycle counts. These results suggest that natural fiber reinforcements can effectively improve the fatigue resistance and dimensional stability of PLA components produced by ME. This paper contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing by introducing natural fiber reinforcement as a sustainable solution to enhance PLA performance under rotational bending fatigue conditions. It offers insights into the comparative effectiveness of natural fibers and synthetic counterparts, particularly emphasizing the superior performance of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bermudo Gamboa
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Martín-Béjar
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Fermín Bañón García
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Sevilla Hurtado
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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2
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Chen H, Wang E, Liang Y, Miao Y, Zhou Z, Ling M, Huang J, Zhang W. Influence of bio-coupling agent on interfacial interlocking compatibility and toughness of ultrafine bamboo charcoal/polylactic acid composite film. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128918. [PMID: 38134986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Applications for polylactic acid (PLA) are significantly impacted by its poor mechanical properties and lack of thermal stability. The goal of this work is to bridge the gap of poor compatibility among the components and enhance their interface interlocking capability to improve the toughness and thermal stability. Ultrafine bamboo charcoal (UFBC) was treated through deep eutectic solvent (DES) method to deposit sodium lignosulfonate (LS) on its surface. LS was used with PLA as a bio-coupling agent to create an eco-friendly PLA composite film with a wide range of characteristics. Benefiting from the penetration of PLA to the internal pores in UFBC, the resultant L-UFBC/PLA film has a good mechanical interlocking structure. Ls can increase the compatibility and strengthen the interface interlocking capability through DES method, which greatly improves the mechanical properties of the system. In comparison to pure PLA one, the elongation at break was 136.24 % greater, and the crystallinity (Xc) increased from 1.09 % to 3.33 %. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the system was also improved, and the residual at 600 °C rose by 4.83 %. These characteristics offer the prepared L-UFBC/PLA film a wide range of potential applications in the packaging, medical, agricultural, and other sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Enfu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yipeng Liang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yu Miao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zenan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Mengyao Ling
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingda Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Kiattipornpithak K, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Jantrawut P, Ruksiriwanich W, Sommano SR, Leksawasdi N, Kittikorn T, Jantanasakulwong K. Bamboo Pulp Toughening Poly (Lactic Acid) Composite Using Reactive Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3789. [PMID: 37765643 PMCID: PMC10537309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composite with excellent mechanical properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance was developed using a reactive melt-blending technique. PLA was melt mixed with epoxy resin (EPOXY) and bamboo pulp (PULP) to improve its reaction and mechanical properties. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful reaction of the PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites; the epoxy groups of EPOXY reacted with the -COOH groups of PLA and the -OH groups of PULP. The PLA/EPOXY/PULP5 composite showed a high tensile strength (67 MPa) and high toughness of 762 folding cycles, whereas the highest tensile strength was 77 MPa in the PLA/EPOXY5/PULP20 sample. SEM images presented a gap between the PLA and PULP; gap size decreased with the addition of EPOXY. The Tg of the PLA decreased with the EPOXY plasticizer effect, whereas the Tm did not significantly change. PULP induced crystallinity and increased Vicat softening of the PLA/PULP and PLA/EPOXY/PULP composites. The EPOXY reaction of the PLA/PULP composites improved their tensile properties, toughness, thermal stability, and water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittameth Kiattipornpithak
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
| | - Thorsak Kittikorn
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.K.); (P.R.); (S.T.); (N.L.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.J.); (W.R.)
