Breast Cancer Inhibition by Biosynthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Is Comparable to Free Doxorubicin but Appeared Safer in BALB/c Mice

Application of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment: a systematic review

It is estimated that cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The primary or secondary cause of cancer-related mortality for women is breast cancer. The main treatment method for different types of cancer is chemotherapy with drugs. Because of less water solubility of chemotherapy drugs or their inability to pass through membranes, their body absorbs them inadequately, which lowers the treatment's effectiveness. Drug specificity and pharmacokinetics can be changed by nanotechnology using nanoparticles. Instead, targeted drug delivery allows medications to be delivered to the targeted sites. In this review, we focused on nanoparticles as carriers in targeted drug delivery, their characteristics, structure, and the previous studies related to breast cancer. It was shown that nanoparticles could reduce the negative effects of chemotherapy drugs while increasing their effectiveness. Lipid-based nanocarriers demonstrated notable results in this instance, and some products that are undergoing various stages of clinical trials are among the examples. Nanoparticles based on metal or polymers demonstrated a comparable level of efficacy. With the number of cancer cases rising globally, many researchers are now looking into novel treatment approaches, particularly the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer. In order to help clinicians, this article aimed to gather more information about various areas of nanoparticle application in breast cancer therapy, such as modifying their synthesis and physicochemical characterization. It also sought to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between nanoparticles and biologically normal or infected tissues.

The Lawson-loaded β-cyclodextrin nanocarriers (LB-NCs) a novel targeted cancer cell in stomach and breast cancer as a drug delivery system

Applying nanotechnology to design drug delivery systems is a promising turning point in cancer treatment strategies. In the current study, Lawson, a nonpolar anticancer phytochemical, was entrapped into β-cyclodextrin polymer to evaluate its selective cytotoxicity in several types of human cancer cell lines including MCF-7, AGS, A549, and PC3. The Lawson-loaded β-cyclodextrin nanocarriers (LB-NCs) were produced by applying a high-energy ultrasound-mediated homogenization technique. The LB-NCs were characterized by applying dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. Also, the selective cytotoxic impact of the LB-NCs was studied by conducting the MTT assay on human MCF-7, AGS, A549, and PC3 cancer cell lines. Finally, the type of cellular death was evaluated by measuring the cell cycle status and apoptotic gene expression profile of the treated MCF-7 cells by conducting flow cytometry and Q-PCR methods, respectively. The synthesized negatively charged (- 23.8 mV) nanoparticles (348.12 nm) exhibited apoptotic activity in the human breast MCF-7 cancer cells by upregulating the apoptotic gene expression profile (Caspase 3, 8, and 9). The LB-NCs exhibited a significant selective cytotoxic effect on the human cancer cell lines compared with the normal HUVEC cells. However, variable toxic intensities were detected depending on the cancer cell type. Selective cancer cell-depended anticancer activity of the produced LB-NCs has the potential to be considered their safe efficient targeted anticancer activity. However, studying the animal cancer models has to be conducted to verify their selective toxicity and clarify the cellular death mechanism.

Green synthesis of Zn-doped TIO2 nanoparticles from Zanthoxylum armatum

Green synthesis is an easy, safe, and environmentally beneficial nanoparticle creation method. It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the capping and stabilizing agent carrier separation efficiency of photocatalysts. Herein, Zn-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with high exposure of 360 nm using a UV/visible spectrophotometer were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal decomposition method. A detailed analysis reveals that the electronic structures were modulated by Zn doping; thus, the responsive wavelength was extended to 600 nm, which effectively improved the visible light absorption of TiO2. We have optimized the different parameters like concentration, time, and temperature. The peak for TiO2 is located at 600 cm-1 in FTIR. A scanning electron microscope revealed that TiO2 has a definite shape and morphology. The synthesized Zn-doped TiO2NPs were applied against various pathogens to study their anti-bacterial potentials. The anti-bacterial activity of Zn-doped TiO2 has shown robust against two gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and two gram + ve bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Synthesized Zn-doped TiO2 has demonstrated strong antifungal efficacy against a variety of fungi. Moreover, doping TiO2 nanoparticles with metal oxide greatly improves their characteristics; as a result, doped metal oxide nanoparticles perform better than doped and un-doped metal oxide nanoparticles. Compared to pure TiO2, Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit considerable applications including antimicrobial treatment and water purification.

