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Polysaccharides for Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Past, Present, and Future (Brief Review). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020451. [PMID: 36679331 PMCID: PMC9865279 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological problems emerging due to accumulation of non-biodegradable plastics are becoming more and more urgent. This problem can be solved by the development of biodegradable materials which will replace the non-biodegradable ones. Among numerous approaches in this field, there is one proposing the use of polysaccharide-based materials. These polymers are biodegradable, non-toxic, and obtained from renewable resources. This review opens discussion about the application of polysaccharides for the creation of biodegradable packaging materials. There are numerous investigations developing new formulations using cross-linking of polymers, mixing with inorganic (metals, metal oxides, clays) and organic (dyes, essential oils, extracts) compounds. The main emphasis in the present work is made on development of the polymer blends consisting of cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, pectin, alginate, carrageenan with some synthetic polymers, polymers of natural origin, and essential oils.
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John A, Črešnar KP, Bikiaris DN, Zemljič LF. Colloidal Solutions as Advanced Coatings for Active Packaging Development: Focus on PLA Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020273. [PMID: 36679154 PMCID: PMC9865051 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to rising consumer demand the food packaging industry is turning increasingly to packaging materials that offer active functions. This is achieved by incorporating active compounds into the basic packaging materials. However, it is currently believed that adding active compounds as a coating over the base packaging material is more beneficial than adding them in bulk or in pouches, as this helps to maintain the physicochemical properties of the base material along with higher efficiency at the interface with the food. Colloidal systems have the potential to be used as active coatings, while the application of coatings in the form of colloidal dispersions allows for prolonged and controlled release of the active ingredient and uniform distribution, due to their colloidal/nano size and large surface area ratio. The objective of this review is to analyse some of the different colloidal solutions previously used in the literature as coatings for active food packaging and their advantages. The focus is on natural bio-based substances and packaging materials such as PLA, due to consumer awareness and environmental and regulatory issues. The antiviral concept through the surface is also discussed briefly, as it is an important strategy in the context of the current pandemic crisis and cross-infection prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira John
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (L.F.Z.)
| | - Klementina Pušnik Črešnar
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lidija Fras Zemljič
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (L.F.Z.)
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Gabrić D, Kurek M, Ščetar M, Brnčić M, Galić K. Effect of Non-Thermal Food Processing Techniques on Selected Packaging Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235069. [PMID: 36501462 PMCID: PMC9741052 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade both scientific and industrial community focuses on food with the highest nutritional and organoleptic quality, together with appropriate safety. Accordingly, strong efforts have been made in finding appropriate emerging technologies for food processing and packaging. Parallel to this, an enormous effort is also made to decrease the negative impact of synthetic polymers not only on food products (migration issues) but on the entire environment (pollution). The science of packaging is also subjected to changes, resulting in development of novel biomaterials, biodegradable or not, with active, smart, edible and intelligent properties. Combining non-thermal processing with new materials opens completely new interdisciplinary area of interest for both food and material scientists. The aim of this review article is to give an insight in the latest research data about synergies between non-thermal processing technologies and selected packaging materials/concepts.
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Luoma E, Välimäki M, Immonen K. Effect of accelerated aging on properties of biobased polymer films applicable in printed electronics. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enni Luoma
- Sustainable Products and Materials VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Tampere Finland
| | - Marja Välimäki
- Digital Technologies VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Oulu Finland
| | - Kirsi Immonen
- Sustainable Products and Materials VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Tampere Finland
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Soil Burial Degradation of Biobased Polyurethanes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224948. [PMID: 36433074 PMCID: PMC9698155 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing degradable polymeric systems based on bio-derived and sustainable materials. In recent years, polyurethanes derived from castor oil have emerged due to the large availability and sustainable characteristics of castor oil. However, these polymers are normally prepared through tedious and/or energy-intensive procedures or using high volatile and/or toxic reagents such as volatile isocyanates or epoxides. Furthermore, poor investigation has been carried out to design castor oil derived polyurethanes with degradable characteristics or thorough specifically sustainable synthetic procedures. Herein, castor oil-derived polyurethane with more than 90% biomass-derived carbon content and enhanced degradable features was prepared through a simple, eco-friendly (E-factor: 0.2), and scalable procedure, employing a recently developed commercially available biomass-derived (61% bio-based carbon content) low-volatile polymeric isocyanate. The novel material was compared with a castor oil derived-polyurethane prepared with a commercially available fossil-based isocyanate counterpart. The different castor oil-derived polyurethanes were investigated by means of water uptake, soil burial degradation, and disintegration tests in compost. Characterization analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were carried out both prior to and after degradation tests. The results suggest potential applications of the degradable castor oil-derived polyurethane in different fields, such as mulch films for agricultural purposes.