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Wu Y, Gao X, Wu J, Zhou T, Nguyen TT, Wang Y. Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Its Composites: Characteristics, Processing, and Sustainable Applications in Sports. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3096. [PMID: 37514485 PMCID: PMC10384257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester polymer that is produced from renewable resources, such as corn or other carbohydrate sources. However, its poor toughness limits its commercialization. PLA composites can meet the growing performance needs of various fields, but limited research has focused on their sustainable applications in sports. This paper reviews the latest research on PLA and its composites by describing the characteristics, production, degradation process, and the latest modification methods of PLA. Then, it discusses the inherent advantages of PLA composites and expounds on different biodegradable materials and their relationship with the properties of PLA composites. Finally, the importance and application prospects of PLA composites in the field of sports are emphasized. Although PLA composites mixed with natural biomass materials have not been mass produced, they are expected to be sustainable materials used in various industries because of their simple process, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tongxi Zhou
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- College of Wood Industry and Interior Design, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Hanoi 13417, Vietnam
| | - Yutong Wang
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
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Fu S, Wu H, Zhu K, Zhao Z, Liang Z. The Unique Morphology of Coconut Petiole Fibers Facilitates the Fabrication of Plant Composites with High Impact Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092200. [PMID: 37177346 PMCID: PMC10180731 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work explored alkali-treated coconut petiole fibers (ACPFs) characterization and the effect of fiber loadings on the mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ACPF composites for the first time. The physical, mechanical, and interfacial properties, as well as the morphology of the ACPFs were reported. It was found that ACPFs with a density of 0.92 g/cm3 have average tensile strength and tensile modulus equal to 355.77 MPa and 5212.36 MPa. The interfacial strength between ACPFs and PLA was high (14.06 MPa), attributed to the micro-sized holes on the fibers, as established from SEM micrographs. Then composites with varying fiber loadings were fabricated by melt-blending and compression molding. The mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) performance of composites was reported. Based on the high interfacial strength between fibers and PLA and the unique "spiral" structure of fibers, the composites reached a high impact strength of 8.2 kJ/m2 and flexural modulus of 6959.70 MPa at 50 wt.%, representing 150% and 50% improvement relative to pure PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, National, Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced, Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongwu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, National, Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced, Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, National, Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced, Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhouxiang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, National, Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced, Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhifang Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, National, Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Guangdong, Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced, Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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6
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Kamarudin SH, Mohd Basri MS, Rayung M, Abu F, Ahmad S, Norizan MN, Osman S, Sarifuddin N, Desa MSZM, Abdullah UH, Mohamed Amin Tawakkal IS, Abdullah LC. A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRPC) for Sustainable Industrial Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173698. [PMID: 36080773 PMCID: PMC9460194 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The depletion of petroleum-based resources and the adverse environmental problems, such as pollution, have stimulated considerable interest in the development of environmentally sustainable materials, which are composed of natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites. These materials could be tailored for a broad range of sustainable industrial applications with new surface functionalities. However, there are several challenges and drawbacks, such as composites processing production and fiber/matrix adhesion, that need to be addressed and overcome. This review could provide an overview of the technological challenges, processing techniques, characterization, properties, and potential applications of NFRPC for sustainable industrial applications. Interestingly, a roadmap for NFRPC to move into Industry 4.0 was highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- Department of Ecotechnology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marwah Rayung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Falah Abu
- Department of Ecotechnology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Smart Manufacturing Research Institute (SMRI), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - So’bah Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nurazzi Norizan
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Syaiful Osman
- Department of Ecotechnology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norshahida Sarifuddin
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shaiful Zaidi Mat Desa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology and Process, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ummi Hani Abdullah
- Department of Wood and Fiber Industries, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Reinforced distiller’s grains as bio-fillers in environment-friendly poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Critical Review on Polylactic Acid: Properties, Structure, Processing, Biocomposites, and Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124312. [PMID: 35744371 PMCID: PMC9228835 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials are emerging as a vital entity for the sustainable development of both humans and the environment. Polylactic acid (PLA) has been recognized as a potential polymer candidate with attractive characteristics for applications in both the engineering and medical sectors. Hence, the present article throws lights on the essential physical and mechanical properties of PLA that can be beneficial for the development of composites, biocomposites, films, porous gels, and so on. The article discusses various processes that can be utilized in the fabrication of PLA-based composites. In a later section, we have a detailed discourse on the various composites and nanocomposites-based PLA along with the properties’ comparisons, discussing our investigation on the effects of various fibers, fillers, and nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of PLA. Lastly, the various applications in which PLA is used extensively are discussed in detail.