Protective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia alata for DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model

The most prevalent form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by persistent inflammation of the colorectal mucosa. It is asymptomatic, whereas Crohn's disease (CD) causes patchy lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Men and women suffer equally from ulcerative colitis, which usually strikes in the second and third decades of life and becomes more common in senior citizens. In the present study, we produced zinc oxide nanoparticles using the natural herbal plant, Cassia alata. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have remarkable antimicrobial and antitumor benefits in the field of biomedical science. Furthermore, the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystallite nature and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles with a uniform size and partially agglomerated morphology were verified by SEM analysis. We investigated the protective effects of environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles in dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis mouse models. Green synthesized Cassia alata zinc oxide nanoparticles (CA ZnO NPs) reversed weight loss, disease activity index, colon shortening, and colon histological damage. Zinc oxide nanoparticles reduce hypersensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and protect the mucosal layer. Green synthesized CA ZnO NPs demonstrated protection against dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis via anti-inflammatory activity.

Stimuli-sensitive biomimetic nanoparticles for the inhibition of breast cancer recurrence and pulmonary metastasis

Biomimetic nanoparticles represent a promising avenue for mitigating rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES); however, current challenges include insufficient tumour targeting, suboptimal adhesion, and inadequate localized drug release within tumour regions. These shortcomings contribute to persistent contests, such as recurrence and pulmonary metastasis, even with advanced breast cancer therapies. Stimuli-sensitive drug release can furbish the membrane coated nanoparticles for their efficiency against the stated problems. To enhance the efficacy of biomimetic nanoparticles in addressing these issues, we proposed a versatile, stimuli-responsive drug delivery system by encapsulating doxorubicin (Dox) and perfluorohexane (PFH) within poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, subsequently coated with macrophage-derived cell membranes. Within this framework, PFH serves as the mediator for ultrasonic (US)-irradiation-triggered drug release specifically within tumour microenvironment, while the macrophage-derived cell membrane coating enhances cell adhesion, enables immune evasion, and natural tumour-homing ability. The characterization assays and in vitro evaluations yielded encouraging results, indicating enhanced targeting and release efficiencies. In vivo studies demonstrated marked inhibitory effects on both breast cancer recurrence and pulmonary metastasis. The resulting data indicate that these engineered nanoparticles have notable potential for targeted delivery and controlled release upon US irradiation, thereby offering significant therapeutic efficacy against primary breast cancer, pulmonary metastasis, and recurrent malignancies. Our findings lay the groundwork for a novel clinical approach, representing an intriguing direction for ongoing investigation by oncologists.

The biomedical application of inorganic metal nanoparticles in aging and aging-associated diseases

Aging and aging-associated diseases (AAD), including neurodegenerative disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, are inevitable process. With the gradual improvement of life style, life expectancy is gradually extended. However, the extended lifespan has not reduced the incidence of disease, and most elderly people are in ill-health state in their later years. Hence, understanding aging and AAD are significant for reducing the burden of the elderly. Inorganic metal nanoparticles (IMNPs) predominantly include gold, silver, iron, zinc, titanium, thallium, platinum, cerium, copper NPs, which has been widely used to prevent and treat aging and AAD due to their superior properties (essential metal ions for human body, easily synthesis and modification, magnetism). Therefore, a systematic review of common morphological alternations of senescent cells, altered genes and signal pathways in aging and AAD, and biomedical applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD is crucial for the further research and development of IMNPs in aging and AAD. This review focus on the existing research on cellular senescence, aging and AAD, as well as the applications of IMNPs in aging and AAD in the past decade. This review aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge involved with aging and AAD, the application of IMNPs in aging and AAD to promote the biomedical application of IMNPs in aging and AAD.

