1
|
Raj A, Yousfi M, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Morphologies, Compatibilization and Properties of Immiscible PLA-Based Blends with Engineering Polymers: An Overview of Recent Works. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1776. [PMID: 39000632 PMCID: PMC11244106 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(L-Lactide) (PLA), a fully biobased aliphatic polyester, has attracted significant attention in the last decade due to its exceptional set of properties, such as high tensile modulus/strength, biocompatibility, (bio)degradability in various media, easy recyclability and good melt-state processability by the conventional processes of the plastic/textile industry. Blending PLA with other polymers represents one of the most cost-effective and efficient approaches to develop a next-generation of PLA-based materials with superior properties. In particular, intensive research has been carried out on PLA-based blends with engineering polymers such as polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and various polyamides (PA). This overview, consequently, aims to gather recent works over the last 10 years on these immiscible PLA-based blends processed by melt extrusion, such as twin screw compounding. Furthermore, for a better scientific understanding of various ultimate properties, processing by internal mixers has also been ventured. A specific emphasis on blend morphologies, compatibilization strategies and final (thermo)mechanical properties (tensile/impact strength, ductility and heat deflection temperature) for potential durable and high-performance applications, such as electronic parts (3C parts, electronic cases) to replace PC/ABS blends, has been made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
- ACU-Centre for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Cédric Samuel
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Herrera-Vázquez SE, Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, Chanona-Pérez JJ, Hernández-Varela JD, Hernández-Díaz M, García-Medina S, Orozco-Hernández JM, Colín-García K. Ecotoxicological evaluation of chitosan biopolymer films particles in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): A comparative study with polystyrene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172757. [PMID: 38670364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate the environmental impact of microplastics (MPs), the scientific community has innovated sustainable and biodegradable polymers as viable alternatives to traditional plastics. Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, stands as one of the most thoroughly investigated biopolymers and has garnered significant interest due to its versatile applications in both medical and cosmetic fields. Nevertheless, there is still a knowledge gap regarding the impact that chitosan biopolymer films (CBPF) may generate in aquatic organisms. In light of the foregoing, this study aimed to assess and compare the potential effects of CBPF on the gastrointestinal tract, gills, brain, and liver of Danio rerio against those induced by MPs. The findings revealed that both CBPF and MPs induced changes in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers across all organs. However, it is essential to note that our star plots illustrate a tendency for CBPF to activate antioxidant enzymes and for MPs to produce oxidative damage. Regarding gene expression, our findings indicate that MPs led to an up-regulation in the expression of genes associated with apoptotic response (p53, casp3, cas9, bax, and bcl2) in all fish organs. Meanwhile, CBPF produced the same effect in genes related to antioxidant response (nrf1 and nrf2). Overall, our histological observations substantiated these effects, revealing the presence of plastic particles and tissue alterations in the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fish subjected to MPs. From these results, it can be concluded that CBPF does not represent a risk to fish after long exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Elizabeth Herrera-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - José Jorge Chanona-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Josué David Hernández-Varela
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Misael Hernández-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Colín-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karpova SG, Olkhov AA, Varyan IA, Khan OI, Botin AA, Naletova AV, Popov AA, Iordanskii AL. Electrospun Polylactide-Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Fibers: Structure Characterization and Segmental Dynamic Response. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1307. [PMID: 38794500 PMCID: PMC11125250 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrospun ultrathin fibers based on binary compositions of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with the various content from the polymer ratio from 0/100 to 100/0 have been explored. Combining thermal (DSC) and spectropy (ESR) techniques, the effect of biopolymer content on the characteristics of the crystal structure of PLA and PCL and the rotative diffusion of the stable TEMPO radical in the intercrystallite areas of PLA/PCL compositions was shown. It was revealed that after PLA and PCL blending, significant changes in the degree of crystallinity of PLA, PCL segment mobility, sorption of the Tempo probe, as well as its activation energy of rotation in the intercrystalline areas of PLA/PCL fibers, were evaluated. The characteristic region of biopolymers' composition from 50/50 to 30/70% PLA/PCL blend ratio was found, where the inversion transition of PLA from dispersive medium to dispersive phase where an inversion transition is assumed when the continuous medium of the PLA transforms into a discrete phase. The performed studies made it possible, firstly, to carry out a detailed study of the effect of the system component ratio on the structural and dynamic characteristics of the PLA/PCL film material at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G. Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Anatoly A. Olkhov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivetta A. Varyan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana I. Khan
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Botin