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Tor-Świątek A, Garbacz T, Stloukal P. Analysis of Selected Properties of Microporous PLA as a Result of Abiotic Degradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093133. [PMID: 35591467 PMCID: PMC9101509 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the study, an investigation was made into the hydrolytic degradation behavior of the microporous polylactide (PLA) in the initial stage in three biological buffer solutions with various pH-simulating body fluids in comparison with pure PLA. Studies also include the analysis of selected mechanical properties and physical structures. A microporous PLA was obtained by melt extrusion using a chemical blowing agent. The rate of Mw decrease induced by hydrolysis over 35 days of microporous PLA was roughly comparable to the pure material. The rate of depolymerization was slightly accelerated at an acid pH due to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at the end of the observed period. The mechanical analysis showed the influence of various pH on the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Tor-Świątek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Garbacz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka, Str., 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petr Stloukal
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tř. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
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Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites: A Review of Properties, Fabrication, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071387. [PMID: 35406261 PMCID: PMC9003382 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced composites, especially bamboo, are an alternative material to compete with conventional materials. Their environmentally friendly, renewable, low-cost, low-density, non-toxic, and fully biodegradable properties are concerning for researchers because of their advantages over synthetic polymers. This comprehensive review presents the results of work on bamboo fiber composites with special reference to bamboo types, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers matrices, hybrid composites, and their applications. In addition, several studies prove that these properties are very good and efficient in various applications. However, in the development of composite technology, bamboo fiber has certain constraints, especially in moisture conditions. Moisture is one of the factors that reduces the potential of bamboo fiber and makes it a critical issue in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, various efforts have been made to ensure that these properties are not affected by moisture by treating the surface fibers using chemical treatments.
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11
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Mechanical properties of fibre/ filler based poly(Lactic Acid) (Pla) composites : A brief review. ACTA INNOVATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.32933/actainnovations.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based composites receive greater preference over non-biodegradable plastics. Poly(lactic acid) has to find its place in various applications such as polymer composites, agriculture, biomedical, etc. Polymer composites based on PLA possess comparable mechanical strength, endurance, flexibility and endures future opportunities. Several combinations of natural fibers and filler-based PLA composites have been fabricated and investigated for physical and mechanical changes. Moreover, several biopolymers and compatibilizers are added to PLA to provide rigidity. The paper presents a tabulated review of the various natural fiber/filter-based PLA composites and the preparation and outcomes. In addition, enhancement made by the reinforcement of nano filler in the PLA are also discussed in brief. The significance of PLA in the biomedical application has been discussed in brief. The paper also shed lights in the social and economic aspects of PLA.
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, is a group of innovative technologies that are increasingly employed for the production of 3D objects in different fields, including pharmaceutics, engineering, agri-food and medicines. The most processed materials by 3D printing techniques (e.g., fused deposition modelling, FDM; selective laser sintering, SLS; stereolithography, SLA) are polymeric materials since they offer chemical resistance, are low cost and have easy processability. However, one main drawback of using these materials alone (e.g., polylactic acid, PLA) in the manufacturing process is related to the poor mechanical and tensile properties of the final product. To overcome these limitations, fillers can be added to the polymeric matrix during the manufacturing to act as reinforcing agents. These include inorganic or organic materials such as glass, carbon fibers, silicon, ceramic or metals. One emerging approach is the employment of natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) as reinforcing agents, which are extracted from plants or obtained from biomasses or agricultural/industrial wastes. The advantages of using these natural materials as fillers for 3D printing are related to their availability together with the possibility of producing printed specimens with a smaller environmental impact and higher biodegradability. Therefore, they represent a “green option” for 3D printing processing, and many studies have been published in the last year to evaluate their ability to improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed objects. The present review provides an overview of the recent literature regarding natural polymers as reinforcing agents for 3D printing.