Current development of theragnostic nanoparticles for women's cancer treatment

In the biomedical industry, nanoparticles (NPs-exclusively small particles with size ranging from 1-100 nanometres) are recently employed as powerful tools due to their huge potential in sophisticated and enhanced cancer theragnostic (i.e. therapeutics and diagnostics). Cancer is a life-threatening disease caused by carcinogenic agents and mutation in cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and harming the body's normal functioning while affecting several factors like low levels of reactive oxygen species, hyperactive antiapoptotic mRNA expression, reduced proapoptotic mRNA expression, damaged DNA repair, and so on. NPs are extensively used in early cancer diagnosis and are functionalized to target receptors overexpressing cancer cells for effective cancer treatment. This review focuses explicitly on how NPs alone and combined with imaging techniques and advanced treatment techniques have been researched against 'women's cancer' such as breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer which are substantially occurring in women. NPs, in combination with numerous imaging techniques (like PET, SPECT, MRI, etc) have been widely explored for cancer imaging and understanding tumor characteristics. Moreover, NPs in combination with various advanced cancer therapeutics (like magnetic hyperthermia, pH responsiveness, photothermal therapy, etc), have been stated to be more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies with negligible side effects. Furthermore, this review will further help to improve treatment outcomes and patient quality of life based on the theragnostic application-based studies of NPs in women's cancer treatment.

Alleviation of doxorubicin adverse effects via loading into various drug-delivery systems: a comparative study

Aim: Drug resistance is still a significant barrier to effective hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Address the issue of doxorubicin resistance and inter-receptor crosstalk various doxorubicin formulations were investigated. Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out using 3-methylechloroanthrene. Animals were then treated with doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, titanium-loaded doxorubicin (TiO2-Dox), lactoferrin-doxorubicin and PEGylated doxorubicin. Biochemical and molecular analyses were assessed. Results: Results have declared a significant alternation of both sodium and potassium concentrations upon 3-methylechloroanthrene administration. Arginase-I and α-L-Fucodinase tumor biomarkers were significantly elevated. C-myc, Hprt-1 and EGFR gene expression were over-expressed. Treatment with the aforementioned treatment regimens significantly modulated all measured parameters. Conclusion: TiO2-Dox, doxorubicin-lactoferrin and PEGylated doxorubicin could be a promising regimen in hepatocellular carcinoma and overcoming the problem of drug resistance.

Multifaceted chemical and bioactive features of Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2 core/shell nanoparticles biosynthesized using Beta vulgaris L. extract

Due to increasing concerns about environmental impact and toxicity, developing green and sustainable methods for nanoparticle synthesis is attracting significant interest. This work reports the successful green synthesis of silver (Ag), silver-titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO2), and silver-selenium dioxide (Ag@SeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) using Beta vulgaris L. extract. Characterization by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX confirmed the successful formation of uniformly distributed spherical NPs with controlled size (25 ± 4.9 nm) and desired elemental composition. All synthesized NPs and the B. vulgaris extract exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity, indicating significant antioxidant potential. However, Ag@SeO2 displayed lower hemocompatibility compared to other NPs, while Ag@SeO2 and the extract demonstrated reduced inflammation in a carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model. Interestingly, Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotia sclerotium, as evidenced by TEM and FTIR analyses. Generally, the findings suggest that B. vulgaris-derived NPs possess diverse biological activities with potential applications in various fields such as medicine and agriculture. Ag@TiO2 and Ag@SeO2, in particular, warrant further investigation for their potential as novel bioactive agents.

Bio synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and multifaceted therapeutic applications of BSA-Resveratrol coated platinum nanoparticles

This study examines the manufacturing, characterization, and biological evaluation of platinum nanoparticles, which were synthesized by Enterobacter cloacae and coated with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Resveratrol (RSV). The formation of PtNPs was confirmed with the change of color from dark yellow to black, which was due to the bioreduction of platinum chloride by E. cloacae. BSA and RSV functionalization enhanced these nanoparticles' biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. TGA, SEM, XRD, and FTIR were employed for characterization, where PtNPs and drug conjugation-related functional groups were studied by FTIR. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of PtNPs and Pt-BSA-RSV NPs, while TGA and SEM showed thermal stability and post-drug coating morphological changes. Designed composite was also found to be biocompatible in nature in hemolytic testing, indicating their potential in Biomedical applications. After confirmation of PtNPs based nanocaompsite synthesis, they were examined for anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Pt-BSA-RSV NPs showed higher concentration-dependent DPPH scavenging activity, which measured antioxidant capability. Enzyme inhibition tests demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 and 15-LOX enzymes. In in vitro anticancer studies, Pt-BSA-RSV NPs effectively killed human ovarian cancer cells. This phenomenon was demonstrated to be facilitated by the acidic environment of cancer, as the drug release assay confirmed the release of RSV from the NP formulation in the acidic environment. Finally, Molecular docking also demonstrated that RSV has strong potential as an anti-oxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. Overall, in silico and in vitro investigations in the current study showed good medicinal applications for designed nanocomposites, however, further in-vivo experiments must be conducted to validate our findings.

Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity

In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.

Facile sonochemically-assisted bioengineering of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and deciphering their potential in treating breast and lung cancers: biological, molecular, and computational-based investigations

Combining sonochemistry with phytochemistry is a modern trend in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), which contributes to the sustainability of chemical processes and minimizes hazardous effects. Herein, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were bioengineered using a novel and facile ultrasound-assisted approach utilizing the greenly extracted essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were used to confirm the formation of TiO2 NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the crystalline nature of TiO2 NPs. TEM analysis revealed the spherical morphology of the NPs with sizes ranging from 5.55 to 13.89 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed the purity of the greenly synthesized NPs. TiO2 NPs demonstrated outstanding antitumor activity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cancer cells with estimated IC50 values of 1.73 and 4.79 μg mL-1. The TiO2 NPs were cytocompatible to normal cells (MCF-10A) with a selectivity index (SI) of 8.77 for breast and 3.17 for lung cancer. Biological assays revealed a promising potential for TiO2 NPs to induce apoptosis and arrest cells at the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle phase in both cancer cell lines. Molecular investigations showed the ability of TiO2 NPs to increase apoptotic genes' expression (Bak and Bax) and their profound ability to elevate the expression of apoptotic proteins (caspases 3 and 7). Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding interactions for TiO2 NPs with caspase 3 and EGFR-TK targets. In conclusion, the greenly synthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited potent antitumor activity and mitochondrion-based cell death against breast and lung cancer cell lines while maintaining cytocompatibility against normal cells.

Nitroprusside and metal nitroprusside nano analogues for cancer therapy

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), U.S approved drug has been used in clinical emergency as a hypertensive drug for more than a decade. It is well established for its various biomedical applications such as angiogenesis, wound healing, neurological disorders including anti-microbial applications etc. Apart from that, SNP have been considered as excellent biomedical materials for its use as anti-cancer agent because of its behavior as NO-donor. Recent reports suggest that incorporation of metals in SNP/encapsulation of SNP in metal nanoparticles (metal nitroprusside analogues) shows better therapeutic anti-cancer activity. Although there are numerous reports available regarding the biological applications of SNP and metal-based SNP analogue nanoparticles, unfortunately there is not a single comprehensive review which highlights the anti-cancer activity of SNP and its derivative metal analogues in detail along with the future perspective. To this end, the present review article focuses the recent development of anti-cancer activity of SNP and metal-based SNP analogues, their plausible mechanism of action, current status. Furthermore, the future perspectives and challenges of these biomedical materials are also discussed. Overall, this review article represents a new perspective in the area of cancer nanomedicine that will attract a wider spectrum of scientific community.

A green approach for preparation of polyacrylic acid/starch incorporated with titanium dioxide nanocomposite as a biocompatible platform for curcumin delivery to breast cancer cells

Curcumin (Cur) is a polyphenolic hydrophobic molecule with several biological uses, including cancer therapy. However, its widespread use in cancer treatment faces limitations due to its low solubility in acidic and neutral conditions, rapid removal from the circulatory system, and poor bioavailability. In order to overcome these challenges, a biocompatible and pH-sensitive carrier nanoplatform was designed for the specific delivery of curcumin to breast cancer cells. This nanocomposite containing polyacrylic acid (PAA), starch, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was synthesized with a specific morphology through the water-in-oil-in-water green emulsification strategy. The nanocomposite structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and field-emission scanning electrom microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging tests. The mean particle size of 151 nm for the PAA-Starch-TiO₂ nanocomposite ensures specific entry into cancer cells and minimal damage to healthy cells. Loading efficiency (LE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) for curcumin obtained 49.50 % and 87.25 %, which are desirable for a carrier nanoplatform. Compared to the physiological medium, the in-vitro release of curcumin was higher in the acidic conditions in all time intervals, which indicates the possibility of targeted drug release from the PAA-Starch-TiO₂ nanocomposite around the tumor tissue. Furthermore, for better understanding of the release mechanism, the cumulative release data in both media were fitted with common mathematical kinetic models. Cytotoxicity tests against the MCF-7 cell line were performed using in vitro MTT and flow cytometry tests. The results showed that the PAA-Starch-TiO₂ carrying Cur was more effective through increasing the bioavailability and controlled release of the drug compared to the free Cur. Also, the death of cancer cells in the presence of this nanocomposite compared to free Cur occurred mainly through the induction of apoptosis, which indicates the programmed death of cancer cells and the high efficiency of the designed nanocarrier.