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Petroleum Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65 Leninsky Prospect Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Anna V. Naletova
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Petroleum Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65 Leninsky Prospect Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.B.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Anatoly A. Popov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paul I, Mondal P, Haldar D, Halder G. Beyond the cradle - Amidst microplastics and the ongoing peril during pregnancy and neonatal stages: A holistic review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133963. [PMID: 38461669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in research concerning the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in human blood, sputum, urine, and breast milk samples have piqued the interest of the scientific community, prompting further investigation. MPs present in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium raise concerns about interference with embryonic development, leading to preeclampsia, stillbirth, preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion. The challenges posed by MPs extend beyond pregnancy, affecting the digestive, reproductive, circulatory, immune, and central nervous systems. This has spurred scientists to examine the origins of MPs in distinct environmental layers, including air, water, and soil. These risks continue after birth, as neonates are continuously exposed to MPs through everyday items such as breast milk, cow milk and infant milk powder, as well as plastic-based products like feeding bottles and breast milk storage bags. It is the need of the hour to strike a balance amidst lifestyle changes, alternative choices to traditional plastic products, raising awareness about plastic-related health risks, and fostering collaboration between the scientific community and policymakers. This review aims to provide fresh insights into potential sources of MP pollution, with a specific focus on pregnancy and neonates. It is the first compilation of its kind so far that includes critical studies on recently reported discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata 700125, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kılıç E, Fullana-I-Palmer P, Fullana M, Delgado-Aguilar M, Puig R. Circularity of new composites from recycled high density polyethylene and leather waste for automotive bumpers. Testing performance and environmental impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170413. [PMID: 38309365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
New composite materials (suitable for automotive bumpers), composed of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and leather buffing dust waste (BF) ranging from 20 to 50 wt%, were produced and investigated for mechanical properties. Optimal mechanical performance was achieved with composites containing 30 % wt BF. The environmental performance of automotive bumper production from both virgin and recycled HDPE reinforced with 30 % wt BF (HDPE-BF, rHDPE-BF) composites was compared to that of conventional polypropylene (PP) by performing a cradle to gate life cycle assessment. A component-based approach, instead of a comprehensive LCA assessment for the entire car was adopted using various functional units (FU) such as mass (FU1), volume (FU2), and volume of raw material fulfilling a specific impact strength requirement (FU3), thus enriching the paper with methodological discussions. The rHDPE-BF system provided better environmental performance compared to the virgin PP system, when considering both mass and volume-related functional units, mainly due to the avoidance of virgin polymer production. Even with the inclusion of the use phase in FU2 and a slightly higher density (+1.7 %) of composites than PP-based bumpers, the rHDPE system still provides better environmental performance (10 % less impact). The sensitivity analysis highlighted the significance of car type and final density of the bumper on the impact results. Finally, when using FU3, due to its higher impact strength, HDPE-BF system is clearly the best environmental alternative (50 % less impact) followed by rHDPE-BF system. In all cases, rising the content of recycled materials in the bumpers increases its circularity. The paper illustrates the importance of selecting a suitable functional unit, based on a specific application (i.e., automotive bumpers), to evaluate the environmental impact of new composite materials in comparison to traditional options. Expanding the assessment to encompass multiple functions provides a more accurate portrayal of reality but also introduces greater result uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eylem Kılıç
- Leather Engineering Department, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Pere Fullana-I-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, University Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margalida Fullana
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Rita Puig
- ABBU Research Group, Department of Industrial and Building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), 08700 Igualada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dhal MK, Madhu K, Banerjee A, Prasannavenkadesan V, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/sawdust based biocomposites trays with enhanced compostability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126977. [PMID: 37739287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The major drawback associated with petroleum-based polymer products is pollution, leading to environmental hazards. Biodegradable polymers and biocomposites have the potential to play a major role in replacing the conventional polymers in specific applications on a case to case basis. In the current study, sawdust reinforced polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) biocomposites were developed using the melt extrusion technique. Primary processed fine sawdust was reinforced with PLA/PCL blend in a mini twin screw extruder in different weight fractions (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %). The developed biocomposites were subjected to tensile testing, which indicated that the increased weight percent of sawdust reduced the tensile strength. The materials were further characterized, using sophisticated analytical