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Robledo-Ortíz JR, Martín Del Campo AS, Blackaller JA, González-López ME, Pérez Fonseca AA. Valorization of Sugarcane Straw for the Development of Sustainable Biopolymer-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193335. [PMID: 34641150 PMCID: PMC8512035 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane straw (SCS) is a common agro-industrial waste that is usually incinerated or discarded in fields after harvesting, increasing the importance of developing added-value applications for this residue. In this study, sustainable biocomposites were produced, and the effect of sugarcane straw as a filler/reinforcement of commercial biopolymers was evaluated. Biocomposites were prepared using polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), or green polyethylene (Green-PE) with different fiber contents (20, 30, and 40 wt.%). Dry-blending followed by compression molding was used for the biocomposites preparation. The results showed that PLA, PHB, and PHBV biocomposites retained the same impact strength as the neat matrices, even with 40 wt.% of sugarcane straw. The flexural and tensile modulus of PLA, PHB, and PHBV biocomposites increased with 20% of SCS, whereas, in Green-PE biocomposites, these properties increased at all fiber contents. Since any compatibilizer was used, both the flexural and tensile strength decreased with the addition of SCS. However, even with the highest content of SCS, the tensile and flexural strength values were around 20 MPa, making these materials competitive for specific industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Robledo-Ortíz
- Department of Wood, Cellulose and Paper, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45510, Mexico
| | | | - Juan A Blackaller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | | | - Aida A Pérez Fonseca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
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14
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Preparation and characterization of bio-based green renewable composites from poly(lactic acid) reinforced with corn stover. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Harussani M, Hakimi M, Haziq M, Atikah M, Asyraf M, Ishak M, Razman M, Nurazzi N, Norrrahim M, Abral H, Asrofi M. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1326. [PMID: 33919530 PMCID: PMC8072904 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, enthusiasm towards the manufacturing of biopolymers has attracted considerable attention due to the rising concern about depleting resources and worsening pollution. Among the biopolymers available in the world, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the highest biopolymers produced globally and thus, making it suitable for product commercialisation. Therefore, the effectiveness of natural fibre reinforced PLA composite as an alternative material to substitute the non-renewable petroleum-based materials has been examined by researchers. The type of fibre used in fibre/matrix adhesion is very important because it influences the biocomposites' mechanical properties. Besides that, an outline of the present circumstance of natural fibre-reinforced PLA 3D printing, as well as its functions in 4D printing for applications of stimuli-responsive polymers were also discussed. This research paper aims to present the development and conducted studies on PLA-based natural fibre bio-composites over the last decade. This work reviews recent PLA-derived bio-composite research related to PLA synthesis and biodegradation, its properties, processes, challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S.M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.Z.M. Haziq
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.H.); (M.Y.A.Y.H.); (M.Z.M.H.)
| | - M.S.N. Atikah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M.R.M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M.R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.M.A.); (M.R.I.)
| | - M.R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N.M. Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - M.N.F. Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia;
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia;
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Andrzejewski J, Nowakowski M. Development of Toughened Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites. Modification of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends by Reactive Extrusion Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1523. [PMID: 33804651 PMCID: PMC8003650 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presented study focuses on the development of flax fiber (FF) reinforced composites prepared with the use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PLA/PBAT blend system. This type of modification was aimed to increase impact properties of PLA-based composites, which are usually characterized by high brittleness. The PLA/PBAT blends preparation was carried out using melt blending technique, while part of the samples was prepared by reactive extrusion process with the addition of chain extender (CE) in the form of epoxy-functionalized oligomer. The properties of unreinforced blends was evaluated using injection molded samples. The composite samples were prepared by compression molding technique, while flax fibers reinforcement was in the form of plain fabric. The properties of the laminated sheets were investigated during mechanical test measurements (tensile, flexural, impact). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used to determine the thermal properties, while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) measurements were conducted in order to measure the thermomechanical properties. Research procedure was supplemented with structure evaluation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The comparative study reveals that the properties of PLA/PBAT-based composites were more favorable, especially in the context of impact resistance improvement. However, for CE modified samples also the modulus and strength was improved. Structural observations after the impact tests confirmed the presence of the plastic deformation of PLA/PBAT matrix, which confirmed the favorable properties of the developed materials. The use of PBAT phase as the impact modifier strongly reduced the PLA brittleness, while the reactive extrusion process improves the fiber-matrix interactions leading to higher stiffness and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Polymer Processing Division, Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- MATRIX Students Club, Polymer Processing Division, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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17
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Towards More Sustainable Materials for Geo-Environmental Engineering: The Case of Geogrids. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic materials are widely used in geotechnical engineering, especially as geosynthetics. The use of plastic-based products involves serious environmental risks caused by their degradation. Innovative research has been focusing on biodegradable polymers of natural origin, especially on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), to reduce the use of plastics. This study aims to explore the potentiality of biopolymers for the production of geogrids, measuring the chemical and mechanical characteristics of raw materials and of prototype samples, similar to those available on the market. First, chemical composition and optical purity were determined by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and polarimetry. Furthermore, samples of uniaxial and biaxial geogrids were custom-molded using a professional 3D printer. Mechanical properties were measured both on the filament and on the prototype geogrids. The maximum tensile resistance was 6.76 kN/m for the neat-PLA filament and 10.14 kN/m for uniaxial prototype geogrids produced with PLA-based polymer mixed with titanium dioxide. PLA-based materials showed higher tensile properties than polypropylene (PP), the most common petroleum derivative. Conversely, such biomaterials seem to be more brittle and with scarce elongation rate respect PP. Nonetheless, these results are encouraging and can support the use of PLA-based materials for innovative biodegradable geosynthetics production, especially if used in combination with live plants.
