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Krukiewicz K, Contessotto P, Nedjari S, Martino MM, Redenski I, Gabet Y, Speranza G, O'Brien T, Altankov G, Awaja F. Clinical potential of plasma-functionalized graphene oxide ultrathin sheets for bone and blood vessel regeneration: Insights from cellular and animal models. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213867. [PMID: 38669824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO), due to their unique chemical and physical properties, possess biochemical characteristics that can trigger intercellular signals promoting tissue regeneration. Clinical applications of thin GO-derived sheets have inspired the development of various tissue regeneration and repair approaches. In this study, we demonstrate that ultrathin sheets of plasma-functionalized and reduced GO, with the oxygen content ranging from 3.2 % to 22 % and the nitrogen content from 0 % to 8.3 %, retain their essential mechanical and molecular integrity, and exhibit robust potential for regenerating bone tissue and blood vessels across multiple cellular and animal models. Initially, we observed the growth of blood vessels and bone tissue in vitro using these functionalized GO sheets on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells. Remarkably, our study indicates a 2.5-fold increase in mineralization and two-fold increase in tubule formation even in media lacking osteogenic and angiogenic supplements. Subsequently, we observed the initiation, conduction, and formation of bone and blood vessels in a rat tibial osteotomy model, evident from a marked 4-fold increase in the volume of low radio-opacity bone tissue and a significant elevation in connectivity density, all without the use of stem cells or growth factors. Finally, we validated these findings in a mouse critical-size calvarial defect model (33 % higher healing rate) and a rat skin lesion model (up to 2.5-fold increase in the number of blood vessels, and 35 % increase in blood vessels diameter). This study elucidates the pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic properties of both pristine and plasma-treated GO ultrathin films. These properties suggest their significant potential for clinical applications, and as valuable biomaterials for investigating fundamental aspects of bone and blood vessel regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Paolo Contessotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Salima Nedjari
- Molecular Dynamics at Cell-Biomaterial Interface, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Idan Redenski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | | | - Timothy O'Brien
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - George Altankov
- ICREA & Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; Medical University Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Firas Awaja
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland; Engmat Ltd., Clybaun Road, Galway, Ireland.
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2
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Zhang YB, Guo XQ, Wang GG, Pu HB. MicroRNA 98-5p Overexpression Contributes to Delayed Fracture Healing via Targeting BMP-2. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2024; 263:17-25. [PMID: 38267060 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2024.j005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are related to the regulation of bone metabolism. Delayed fracture healing (DFH) is a common complication after fracture surgery. The study attempted to examine the role of miR-98-5p and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 with the onset of DFH. A total of 140 patients with femoral neck fracture were recruited, including 80 cases with normal fracture healing (NFH) and 60 cases with DFH. MC3T3-E1 cells were induced cell differentiation for cell function experiments. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to test mRNA levels. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined via CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay. Luciferase reporter assay was done to verify the targeted regulatory relationship of miR-98-5p with BMP-2. In comparison with NFH cases, DFH patients owned high levels of serum miR-98-5p and low concentration of BMP-2, and the levels of the two indexes are significantly negatively correlated. Both miR-98-5p and BMP-2 had the ability to predict DFH, while their combined diagnostic value is the highest. BMP-2 was demonstrated to be the target gene of miR-98-5p. Overexpression of BMP-2 reversed the role of miR-98-5p in MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Increased miR-98-5p and decreased BMP-2 serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of DFH. MiR-98-5p overexpression inhibits osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via targeting BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuyang TCM Hospital of Orthopedics Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Xiu-Quan Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Zhucheng People's Hospital
| | - Gang-Gang Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zhucheng People's Hospital
| | - Hai-Bo Pu
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan
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3