such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis. The composite containing 30 % sawdust concentration presented the best results with tensile strength of 26.5 MPa, tensile strain of 4.4 % and onset degradation temperature of 320 °C. The same formulation was successfully scaled up to the pilot level of 5 kg batch. It was further subjected to secondary processing to produce market ready cutlery items. Biodegradability studies in simulated composting environments revealed that addition of sawdust drastically reduces the lag phase in degradation and total degradation may be obtained in approximately 90 days. Based on the investigation, there is optimism that the PLA/PCL composites, blended with sawdust may ensure commercial application of sustainable polymer blends at affordable prices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Dhal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kshitij Madhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Centre for Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matumba KI, Motloung MP, Ojijo V, Ray SS, Sadiku ER. Investigation of the Effects of Chain Extender on Material Properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG Blends: Comparative Study between Polycaprolactone and Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092230. [PMID: 37177376 PMCID: PMC10181129 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the Joncryl concentration on the properties of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) and PLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The addition of Joncryl influenced the properties of both PLA-based blends. In the blend of PLA/PCL blends, the addition of Joncryl reduced the size of PCL droplets, which implies the compatibility of the two phases, while PLA/PEG blends showed a co-continuous type of morphology at 0.1% and 0.3 wt.% of Joncryl loading. The crystallinity of PCL and PEG was studied on both PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG blend systems. In both scenarios, the crystallinity of the blends decreased upon the addition of Joncryl. Thermal stabilities were shown to depend on the addition of Joncryl. The toughness increased when 0.5 wt.% of Joncryl was added to both systems. However, the stiffness of PLA/PCL decreased, while the stiffness of PLA/PEG increased with the increasing concentration of Joncryl. This study provides new insight into the effect of chain extenders on the compatibility of PLA-based blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karabo Innocent Matumba
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research, Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research, Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mahović Poljaček S, Priselac D, Tomašegović T, Elesini US, Leskovšek M, Leskovac M. Effect of the Addition of Nano-Silica and Poly(ε-caprolactone) on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Blends and Possible Application in Embossing Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224861. [PMID: 36432988 PMCID: PMC9693381 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends with an addition of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and fumed silica (SiO2) were evaluated to research the possibility of their use as relief printing plates for embossing processes. PCL and nano-silica were added to the PLA matrix at different concentrations. Morphological, thermal and mechanical analyses were performed to determine the properties and possible functional characteristics of the studied blends. SEM micrographs showed that unmodified PLA/PCL blends exhibit a morphology typical of incompatible blends with clearly visible spherical domains of dispersed PCL in PLA. In particular, the results of the hardness tests showed that the selected blends have the optimal hardness (between 65 SH D and 75 SH D) for use in the embossing process. The tensile tests showed that the addition of nano-silica to neat PLA and to the PLA/PCL blends 50/50 and 60/40 improved the mechanical properties of the blends, especially stiffness and toughness. The DMA results showed that the addition of smaller amounts of SiO2 can contribute to an increase in storage modulus, which is due to good dispersion and distribution of SiO2 in the matrix. DSC analysis showed that the addition of PCL to PLA polymer increased the thermal stability of PLA and that the addition of nano-silica increased the degree of crystallinity of PLA. The TGA results showed that the addition of nano-silica improved the thermal degradation behavior of the studied blends, especially for blends modified with 3 wt% nano-silica. The results show that it is possible to optimize the mechanical and thermal properties of the blends with the aim of using them in the embossing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mahović Poljaček
- Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (S.M.P.); (D.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Dino Priselac
- Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (S.M.P.); (D.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Tamara Tomašegović
- Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (S.M.P.); (D.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Urška Stanković Elesini
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Leskovšek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirela Leskovac
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Solechan S, Suprihanto A, Widyanto SA, Triyono J, Fitriyana DF, Siregar JP, Cionita T. Investigating the Effect of PCL Concentrations on the Characterization of PLA Polymeric Blends for Biomaterial Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7396. [PMID: 36295464 PMCID: PMC9609349 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are synthetic polymers that are extensively used in biomedical applications. However, the PLA/PCL blend produced by ball milling, followed by pressure compaction and sintering, has not been extensively explored. The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of the composition of biomaterials derived from PLA and PCL prepared by ball milling, followed by pressure compaction and sintering, on mechanical and physical properties. PCL and PLA with various concentrations were blended utilizing a ball milling machine for 2 h at an 80-rpm rotation speed. The obtained mixture was placed in a stainless steel 304 mold for the compacting process, which uses a