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Rapisarda M, Mistretta MC, Scopelliti M, Leanza M, La Mantia FP, Rizzarelli P. Influence of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles on the Soil Burial Degradation of Polybutyleneadipate-Co-Butylenetherephthalate Films. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132275. [PMID: 35808115 PMCID: PMC9268366 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A polybutyleneadipate-co-butylenetherephthalate (PBAT) sample, commercially known as Ecoflex®, was processed via melt extrusion with CaCO3 nanoparticles coated with a hydrophobic coating. Blown films of PBAT and two composites with nanofiller (2% and 5%wt) were prepared and degradation tests in soil at 30 °C up to 180 days were carried out with weight loss measurements. Furthermore, biodegradation test according to ISO 14851 was carried out at 30 °C. The effect of CaCO3 on soil burial degradation was assessed by surface wettability and SEM. ATR-FTIR and XPS analyses highlighted chemical modifications induced by soil degradation. CaCO3 nanoparticles decreased surface wettability and discouraged the disintegration in soil. Interestingly, SEM images after soil degradation highlighted in the nanocomposite films selective zones of disintegration. XPS showed an increasing peak area C 1s ratio of C–O to C=O with degradation time. Moreover, after the soil burial test, carbonyl index determined by ATR-FTIR increased in both nanocomposites. In fact, the addition of CaCO3 leads to a rise in the carbonyl zone due to the presence of the carbonate group. Remarkably, FTIR data after soil degradation showed an enrichment of the aromatic content, a preferential cleavage and erosion of the aliphatic moiety in PBAT films, amplified by the presence of the CaCO3 nanofiller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Michelangelo Scopelliti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 55100 Firenze, Italy
- ATeN Center—Laboratorio Superfici, Film Sottili e Dispositivi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 18-18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (M.L.)
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 55100 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.P.L.M.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.P.L.M.); (P.R.)
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Luoma E, Välimäki M, Ollila J, Heikkinen K, Immonen K. Bio-Based Polymeric Substrates for Printed Hybrid Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091863. [PMID: 35567032 PMCID: PMC9104647 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Printed flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) is finding an increasing number of applications in the fields of displays, sensors, actuators and in energy harvesting and storage. The technology involves the printing of conductive and insulating patterns as well as mounting electronic devices and circuits on flexible substrate materials. Typical plastic substrates in use are, for example, non-renewable-based poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or poly(imides) (PI) with high thermal and dimensional stability, solvent resistance and mechanical strength. The aim of this study was to assess whether renewable-based plastic materials can be applied on sheet-to-sheet (S2S) screen-printing of conductive silver patterns. The selected materials were biaxially oriented (BO) bio-based PET (Bio-PET BO), poly(lactic acid) (PLA BO), cellulose acetate propionate (CAP BO) and regenerated cellulose film, NatureFlex™ (Natureflex). The biaxial orientation and annealing improved the mechanical strength of Bio-PET and PLA to the same level as the reference PET (Ref-PET). All renewable-based substrates showed a transparency comparable to the Ref-PET. The printability of silver ink was good with all renewable-based substrates and printed pattern resistance on the same level as Ref-PET. The formation of the printed pattern to the cellulose-based substrates, CAP BO and Natureflex, was very good, showing 10% to 18% lower resistance compared to Ref-PET and obtained among the bio-based substrates the smallest machine and transverse direction deviation in the S2S printing process. The results will open new application possibilities for renewable-based substrates, and also potentially biodegradable solutions enabled by the regenerated cellulose film and PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Luoma
- Sustainable Products and Materials, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Visiokatu 4, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marja Välimäki
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Jyrki Ollila
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Kyösti Heikkinen
- Digital Technologies, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (M.V.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Kirsi Immonen
- Sustainable Products and Materials, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Visiokatu 4, 33720 Tampere, Finland;
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Stoica D, Alexe P, Ivan AS, Stanciu S, Tatu DM, Stoica M. Bioplastics from Biomass. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Influence of photo-oxidation on the performance and soil degradation of oxo- and biodegradable polymer-based items for agricultural applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ncube LK, Ude AU, Ogunmuyiwa EN, Zulkifli R, Beas IN. Environmental Impact of Food Packaging Materials: A Review of Contemporary Development from Conventional Plastics to Polylactic Acid Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4994. [PMID: 33171895 PMCID: PMC7664184 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastics have remained the material of choice, and after serving their intended purpose, a large proportion ends up in the environment where they persist for centuries. The packaging industry is the largest and growing consumer of synthetic plastics derived from fossil fuels. Food packaging plastics account for the bulk of plastic waste that are polluting the environment. Additionally, given the fact that petroleum reserves are finite and facing depletion, there is a need for the development of alternative materials that can serve the same purpose as conventional plastics. This paper reviews the function of packaging materials and highlights the future potential of the adoption of green materials. Biopolymers have emerged as promising green materials although they still have very low market uptake. Polylactic acid (PLA) has emerged as the most favoured bioplastic. However, it is limited by its high cost and some performance drawbacks. Blending with agricultural waste and natural fillers can result in green composites at low cost, low greenhouse gas emissions, and with improved performance for food packaging applications. The continent of Africa is proposed as a rich source of fibres and fillers that can be sustainably exploited to fabricate green composites in a bid to achieve a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindani Koketso Ncube
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Private Mail Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Albert Uchenna Ude
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Private Mail Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Enoch Nifise Ogunmuyiwa
- Department of Chemical, Materials &Metallurgical Engineering Academic, FET, BIUST, Private Mail Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Rozli Zulkifli
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The National University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Isaac Nongwe Beas
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI), Private Bag 0082, Gaborone, Botswana;
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