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Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Sadat Z, Lalebeigi F, Naderi N, Panahi L, Ganjali F, Mahdian S, Saadatidizaji Z, Mahdavi M, Chidar E, Soleimani E, Ghaee A, Maleki A, Zare I. Effects of mechanical properties of carbon-based nanocomposites on scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:337-366. [PMID: 38235087 PMCID: PMC10790973 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical properties, such as elasticity modulus, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, density, creep, toughness, brittleness, durability, stiffness, creep rupture, corrosion and wear, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and fatigue limit, are some of the most important features of a biomaterial in tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the scaffolds used in tissue engineering must exhibit mechanical and biological behaviour close to the target tissue. Thus, a variety of materials has been studied for enhancing the mechanical performance of composites. Carbon-based nanostructures, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fibrous carbon nanostructures, and nanodiamonds (NDs), have shown great potential for this purpose. This is owing to their biocompatibility, high chemical and physical stability, ease of functionalization, and numerous surface functional groups with the capability to form covalent bonds and electrostatic interactions with other components in the composite, thus significantly enhancing their mechanical properties. Considering the outstanding capabilities of carbon nanostructures in enhancing the mechanical properties of biocomposites and increasing their applicability in tissue engineering and the lack of comprehensive studies on their biosafety and role in increasing the mechanical behaviour of scaffolds, a comprehensive review on carbon nanostructures is provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Farnaz Lalebeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Nooshin Naderi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Leila Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ganjali
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Sakineh Mahdian
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Zahra Saadatidizaji
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Elham Chidar
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Erfan Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Azadeh Ghaee
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran P.O. Box 14395-1561 Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd Shiraz 7178795844 Iran
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4
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Burns JS, Kassem M. Identifying Biomarkers for Osteogenic Potency Assay Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:39-58. [PMID: 37258783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been extensive exploration of how cells may serve as advanced therapy medicinal products to treat skeletal pathologies. Osteoblast progenitors responsible for production of extracellular matrix that is subsequently mineralized during bone formation have been characterised as a rare bone marrow subpopulation of cell culture plastic adherent cells. Conveniently, they proliferate to form single-cell derived colonies of fibroblastoid cells, termed colony forming unit fibroblasts that can subsequently differentiate to aggregates resembling small areas of cartilage or bone. However, donor heterogeneity and loss of osteogenic differentiation capacity during extended cell culture have made the discovery of reliable potency assay biomarkers difficult. Nonetheless, functional osteoblast models derived from telomerised human bone marrow stromal cells have allowed extensive comparative analysis of gene expression, microRNA, morphological phenotypes and secreted proteins. This chapter highlights numerous insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stromal cells and bone formation, discussing aspects involved in the choice of useful biomarkers for functional attributes that can be quantitively measured in osteogenic potency assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Ricci A, Cataldi A, Zara S, Gallorini M. Graphene-Oxide-Enriched Biomaterials: A Focus on Osteo and Chondroinductive Properties and Immunomodulation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062229. [PMID: 35329679 PMCID: PMC8955105 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical versatility, graphene has sparked a lot of interest in the scientific community for various applications. It has therefore been employed as an antibacterial agent, in photothermal therapy (PTT) and biosensors, in gene delivery systems, and in tissue engineering for regenerative purposes. Since it was first discovered in 1947, different graphene derivatives have been synthetized from pristine graphene. The most adaptable derivate is graphene oxide (GO). Owing to different functional groups, the amphiphilic structure of GO can interact with cells and exogenous or endogenous growth/differentiation factors, allowing cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. When GO is used as a coating for scaffolds and nanomaterials, it has been found to enhance bone, chondrogenic, cardiac, neuronal, and skin regeneration. This review focuses on the applications of graphene-based materials, in particular GO, as a coating for scaffolds in bone and chondrogenic tissue engineering and summarizes the most recent findings. Moreover, novel developments on the immunomodulatory properties of GO are reported.