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Lima EMB, Middea A, Neumann R, Thiré RMDSM, Pereira JF, Freitas SC, Penteado MS, Lima AM, Minguita APDS, Mattos MDC, Teixeira ADS, Pereira ICS, Rojas dos Santos NR, Marconcini JM, Oliveira RN, Corrêa AC. Biocomposites of PLA and Mango Seed Waste: Potential Material for Food Packaging and a Technological Alternative to Reduce Environmental Impact. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edla Maria Bezerra Lima
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | - Antonieta Middea
- Centre for Mineral Technology (CETEM) Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 21941‐908 Brazil
| | - Reiner Neumann
- Centre for Mineral Technology (CETEM) Av. Pedro Calmon, 900, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 21941‐908 Brazil
| | - Rossana Mara da Silva Moreira Thiré
- Program of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (PEMM)/COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Technology Center, Ilha do Fundão Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Jéssica Fernandes Pereira
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | - Sidinea Cordeiro Freitas
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | - Marília Stephan Penteado
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | - Aline Muniz Lima
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | | | - Mariana da Costa Mattos
- EMBRAPA Food Technology Av. das Américas, 29501 – Guaratiba Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23020‐470 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Manoel Marconcini
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) EMBRAPA Instrumentation São Carlos São Paulo 13560‐970 ‐ PO Box 741 Brazil
| | - Renata Nunes Oliveira
- Post Graduation Program of Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineering Department Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro Rod. BR 465, Km 07, s/n – Zona Rural Seropédica Rio de Janeiro 23890‐000 Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Corrêa
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) EMBRAPA Instrumentation São Carlos São Paulo 13560‐970 ‐ PO Box 741 Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar) Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235 São Carlos São Paulo 13565‐905 Brazil
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19
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Aaliya B, Sunooj KV, Lackner M. Biopolymer composites: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOBASED PLASTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24759651.2021.1881214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Aaliya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Maximilian Lackner
- University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien , Höchstädtplatz, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Chee SS, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Fouad H. Effects of Nanoclay on Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Kenaf Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:395. [PMID: 33513718 PMCID: PMC7865575 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current work aims to study the mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of non-woven bamboo (B)/woven kenaf (K)/epoxy (E) hybrid composites filled with nanoclay. The nanoclay-filled BK/E hybrid composites were prepared by dispersing 1 wt.% nanoclay (organically-modified montmorillonite (MMT; OMMT), montmorillonite (MMT), and halloysite nanotube (HNT)) with high shear speed homogenizer followed by hand lay-up fabrication technique. The effect of adding nanoclay on the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the hybrid nanocomposites were studied. Fractography of tensile-fractured sample of hybrid composites was studied by field emission scanning electron microscope. The dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to study the viscoelastic properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. BK/E-OMMT exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared to the other hybrid nanocomposites, with tensile, flexural, and impact strength values of 55.82 MPa, 105 MPa, and 65.68 J/m, respectively. Statistical analysis and grouping information were performed by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey method, and it corroborates that the mechanical properties of the nanoclay-filled hybrid nanocomposites are statistically significant. The storage modulus of the hybrid nanocomposites was improved by 98.4%, 41.5%, and 21.7% with the addition of OMMT, MMT, and HNT, respectively. Morphology of the tensile fracture BK/E-OMMT composites shows that lesser voids, microcracks and fibers pull out due to strong fiber-matrix adhesion compared to other hybrid composites. Hence, the OMMT-filled BK/E hybrid nanocomposites can be utilized for load-bearing structure applications, such as floor panels and seatbacks, whereby lightweight and high strength are the main requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Sand Chee
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Othman Y. Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Fouad
- Applied Medical Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo 1790, Egypt
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21
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Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12–15% for the surface and 27–39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.
