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Manzar MS, Palaniandy P, Georgin J, Franco DSP, Zubair M, Muazu ND, Faisal W, El Messaoudi N. Synthesis of LDH-MgAl and LDH-MgFe composites for the efficient removal of the antibiotic from water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34837-y. [PMID: 39240434 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, novel lamellar double hydroxide composites (LDH-MgAl and LDH-MgFe) were synthesized at different metal salt ratios (1:1 to 3:1) and fully characterized using various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and TGA. The resulting LDHs demonstrated a high affinity for efficiently removing tetracycline (TC) antibiotic from water, particularly at a moderate molar ratio of 3:1. This ratio exhibited improved structural characteristics, resulting in better TC uptake from water. The improved performance was supported by the increased abundance of surface functional groups (OH, NO3, CO32-, C-O-C, Fe-O, and Al-O-Al). The TGA analysis established the high stability of the LDHs when subjected to high temperatures. The kinetics of TC adsorption onto LDH fitted with the PSO (R2 = 0.935-0.994) and Avrami (R2 = 0.9528-0.9824) models, while the equilibrium data fitted the Liu and Langmuir isotherm models, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 101.1 mg g-1 and 70.83 mg g-1, respectively-significantly higher than many reported values in the literature. The positive values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 indicate an endothermic process, with TC removal mechanisms influenced by physical interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and π-cation with the surface functional groups of the LDH adsorbents. These results suggest that LDH-MgAl and LDH-MgFe are promising adsorbents for the removal of TC from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saood Manzar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jordana Georgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Dison Stracke Pfingsten Franco
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Mukarram Zubair
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nuhu Dalhat Muazu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wamda Faisal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine El Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr, University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco.
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Hjazi A. Fabrication of a novel magnetic nanostructure based on cellulose-gellan gum hydrogel, embedded with MgAl LDH as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132547. [PMID: 38782322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanocatalysts play a vital role in chemical reactions, energy conservation, and pollution control. They significantly contribute to organic synthesis by using natural polymers as nanoparticle substrates in nanocatalysts. Natural hydrogels made from polysaccharide and/or protein sources may be used to accomplish this. Recent research has focused on using layered double-hydroxides (LDHs) in composites having catalytic properties. Magnetic features of the catalyst allow its extraction from the environment using a magnet after the reaction, improving product efficiency. This work developed a catalyst for producing physiologically relevant polyhydroquinoline derivatives using a novel magnetic nanocomposite containing natural cellulose-gellan gum hydrogel and MgAl LDH. The Cell-GG hydrogel/MgAl LDH/Fe3O4 nanocomposite showed over 90 % efficiency in one-pot production of polyhydroquinoline derivatives by asymmetric Hantzsch condensation. Dimedone, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and different substituted aldehydes were employed in successive processes to create polyhydroquinoline derivatives. High product efficiency, quick reaction time, room temperature functioning, and easy separation with a magnet suggest a potent catalyst. Interestingly, the catalyst retains 80 % of its original capability after four cycles. Additionally, the Cell-GG hydrogel/MgAl LDH/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was analyzed using several methods, including FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, VSM and TGA, to obtain insight into its chemical and physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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Gevers BR, Roduner E, Leuteritz A, Labuschagné FJWJ. Uncovering thermally activated purple-to-blue luminescence in Co-modified MgAl-layered double hydroxide. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38436416 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated blue-to-purple luminescence of Co-modified nano-sandrose MgAl-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is concentration dependent, occurring only for MgCoAl-LDH with a molar metal cation concentration of 15% Co. Temperature sweep luminescence spectroscopy between 83 K and 298 K shows that the luminescence is strongest at room temperature, increasing with an activation energy of 1 kJ mol-1 between these temperatures. The luminescence occurs in a broad, but fine-structured band below the conduction band (CB) edge at 3.0 eV after excitation at 5.0 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Gevers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Polymer Materials; Processing Technology, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emil Roduner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Polymer Materials; Processing Technology, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Heravi M, Srivastava V, Ahmadpour A, Zeynali V, Sillanpää M. The effect of the number of SO 3- groups on the adsorption of anionic dyes by the synthesized hydroxyapatite/Mg-Al LDH nanocomposite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17426-17447. [PMID: 38337120 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a new nanocomposite of hydroxyapatite (HA)/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was successfully formed via a facile co-precipitation method and applied to adsorb three anionic dyes of alizarin red S (ARS), Congo red (CR), and reactive red 120 (RR120) differing in the number of SO3- groups from aqueous solution. Based on a combination of characterization analysis and adsorption