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6
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Graphene-Oxide Porous Biopolymer Hybrids Enhance In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation and Promote Ectopic Osteogenesis In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010491. [PMID: 35008918 PMCID: PMC8745160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, natural-based scaffolds have presented impressive results for bone tissue engineering (BTE) application. Further, outstanding interactions have been observed during the interaction of graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced biomaterials with both specific cell cultures and injured bone during in vivo experimental conditions. This research hereby addresses the potential of fish gelatin/chitosan (GCs) hybrids reinforced with GO to support in vitro osteogenic differentiation and, further, to investigate its behavior when implanted ectopically. Standard GCs formulation was referenced against genipin (Gp) crosslinked blend and 0.5 wt.% additivated GO composite (GCsGp/GO 0.5 wt.%). Pre-osteoblasts were put in contact with these composites and induced to differentiate in vitro towards mature osteoblasts for 28 days. Specific bone makers were investigated by qPCR and immunolabeling. Next, CD1 mice models were used to assess de novo osteogenic potential by ectopic implantation in the subcutaneous dorsum pocket of the animals. After 4 weeks, alkaline phosphate (ALP) and calcium deposits together with collagen synthesis were investigated by biochemical analysis and histology, respectively. Further, ex vivo materials were studied after surgery regarding biomineralization and morphological changes by means of qualitative and quantitative methods. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy underlined the newly fashioned material structuration by virtue of mineralized extracellular matrix. Specific bone markers determination stressed the osteogenic phenotype of the cells populating the material in vitro and successfully differentiated towards mature bone cells. In vivo results of specific histological staining assays highlighted collagen formation and calcium deposits, which were further validated by micro-CT. It was observed that the addition of 0.5 wt.% GO had an overall significant positive effect on both in vitro differentiation and in vivo bone cell recruitment in the subcutaneous region. These data support the GO bioactivity in osteogenesis mechanisms as being self-sufficient to elevate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in ectopic sites while lacking the most common osteoinductive agents.
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Boccaccio A. Design of Materials for Bone Tissue Scaffolds. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205985. [PMID: 34683577 PMCID: PMC8541387 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The strong impulse recently experienced by the manufacturing technologies as well as the development of innovative biocompatible materials has allowed the fabrication of high-performing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The design process of materials for bone tissue scaffolds represents, nowadays, an issue of crucial importance and the object of study of many researchers throughout the world. A number of studies have been conducted, aimed at identifying the optimal material, geometry, and surface that the scaffold must possess to stimulate the formation of the largest amounts of bone in the shortest time possible. This book presents a collection of 10 research articles and 2 review papers describing numerical and experimental design techniques definitively aimed at improving the scaffold performance, shortening the healing time, and increasing the success rate of the scaffold implantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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8
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He F, Cao J, Qi J, Liu Z, Liu G, Deng W. Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiation by Inorganic Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:721581. [PMID: 34660552 PMCID: PMC8514676 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.721581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplanting stem cells with the abilities of self-renewal and differentiation is one of the most effective ways to treat many diseases. In order to optimize the therapeutic effect of stem cell transplantation, it is necessary to intervene in stem cell differentiation. Inorganic nanomaterials (NMs), due to their unique physical and chemical properties, can affect the adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In addition, inorganic NMs have huge specific surface area and modifiability that can be used as vectors to transport plasmids, proteins or small molecules to further interfere with the fate of stem cells. In this mini review, we summarized the recent advances of common inorganic NMs in regulating stem cells differentiation, and the effects of the stiffness, size and shape of inorganic NMs on stem cell behavior were discussed. In addition, we further analyzed the existing obstacles and corresponding perspectives of the application of inorganic NMs in the field of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinxiu Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyang Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeqi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Bao D, Sun J, Gong M, Shi J, Qin B, Deng K, Liu G, Zeng S, Xiang Z, Fu S. Combination of graphene oxide and platelet-rich plasma improves tendon-bone healing in a rabbit model of supraspinatus tendon reconstruction. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab045. [PMID: 34484806 PMCID: PMC8411035 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of rotator cuff tear is one of the major challenges for orthopedic surgeons. The key to treatment is the reconstruction of the tendon-bone interface (TBI). Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used as a therapeutic agent to accelerate the healing of tendons, as it contains a variety of growth factors and is easy to prepare. Graphene oxide (GO) is known to improve the physical properties of biomaterials and promote tissue repair. In this study, PRP gels containing various concentrations of GO were prepared to promote TBI healing and supraspinatus tendon reconstruction in a rabbit model. The incorporation of GO improved the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the PRP gels. The gels containing 0.5 mg/ml GO (0.5 GO/PRP) continuously released transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, and the released TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB were still at high concentrations, ∼1063.451 pg/ml and ∼814.217 pg/ml, respectively, on the 14th day. In vitro assays showed that the 0.5 GO/PRP gels had good biocompatibility and promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. After 12 weeks of implantation, the magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography and histological results indicated that the newly regenerated tendons in the 0.5 GO/PRP group had a similar structure to natural tendons. Moreover, the biomechanical results showed that the newly formed tendons in the 0.5 GO/PRP group had better biomechanical properties compared to those in the other groups, and had more stable TBI tissue. Therefore, the combination of PRP and GO has the potential to be a powerful advancement in the treatment of rotator cuff injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsu Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China.,Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, PR China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shijie Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
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10
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Cámara-Torres M, Sinha R, Eqtesadi S, Wendelbo R, Scatto M, Scopece P, Sanchez A, Villanueva S, Egizabal A, Álvarez N, Patelli A, Mota C, Moroni L. Effect of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) compaction degree and concentration on rGO-polymer composite printability and cell interactions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14382-14398. [PMID: 34473168 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene derivatives combined with polymers have attracted enormous attention for bone tissue engineering applications. Among others, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is one of the preferred graphene-based fillers for the preparation of composites via melt compounding, and their further processing into 3D scaffolds, due to its established large-scale production method, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. In this study, rGO (low bulk density 10 g L-1) was compacted by densification using a solvent (either acetone or water) prior to melt compounding, to simplify its handling and dosing into a twin-screw extrusion system. The effects of rGO bulk density (medium and high), densification solvent, and rGO concentration (3, 10 and 15% in weight) on rGO dispersion within the composite, electrical conductivity, printability and cell-material interactions were studied. High bulk density rGO (90 g L-1) occupied a low volume fraction within polymer composites, offering poor electrical properties but a reproducible printability up to 15 wt% rGO. On the other hand, the volume fraction within the composites of medium bulk density rGO (50 g L-1) was higher for a given concentration, enhancing rGO particle interactions and leading to enhanced electrical conductivity, but compromising the printability window. For a given bulk density (50 g L-1), rGO densified in water was more compacted and offered poorer dispersability within the polymer than rGO densified in acetone, and resulted in scaffolds with poor layer bonding or even lack of printability at high rGO percentages. A balance in printability and electrical properties was obtained for composites with medium bulk density achieved with rGO densified in acetone. Here, increasing rGO concentration led to more hydrophilic composites with a noticeable increase in protein adsorption. Moreover, scaffolds prepared with such composites presented antimicrobial properties even at low rGO contents (3 wt%). In addition, the viability and proliferation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were maintained on scaffolds with up to 15% rGO and with enhanced osteogenic differentiation on 3% rGO scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cámara-Torres
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ravi Sinha
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Marco Scatto
- Nadir S.r.l., Via Torino, 155/b, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Paolo Scopece
- Nadir S.r.l., Via Torino, 155/b, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sara Villanueva
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Egizabal
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Noelia Álvarez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alessandro Patelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Via Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlos Mota
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Du Z, Wang C, Zhang R, Wang X, Li X. Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Bone Repair: Advantages for Promoting Bone Formation and Providing Real-Time Detection, Challenges and Future Prospects. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7523-7551. [PMID: 33116486 PMCID: PMC7547809 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s271917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During continuous innovation in the preparation, characterization and application of various bone repair materials for several decades, nanomaterials have exhibited many unique advantages. As a kind of representative two-dimensional nanomaterials, graphene and its derivatives (GDs) such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have shown promising potential for the application in bone repair based on their excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, large specific surface area (SSA) and atomic structure stability. Herein, we reviewed the updated application of them in bone repair in order to present, as comprehensively, as possible, their specific advantages, challenges and current solutions. Firstly, how their advantages have been utilized in bone repair materials with improved bone formation ability was discussed. Especially, the effects of further functionalization or modification were emphasized. Then, the signaling pathways involved in GDs-induced osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and immunomodulatory mechanism of GDs-induced bone regeneration were discussed. On the other hand, their applications as contrast agents in the field of bone repair were summarized. In addition, we also reviewed the progress and related principles of the effects of GDs parameters on cytotoxicity and residues. At last, the future research was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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