Metal-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites as promising frontier in cancer chemotherapy

Cancer is a disease associated with complex pathology and one of the most prevalent and leading reasons for mortality in the world. Current chemotherapy has challenges with cytotoxicity, selectivity, multidrug resistance, and the formation of stemlike cells. Nanomaterials (NMs) have unique properties that make them useful for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer research. NMs can be engineered to target cancer cells for early detection and can deliver drugs directly to cancer cells, reducing side effects and improving treatment efficacy. Several of NMs can also be used for photothermal therapy to destroy cancer cells or enhance immune response to cancer by delivering immune-stimulating molecules to immune cells or modulating the tumor microenvironment. NMs are being modified to overcome issues, such as toxicity, lack of selectivity, increase drug capacity, and bioavailability, for a wide spectrum of cancer therapies. To improve targeted drug delivery using nano-carriers, noteworthy research is required. Several metal-based NMs have been studied with the expectation of finding a cure for cancer treatment. In this review, the current development and the potential of plant and metal-based NMs with their effects on size and shape have been discussed along with their more effective usage in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Cationic cellulose nanocrystals as sustainable green material for multi biological applications via ξ potential

The present study aims to disclose the activity of cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a promising multifunctional green nanomaterial with applications in biological aspects. The basic reason behind multifunctional behavior is zeta potential and size distribution of nano biopolymers; exhibit a remarkable physical and biological activity compared to normal molecules.The preliminary characterized studied using absorption spectral analysis showed strong absorption peak indicating that spectrum curves can be screen by UV spectra at wavelength range 200-400nm. Ultrastructural studies (SEM-EDS and TEM), manifest that CNCs are elliptical particles in shape. Also, TEM show CNCs are the ideal illustration of zero-dimensional (0-D) NPs, less than 5.1 nm in diameter with Cationic charge and similar results in size distribution by TEM. Nonetheless, developed as antioxidant activity IC₅₀ was 1467 ± 25.9 µg/mL, antimicrobial activity tested G^-ve strains, but not affected on tested G^+ve strains and tested fungi. Evaluating toxicity effect of cationic CNCs against human blood erythrocytes (RBCs) and Lymphocyte Proliferation and the end point evaluate by comet assay, which proven no cytotoxic effect. Also, a high dose 500 µg/mL of CNCs highly significant (p < 0.05) reduction in cell viability of Caco-2 cancer cells after 24 h. incubation time, whereas the IC₅₀ was 1884 ± 19.46 µg/mL. Moreover, genotoxic assay indicates Caco-2 cells cause apoptosis with no fragmentation in DNA. Undoubtedly, the obtained results brought about by the interaction of layers carrying opposing charges. Additionally, there is a balance between hydrophilic contact and electrostatic attraction. That emphasizes how the cationic CNCs have excellent potential for use as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anticancer agents.

Lithium: A Promising Anticancer Agent

Lithium is a therapeutic cation used to treat bipolar disorders but also has some important features as an anti-cancer agent. In this review, we provide a general overview of lithium, from its transport into cells, to its innovative administration forms, and based on genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. Lithium formulations such as lithium acetoacetate (LiAcAc), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) induce apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of tumor growth and also participate in the regulation of tumor proliferation, tumor invasion, and metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, lithium is synergistic with standard cancer therapies, enhancing their anti-tumor effects. In addition, lithium has a neuroprotective role in cancer patients, by improving their quality of life. Interestingly, nano-sized lithium enhances its anti-tumor activities and protects vital organs from the damage caused by lipid peroxidation during tumor development. However, these potential therapeutic activities of lithium depend on various factors, such as the nature and aggressiveness of the tumor, the type of lithium salt, and its form of administration and dosage. Since lithium has been used to treat bipolar disorder, the current study provides an overview of its role in medicine and how this has changed. This review also highlights the importance of this repurposed drug, which appears to have therapeutic cancer potential, and underlines its molecular mechanisms.