experiments, HA/Mg-Al LDH nanocomposite showed better adsorption performance than HA and Mg-Al LDH. Using XRD and TEM analyses, the crystallinity and the presence of nanoparticles were confirmed. According to the SEM investigation, the Mg-Al LDH layers in the nanocomposite structure were delaminated, while HA nanorods were formed at the surface of Mg-Al LDH nanoparticles. The higher BET surface area of the novel HA/Mg-Al LDH nanocomposite compared to HA and Mg-Al LDH provided its superior adsorption performance. Considering an effective amount of adsorbent dosage, pH 5 was selected as the optimum pH for each of the three dye solutions. According to the results from the study of contact time and initial concentration, the pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.9987, 0.9951, and 0.9922) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9873, 0.9956, and 0.9727) best fitted the data for ARS, CR, and RR120, respectively. Anionic dyes with different numbers of SO3- groups demonstrated distinct adsorption mechanisms for HA and Mg-Al LDH nanoparticles, indicating that the adsorption capacity is influenced by the number of SO3- groups, with HA/Mg-Al LDH nanocomposite offering superior performance toward dyes with higher numbers of SO3- groups. Furthermore, ΔH° less than 40 kJ/mol, positive ΔS°, and negative ΔG° accompanied by the mechanism clarifying show physical spontaneous adsorption without an external source of energy and increase the randomness of the process during the adsorption, respectively. Finally, the regeneration study demonstrated that the nanocomposite could be utilized for multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, proposing the HA/Mg-Al LDH as an economically and environmentally friendly adsorbent in the adsorption of anionic dyes in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Heravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Varsha Srivastava
- Department Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ali Ahmadpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Industrial Catalysts/Adsorbents and Environment (ICAE) Lab, Oil and Gas Research Institute, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Vahid Zeynali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, 32093, Kuwait
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
- School of Technology, Woxsen University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Berede HT, Andoshe DM, Gultom NS, Kuo DH, Chen X, Abdullah H, Wondimu TH, Wu YN, Zelekew OA. Photocatalytic activity of the biogenic mediated green synthesized CuO nanoparticles confined into MgAl LDH matrix. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2314. [PMID: 38281984 PMCID: PMC10822861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The global concern over water pollution caused by organic pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and other dyes has reached a critical level. Herein, the Allium cepa L. peel extract was utilized to fabricate copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. The CuO was combined with MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDHs) via a co-precipitation method with varying weight ratios of the CuO/LDHs. The composite catalysts were characterized and tested for the degradation of MB dye. The CuO/MgAl-LDH (1:2) showed the highest photocatalytic performance and achieved 99.20% MB degradation. However, only 90.03, 85.30, 71.87, and 35.53% MB dye was degraded with CuO/MgAl-LDHs (1:1), CuO/MgAl-LDHs (2:1), CuO, and MgAl-LDHs catalysts, respectively. Furthermore, a pseudo-first-order rate constant of the CuO/MgAl-LDHs (1:2) was 0.03141 min-1 while the rate constants for CuO and MgAl-LDHs were 0.0156 and 0.0052 min-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the composite catalysts exhibited an improved catalytic performance than the pristine CuO and MgAl-LDHs. The higher photocatalytic performances of composite catalysts may be due to the uniform distribution of CuO nanoparticles into the LDH matrix, the higher surface area, and the lower electron and hole recombination rates. Therefore, the CuO/MgAl-LDHs composite catalyst can be one of the candidates used in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildana Tesfaye Berede
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Dinsefa Mensur Andoshe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Noto Susanto Gultom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Hau Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hairus Abdullah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Tadele Hunde Wondimu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Yi-Nan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Osman Ahmed Zelekew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia.
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Li Z, Wang L, Yue C, Lei M, Pu M. Theoretical Study on Photothermal Properties of Azobenzene Sulfonate/Magnesium-Aluminum Hydroxide Composite Dye. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11596-11606. [PMID: 37008099 PMCID: PMC10061523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of various azo dyes and pigments with inorganic layered materials could develop new types of intercalation materials. The electronic structures and photothermal properties of composite materials (AbS--LDH) constituted by azobenzene sulfonate anions (AbS-) and Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) lamella were theoretically studied at the M06-2X/def2-TZVP//M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) level using density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. Meanwhile, the influences of LDH lamella on the AbS- in AbS--LDH materials were investigated. The calculated results showed that the addition of LDH lamella could lower the isomerization energy barrier of CAbS- anions (CAbS- stands for cis AbS-). The thermal isomerization mechanisms of AbS--LDH and AbS were related to the conformational change of the azo group, out-of-plane rotation and in-plane inversion. The LDH lamella could reduce the energy gap of the n → π* and π → π* electronic transition and lead to a red-shift in the absorption spectra. When a polar solvent DMSO was applied, the excitation energy of the AbS--LDHs was increased, making its photostability stronger than in nonpolar solvent and solvent-free.