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22
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Kosowska K, Szatkowski P. Influence of ZnO, SiO 2 and TiO 2 on the aging process of PLA fibers produced by electrospinning method. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2020; 140:1769-1778. [PMID: 32435152 PMCID: PMC7223675 DOI: 10.1007/s10973-019-08890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of ceramics particles addition (SiO2, ZnO, TiO2) on the ultraviolet (UV) aging of poly(lactic acid) nonwovens fabricated using electrospinning method. The resistance to aging is a key factor for outdoor and medical applications (UV light sterilization). Nonwovens were placed in special chamber with UV light. Changes of physicochemical properties were recorded using differential scanning calorimetry and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The fibers' morphology was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Obtained results clearly showed that only PLA fibers with ZnO particles gained an increase in UV resistance. The paper presents a description of structural changes taking place under the influence of UV aging processes and describes the mechanisms of this process and the effect of ceramic addition on the lifetime of such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Szatkowski
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Senthil Muthu Kumar T, Rajini N, Siengchin S, Varada Rajulu A, Ayrilmis N. Influence of Musa acuminate bio-filler on the thermal, mechanical and visco-elastic behavior of poly (propylene) carbonate biocomposites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2019.1602910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Senthil Muthu Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N. Rajini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A. Varada Rajulu
- Centre for Composite Materials, International Research Centre, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India
| | - Nadir Ayrilmis
- Department of Wood Mechanics and Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Garcia-Campo MJ, Quiles-Carrillo L, Sanchez-Nacher L, Balart R, Montanes N. High toughness poly(lactic acid) (PLA) formulations obtained by ternary blends with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and flexible polyesters from succinic acid. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Study on the Interfacial Functionary Mechanism of Rare-Earth-Solution-Modified Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Resin Matrix Composites. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071190. [PMID: 29997349 PMCID: PMC6073239 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new and effective treatment on bamboo fiber (BF) is presented, and its effect on the interfacial bonding properties of the BF/resin matrix was studied. The interfacial functionary mechanism of rare earth solution (RES) modification to improve the interfacial bonding properties between BF and the resin matrix was analyzed. The hardness and elastic modulus of the interfacial zone between BF and the resin matrix were measured using nanoindentation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analyze the change in the surface functional group of BF in the modification process. The surface chemical composition of BF before and after the modification was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the RES modification significantly increases the hardness and elastic modulus of BF and its interfacial zone with the resin matrix. The hydroxyl concentration on the surface of RES-treated BF decreases, which reduces the hydrophilicity of BF. Rare earth ions react with oxygen in the hydroxyl group at the C2 position in the glucosylic ring of cellulose. The RES-modified BF bonds with the resin matrix to form a rare earth complex, which significantly enhances the interfacial adhesion between BF and the resin matrix.
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26
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Łopusiewicz Ł, Jędra F, Mizielińska M. New Poly(lactic acid) Active Packaging Composite Films Incorporated with Fungal Melanin. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E386. [PMID: 30966422 PMCID: PMC6415272 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, fungal melanin was used for the first time to prepare poly(lactic acid)-based composites. The films of various melanin concentrations (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.2% w/w) were prepared using an extrusion method. The mechanical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, water vapor and UV-Vis barrier properties, as well as available polyphenolics on the surface, were studied. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy studies were carried out to analyze the chemical composition of the resulting films. The hydrophobicity, color response, thermal, optical properties, and opacity values were also determined. The results of this study show that the addition of fungal melanin to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a modifier influenced mechanical and water vapor barrier properties depending on melanin concentration. In low concentration, melanin enhanced the mechanical and barrier properties of the modified films, but in larger amounts, the properties were decreased. The UV-Vis barrier properties of PLA/melanin composites were marginally improved. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that crystallinity of PLA increased by the addition of melanin, but this did not affect the thermal stability of the films. Modified PLA/melanin films showed good antioxidant activity and were active against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. The addition of melanin caused changes in color values, decreasing lightness and increasing the redness and yellowness of films. Based on the results of this study, fungal melanin has good potential to be exploited as a value-added modifier that can improve the overall properties of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Filip Jędra
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Mizielińska
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.
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