Design, Physical Characterizations, and Biocompatibility of Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in HCT-116 and 16-HBE Cells: A Preliminary Study

In this study, pEGFP-LUC was used as a model plasmid and three distinct cationic lipids (dioleyloxy-propyl-trimethylammonium chloride [DOTMA], dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane [DOTAP], and cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]) were tested along with PEG 5000, as a nonionic surfactant, to prepare glyceryl monostearate (GMS)-based cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (cSLNs). Both the type and quantity of surfactant had an impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the cSLNs. Thermal analysis of the greater part of the endothermic peaks of the cSLNs revealed they were noticeably different from the individual pure compounds based on their zeta potential (ZP ranging from +17 to +56 mV) and particle size (PS ranging from 185 to 244 nm). The addition of cationic surfactants was required to produce nanoparticles (NPs) with a positive surface charge. This suggested that the surfactants and extensive entanglement of the lipid matrix GMS provided support for the behavioral diversity of the cSLNs and their capacity to interface with the plasmid DNA. Additionally, hemolytic assays were used to show that the cSLNs were biocompatible with the human colon cancer HCT-116 and human bronchial epithelial 16-HBE cell lines. The DOTMA 6-based cSLN was selected as the lead cSLN for further ex vivo and in vivo investigations. Taken together, these new findings might provide some guidance in selecting surfactants to prepare extremely efficient and non-toxic cSLN-based therapeutic delivery systems (e.g., gene therapy).

Targeting Apoptotic Pathway of Cancer Cells with Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Nanomaterials

Apoptosis is the elimination of functionally non-essential, neoplastic, and infected cells via the mitochondrial pathway or death receptor pathway. The process of apoptosis is highly regulated through membrane channels and apoptogenic proteins. Apoptosis maintains cellular balance within the human body through cell cycle progression. Loss of apoptosis control prolongs cancer cell survival and allows the accumulation of mutations that can promote angiogenesis, promote cell proliferation, disrupt differentiation, and increase invasiveness during tumor progression. The apoptotic pathway has been extensively studied as a potential drug target in cancer treatment. However, the off-target activities of drugs and negative implications have been a matter of concern over the years. Phytochemicals (PCs) have been studied for their efficacy in various cancer cell lines individually and synergistically. The development of nanoparticles (NPs) through green synthesis has added a new dimension to the advancement of plant-based nanomaterials for effective cancer treatment. This review provides a detailed insight into the fundamental molecular pathways of programmed cell death and highlights the role of PCs along with the existing drugs and plant-based NPs in treating cancer by targeting its programmed cell death (PCD) network.

Functional bioinspired nanocomposites for anticancer activity with generation of reactive oxygen species

Cancer is a debilitating and deadly disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of aberrant cell populations. This disease cannot always be controlled with traditional therapies and medicines. Different medicines are being used for this purpose, however these medicines have their side effects and are harmful to healthy cells. A better way to cure cancer disease is by limiting the agglomeration of cancer cells, minimizing their growth and their population by destroying these harmful cells. This could be achieved by controlling the function of mitochondria and DNA in cancer cells with the use of biocompatible materials with tuneable physical properties. Accordingly, research is ongoing as to the use of nanomaterials and nanotechnology in medicine. Zinc oxide semiconductor nanoparticles have displayed good anticancer behaviour. They have unique properties such as biocompatibility, good stability, and are environmentally friendly. Owing to these characteristics, they are focused on biological applications such as drug delivery and cancer therapy. In the present research work, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide nanoparticles and titanium oxide-zinc oxide nanocomposites were successfully trailed for anti-cancer activity. Pure zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) and their nanocomposites (TiO₂+ZnO NPs) were prepared by the co-precipitation technique. The structural properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the Wurtzite structure of pure ZnO NPs. The morphology of the NPs was checked by scanning electron microscopy. For incident light having a higher energy band gap of nanomaterials, the electrons are excited to the conduction band and these electrons generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficacy of these nanomaterials was checked by exposing the NPs to the human liver cancer cell HepG2. The MTT assay describes anticancer activity via cell viability. The cell viability of composites was observed to be greater than pure ZnO NPs. Their results showed that the structure of ZnO NPs remains the same with composites of TiO₂ NPs, but the band gap of the composite was intermediate for individual samples. It also showed that the anticancer activity of composites was also less than pure ZnO NPs which is due to the reduction of ROS generation. This is observed that nanocomposites of ZnO and TiO₂ could be effective in the development of a treatment of human liver cancer cells.