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Bendary SH, Abdelrahman AA. Flexible and novel counter electrode from graphene/Zn Al layered double hydroxide nanocomposite in dye sensitized solar cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Naseem S, Wießner S, Kühnert I, Leuteritz A. Layered Double Hydroxide (MgFeAl-LDH)-Based Polypropylene (PP) Nanocomposite: Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3452. [PMID: 34641267 PMCID: PMC8512664 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This work analyzes the thermal degradation and mechanical properties of iron (Fe)-containing MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Ternary metal (MgFeAl) LDHs were prepared using the urea hydrolysis method, and Fe was used in two different concentrations (5 and 10 mol%). Nanocomposites containing MgFeAl-LDH and PP were prepared using the melt mixing method by a small-scale compounder. Three different loadings of LDHs were used in PP (2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt%). Rheological properties were determined by rheometer, and flammability was studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 (V and HB). Color parameters (L*, a*, b*) and opacity of PP nanocomposites were measured with a spectrophotometer. Mechanical properties were analyzed with a universal testing machine (UTM) and Charpy impact test. The thermal behavior of MgFeAl-LDH/PP nanocomposites was studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of LDH/PP nanocomposites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A decrease in melt viscosity and increase in burning rate were observed in the case of iron (Fe)-based PP nanocomposites. A decrease in mechanical properties interpreted as increased catalytic degradation was also observed in iron (Fe)-containing PP nanocomposites. Such types of LDH/PP nanocomposites can be useful where faster degradation or faster recycling of polymer nanocomposites is required because of environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Naseem
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ines Kühnert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.W.); (I.K.); (A.L.)
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Davino D. Smart Materials and Devices for Energy Harvesting. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164738. [PMID: 34443260 PMCID: PMC8399009 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Davino
- Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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TiO2-Graphene Quantum Dots Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis in Energy and Biomedical Applications. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of current research in material science has shifted from “less efficient” single-component nanomaterials to the superior-performance, next-generation, multifunctional nanocomposites. TiO2 is a widely used benchmark photocatalyst with unique physicochemical properties. However, the large bandgap and massive recombination of photogenerated charge carriers limit its overall photocatalytic efficiency. When TiO2 nanoparticles are modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs), some significant improvements can be achieved in terms of (i) broadening the light absorption wavelengths, (ii) design of active reaction sites, and (iii) control of the electron-hole (e−-h+) recombination. Accordingly, TiO2-GQDs nanocomposites exhibit promising multifunctionalities in a wide range of fields including, but not limited to, energy, biomedical aids, electronics, and flexible wearable sensors. This review presents some important aspects of TiO2-GQDs nanocomposites as photocatalysts in energy and biomedical applications. These include: (1) structural formulations and synthesis methods of TiO2-GQDs nanocomposites; (2) discourse about the mechanism behind the overall higher photoactivities of these nanocomposites; (3) various characterization techniques which can be used to judge the photocatalytic performance of these nanocomposites, and (4) the application of these nanocomposites in biomedical and energy conversion devices. Although some objectives have been achieved, new challenges still exist and hinder the widespread application of these nanocomposites. These challenges are briefly discussed in the Future Scope section of this review.
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Li Y, Zhao D, Shi Y, Sun Z, Liu R. Role of Co in the Electrocatalytic Activity of Monolayer Ternary NiFeCo-Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010207. [PMID: 33406720 PMCID: PMC7795402 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer nanosheets have gained significant attention as functional materials and also in photo/electrocatalysis due to their unique physical/chemical properties, abundance of highly exposed coordination sites, edges, and corner sites, motivating the pursuit of highly active monolayer nanosheets. NiFe-based layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets have been regarded as the most efficient electrocatalysis for oxygen evolution. However, the limited catalytic active site and the stacking layer limited the performance. Therefore, by introducing highly electroactive Co ions into monolayer NiFe-LDH, the obtained ternary NiFeCo-LDH monolayer structure possessed an increased concentration of defect (oxygen and metal vacancies), providing enough unsaturated coordination sites, benefitting the electrocatalytic water oxidation, as also explained by the density functional theory (DFT). This work reported an efficient strategy for the synthesis of ternary monolayer LDH in the application of energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, School of New Media, Beijing 102600, China;
| | - Dan Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing 102600, China; (D.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Yue Shi
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing 102600, China; (D.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing 102600, China; (D.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing 102600, China; (D.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6026-1603
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