pressure of 30 MPa to create a green body. The sintering procedure was carried out on the green body created at 150 °C for 2 h using a digital oven. The obtained PLA/PCL blend was tested using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), density, porosity, and three-point bending. Following the interaction between PCL and PLA in the PLA/PCL blend, the FTIR spectra and XRD diffractograms obtained in this work revealed a number of modifications in the functional groups and crystal phase. The 90PLA specimen had the best mechanical properties, with a maximum force and displacement of 51.13 N and 7.21 mm, respectively. The porosity of the PLA/PCL blend decreased with increasing PLA concentration so that the density and flexural properties of the PLA/PCL blend increased. The higher PCL content decreased the stiffness of the PLA molecular chain, consequently reducing its flexural properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solechan Solechan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Kampus Kedungmundu, Semarang 50254, Indonesia
| | - Agus Suprihanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Susilo Adi Widyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Joko Triyono
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Deni Fajar Fitriyana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Januar Parlaungan Siregar
- Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
| | - Tezara Cionita
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tamilazhagan P, Ananda Kumar S, Sundar N, Radha KS. Development of bio-based polymer membranes for a possible recovery of bioactive materials. Chem Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2119892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Tamilazhagan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - S. Ananda Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - N. Sundar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - K. S. Radha
- Department of Chemistry, RMD Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tambrchi P, Mahdavi AH, DaliriJoupari M, Soltani L. Polycaprolactone-co-polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold in combination with 5-azacytidine and transforming growth factor-β to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:668-682. [PMID: 35924670 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) are promising candidates for cardiac repair/regeneration. The application of copolymer nanoscaffolds has received great attention in tissue engineering to support differentiation and functional tissue organization toward effective tissue regeneration. The objective of the current study was to develop functional and bioactive scaffolds by combining polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA) for cardiomyocyte differentiation of human Ad-MSC (hAd-MSCs) in the absence or presence of 5-azacytidine and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). To that end, the human MSCs were extracted from human adipose tissue (AD). The cardiomyocyte differentiation potency of hAd-MSCs was evaluated on the novel synthetic PCL/PLA nanofiber scaffolds prepared in the absence and presence of 5-azacytidine and TGF-β supplements. A PCL/PLA nanofibrous scaffold was fabricated using the electrospinning method and its nanotopography and porous structure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the attachment of hAd-MSCs on the PCL/PLA scaffolds was semiquantitatively investigated. Compared with other treatments, the PCL/PLA nanofibrous scaffold supplemented with both 5-azacytidine and TGF-β was observed to differentiate hAd-MSCs into cardiomyocytes at Day 21 as evidenced by real-time PCR for cardiac-specific genes including cardiac troponin I (cTnI), GATA4, MYH7, and NKX2.5. In addition, flow cytometric analysis of cTnI-positive cells demonstrated that the cardiomyocyte differentiation of hAd-MSCs was more efficient on the PCL/PLA nanofibrous scaffold supplemented with both 5-azacytidine and TGF-β than it was in the other treatment groups. Generally speaking, the results show that PCL/PLA nanofibrous scaffolds may be applied as a platform for efficient differentiation of hAd-MSCs into functional cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Tambrchi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahdavi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza DaliriJoupari
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Soltani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramos-Rodriguez DH, Pashneh-Tala S, Bains AK, Moorehead RD, Kassos N, Kelly AL, Paterson TE, Orozco-Diaz CA, Gill AA, Ortega Asencio I. Demonstrating the Potential of Using Bio-Based Sustainable Polyester Blends for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:163. [PMID: 35447723 PMCID: PMC9025038 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare applications are known to have a considerable environmental impact and the use of bio-based polymers has emerged as a powerful approach to reduce the carbon footprint in the sector. This research aims to explore the suitability of using a new sustainable polyester blend (Floreon™) as a scaffold directed to aid in musculoskeletal applications. Musculoskeletal problems arise from a wide range of diseases and injuries related to bones and joints. Specifically, bone injuries may result from trauma, cancer, or long-term infections and they are currently considered a major global problem in both developed and developing countries. In this work we have manufactured a series of 3D-printed constructs from a novel biopolymer blend using fused deposition modelling (FDM), and we have modified these materials using a bioceramic (wollastonite, 15% w/w). We have evaluated their performance in vitro using human dermal fibroblasts and rat mesenchymal stromal cells. The new sustainable blend is biocompatible, showing no differences in cell metabolic activity when compared to PLA controls for periods 1-18 days. FloreonTM blend has proven to be a promising material to be used in bone tissue regeneration as it shows an impact strength in the same range of that shown by native bone (just under 10 kJ/m2) and supports an improvement in osteogenic activity when modified with wollastonite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Ramos-Rodriguez
- Mechanisms of Health and Disease, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (D.H.R.-R.); (S.P.-T.); (A.K.B.)
- Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Samand Pashneh-Tala
- Mechanisms of Health and Disease, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (D.H.R.-R.); (S.P.-T.); (A.K.B.)
- Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Amanpreet Kaur Bains
- Mechanisms of Health and Disease, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (D.H.R.-R.); (S.P.-T.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Robert D. Moorehead
- The Henry Royce Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - Nikolaos Kassos
- Polymer IRC, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Sheffield BD7 1DP, UK; (N.K.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Adrian L. Kelly
- Polymer IRC, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Sheffield BD7 1DP, UK; (N.K.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Thomas E. Paterson
- Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
| | - C. Amnael Orozco-Diaz
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Andrew A. Gill
- Floreon-Transforming Packaging Ltd., Aura Innovation Centre, Bridgehead Business Park, Meadow Rd., Hessle HU13 0GD, UK;
| | - Ilida Ortega Asencio
- Mechanisms of Health and Disease, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (D.H.R.-R.); (S.P.-T.); (A.K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deokar M, Garnaik B, Sivaram S. Toughening Poly(l-lactide) Blends: Effectiveness of Sequence-Controlled Six-Arm Star-Branched Block Copolymers of Poly(l-lactide) and Poly(ε-caprolactone). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9118-9129. [PMID: 35350312 PMCID: PMC8945082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined six-arm star-branched bio-degradable block copolymers of l-lactide and ε-caprolactone were prepared using controlled ring-opening polymerization and a sequential monomer addition method using dipentaerythritol as the initiator core and organocatalysts at low temperatures in solution. Sequence of enchainment was changed by reversing the order of monomer addition giving, either, a crystalline PLA block or an amorphous PCL block as the outer segment. Well-defined six-arm poly(ε-caprolactone-b-l-lactide, 6s-PCL-b-PLA) block copolymers were obtained with a range of segment molecular weights. However, in the case of six-arm poly(l-lactide-b-ε-caprolactone, 6s-PLA-b-PCL), disruption of the block structure was observed on account of competing transesterification reactions accompanying a chain-growth reaction. Such sequence-controlled block copolymers showed interesting phase morphologies, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. 6s-PCL-b-PLA showed two glass-transition temperatures and two melting temperatures characteristic of the amorphous and crystalline blocks. 6s-PCL-b-PLA and 6s-PLA-b-PCL with different segment chain lengths were solution blended (10 wt %) with a commercially sourced PLA. All the blends were highly transparent. The structure and properties of the blend were examined by DSC, measurement of mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that a phase-separated 6s-PCL-b-PLA copolymer results in two- to three-fold improvement in tensile toughness without the loss of modulus. A possible hypothesis for the mechanism of tensile toughness in the blend has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha
D. Deokar
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR Headquarters, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Human
Resource Development Centre Campus Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Baijayantimala Garnaik
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR Headquarters, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Human
Resource Development Centre Campus Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Swaminathan Sivaram
- Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao X, Li J, Liu J, Zhou W, Peng S. Recent progress of preparation of branched poly(lactic acid) and its application in the modification of polylactic acid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:874-892. [PMID: 34728305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with branched structure has abundant terminal groups, high melt strength, good rheological properties, and excellent processability; it is a new research and application direction of PLA materials. This study mainly summarizes the molecular structure design, preparation methods, basic properties of branched PLA, and its application in modified PLA materials. The structure and properties of branched PLA prepared by ring-opening polymerization of monomer, functional group polycondensation, and chain extender in the processing process were introduced. The research progress of in situ formation of branched PLA by initiators, multifunctional monomers/additives through dynamic vulcanization, and irradiation induction was described. The effect of branched PLA on the structure and properties of linear PLA materials was analyzed. The role of branched PLA in improving the crystallization behavior, phase morphology, foaming properties, and mechanical properties of linear PLA materials was discussed. At the same time, its research progress in biomedicine and tissue engineering was analyzed. Branched PLA has excellent compatibility with PLA, which has important research value in regulating the structure and properties of PLA materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gzyra-Jagieła K, Sulak K, Draczyński Z, Podzimek S, Gałecki S, Jagodzińska S, Borkowski D. Modification of Poly(lactic acid) by the Plasticization for Application in the Packaging Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213651. [PMID: 34771207 PMCID: PMC8587787 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic products, especially in the packaging industry, have become the main commodities penetrating virtually every aspect of our lives. Unfortunately, their omnipresence is not neutral to the natural environment. Pollution in the form of microplastics is a global problem. Therefore, green technologies that enter into the circular economy become an important topic. As part of the research work, the modification of poly(lactic acid) has been studied for use in the packaging industry. Due to its intrinsic rigidity, plasticizing substances had to be introduced in PLA in order to improve its plastic deformability. Both high-molecular compounds such as ethoxylated lauryl alcohol, block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and ethoxylated stearic acid as well as low-molecular compounds such as di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, and triethyl citrate were used. The samples extruded from plasticized polymers were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and mechanical properties including Young’s modulus. The melt flow rate (MFR) and molar mass distribution were determined. For all modified samples the glass transition temperature, depending on the plasticizer used, was shifted towards lower values compared to the base polymer. The best result was obtained for di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (ADO) and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (SDO). The elongation at break increased significantly for ADO at about 21%. The highest elongation was obtained for SDO (about 35%), although it obtained a higher glass temperature. The degradation of the polymer was not observed for both plasticizers. For these plasticizers (ADO and SDO) it also lowered Young’s module by about 26%, and at the infrared spectrum deformation of peaks were observed, which may indicate the interaction of the ester carbonyl group of PLA with plasticizers. Therefore it can be concluded that they are good modifiers. The selected plasticizers that are used in the production of food contact materials, in particular in the production of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) food films, also exhibited great potential to be applied to PLA food films, and exhibit better properties than the citrate, which are indicated in many publications as PLA plasticizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gzyra-Jagieła
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 19/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (K.S.); (S.G.); (S.J.); (D.B.)
- Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Sulak
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 19/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (K.S.); (S.G.); (S.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Draczyński
- Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Stepan Podzimek
- Wyatt Technology Europe, 56307 Dernbach, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- SYNPO, 53207 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Gałecki
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 19/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (K.S.); (S.G.); (S.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Sylwia Jagodzińska
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 19/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (K.S.); (S.G.); (S.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominik Borkowski
- Lukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, 19/27 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (K.S.); (S.G.); (S.J.); (D.B.)
- Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego Street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Characterization of CaCO 3 Filled Poly(lactic) Acid and Bio Polyethylene Materials for Building Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193323. [PMID: 34641140 PMCID: PMC8512734 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise pollution has been identified as a cause of a broad spectrum of diseases, motivating researchers to identify building materials capable of attenuating this pollution. The most common solution is the use of gypsum boards, which show a good response for low frequencies but have a poorer response for high frequencies. In addition, due to environmental concerns associated with buildings, the use of materials that minimize environmental impacts must be favored. In this research, two biopolymers, a poly(lactic) acid and a bio-polyethylene, were filled with two typologies of calcium carbonate, and their soundproofing properties were tested using impedance tubes. In addition, the morphology of the fillers was characterized, and here we discuss its impact on the mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the incorporation of calcium carbonate into bio-based thermoplastic materials can represent a strong alternative to gypsum, because their mechanical properties and sound barrier performance are superior. In addition, the inclusion of mineral fillers in thermoplastic materials has a positive impact on production costs, in addition to preserving the advantages of thermoplastics in terms of processing and recycling. Although the use of carbonate calcium decreases the mechanical properties of the materials, it enables the production of materials with insulation that is four-fold higher than that of gypsum. This demonstrates the potential of these materials as building lightweight solutions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Luyt AS, Antunes A, Popelka A, Mahmoud A, Hassan MK, Kasak P. Effect of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and titanium (
IV
) dioxide content on the
UV
and hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Antunes
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Anton Popelka
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | | | | | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Balla E, Daniilidis V, Karlioti G, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Vlachopoulos A, Koumentakou I, Bikiaris DN. Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties-From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1822. [PMID: 34072917 PMCID: PMC8198026 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000-50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (V.D.); (G.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (A.V.); (I.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Espinach FX. Advances in Natural Fibers and Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102607. [PMID: 34067687 PMCID: PMC8156309 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural fibers as reinforcement for polymer-based composites has been attracting the interest of the scientific community for a long time [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Espinach
- LEPAMAP+PRODIS Research Group, Development and Product Innovation, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uribe-Gomez J, Posada-Murcia A, Shukla A, Ergin M, Constante G, Apsite I, Martin D, Schwarzer M, Caspari A, Synytska A, Salehi S, Ionov L. Shape-Morphing Fibrous Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayers Fabricated by a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt Electrowriting for Muscle Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1720-1730. [PMID: 35014518 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an approach for the fabrication of shape-changing bilayered scaffolds, which allow the growth of aligned skeletal muscle cells, using a combination of 3D printing of hyaluronic acid hydrogel, melt electrowriting of thermoplastic polycaprolactone-polyurethane elastomer, and shape transformation. The combination of the selected materials and fabrication methods allows a number of important advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and suitable mechanical properties (elasticity and softness of the fibers) similar to those of important components of extracellular matrix (ECM), which allow proper cell alignment and shape transformation. Myoblasts demonstrate excellent viability on the surface of the shape-changing bilayer, where they occupy space between fibers and align along them, allowing efficient cell patterning inside folded structures. The bilayer scaffold is able to undergo a controlled shape transformation and form multilayer scroll-like structures with cells encapsulated inside. Overall, the importance of this approach is the fabrication of tubular constructs with a patterned interior that can support the proliferation and alignment of muscle cells for muscle tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dulle Martin
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) and Institute for Complex Systems (ICS-1), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Madeleine Schwarzer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Alla Synytska
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Strasse 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bio-Based Packaging Materials Containing Substances Derived from Coffee and Tea Plants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245719. [PMID: 33333953 PMCID: PMC7765424 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to obtain intelligent and eco-friendly packaging materials by incorporating innovative additives of plant origin. For this purpose, natural substances, including green tea extract (polyphenon 60) and caffeic acid, were added to two types of biodegradable thermoplastics (Ingeo™ Biopolymer PLA 4043D and Bioplast GS 2189). The main techniques used to assess the impact of phytocompounds on materials’ thermal properties were differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA), which confirmed the improved resistance to thermo-oxidation. Moreover, in order to assess the activity of applied antioxidants, the samples were aged using a UV aging chamber and a weathering device, then retested in terms of dynamic mechanical properties (DMA), colour changing, Vicat softening temperature, and chemical structure, as studied using FT-IR spectra analysis. The results revealed that different types of aging did not cause significant differences in thermo-mechanical properties and chemical structure of the samples with natural antioxidants but induced colour changing. The obtained results indicate that polylactide (PLA) and Bioplast GS 2189, the plasticizer free thermoplastic biomaterial containing polylactide and starch (referred to as sPLA in the present article), both with added caffeic acid and green tea extract, can be applied as smart and eco-friendly packaging materials. The composites reveal better thermo-oxidative stability with reference to pure materials and are able to change colour as a result of the oxidation process, especially after UV exposure, providing information about the degree of material degradation.
Collapse
|