Natural resources for sustainable synthesis of nanomaterials with anticancer applications: A move toward green nanomedicine

Today, researchers have focused on the application of environmentally-benign and sustainable micro- and nanosystems for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Compared to conventional chemotherapeutics, advanced micro- and nanosystems designed by applying abundant, natural, and renewable feedstocks have shown biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity advantages. However, important aspects of toxicological assessments, clinical translational studies, and suitable functionalization/modification still need to be addressed. Herein, the benefits and challenges of green nanomedicine in cancer nanotherapy and targeted drug delivery are cogitated using nanomaterials designed by exploiting natural and renewable resources. The application of nanomaterials accessed from renewable natural resources, comprising metallic nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, natural-derived nanomaterials, etc. for targeted anticancer drug delivery and cancer nanotherapy are deliberated, with emphasis on important limitations/challenges and future perspectives.

Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Alginate-Based Microspheres Entrapped with TiO2 Nanoparticles and Cinnamon Essential Oil Targeting Clinical Staphylococcus aureus

It is important to create new generations of materials that can destroy multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which are a serious public health concern. This study focused on the biosynthesis of an essential oil entrapped in titanium dioxide (TiO₂) calcium alginate-based microspheres. In this research, calcium alginate-based microspheres with entrapped TiO₂ nanoparticles and cinnamon essential oil (CI-TiO₂-MSs) were synthesized, using an aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds for TiO₂ nanoparticle preparation, and the ionotropic gelation method for microsphere preparation. The microspheres obtained were spherical, uniformly sized, microporous, and rough surfaced, and they were fully loaded with cinnamon essential oil and TiO₂ nanoparticles. The synthesized microspheres were analyzed for antibacterial activity against the clinical multidrug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Disc diffusion and flow cytometry analysis revealed strong antibacterial activity by CI-TiO₂-MSs. The synthesized CI-TiO₂-MSs were characterized by the SEM/EDX, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR techniques. Results showed that the TiO₂ nanoparticles were spherical and 99 to 150 nm in size, whereas the CI-TiO₂-MSs were spherical and rough surfaced. Apoptosis analysis and SEM micrography revealed that the CI-TiO₂-MSs had strong bactericidal activity against S. aureus. The in vitro antibacterial experiments proved that the encapsulated CI-TiO₂-MSs had strong potential for use as a prolonged controlled release system against multidrug-resistant clinical S. aureus.

Green Synthesis of NiO-SnO2 Nanocomposite and Effect of Calcination Temperature on Its Physicochemical Properties: Impact on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange

Background: Nickel stannate nanocomposites could be useful for removing organic and toxic water pollutants, such as methyl orange (MO). Aim: The synthesis of a nickel oxide-tin oxide nanocomposite (NiO-SnO₂ NC) via a facile and economically viable approach using a leaf extract from Ficus elastica for the photocatalytic degradation of MO. Methods: The phase composition, crystallinity, and purity were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particles' morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis and colored mapping were carried out via energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) was used to study the optical properties such as the absorption edges and energy band gap, an important feature of semiconductors to determine photocatalytic applications. The photocatalytic activity of the NiO-SnO₂ NC was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of MO in aqueous solution under irradiation with full light spectrum. The effects of calcination temperature, pH, initial MO concentration, and catalyst dose were all assessed to understand and optimize the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of NiO-SnO₂ NC. Results: NiO-SnO₂ NC was successfully synthesized via a biological route using F. elastica leaf extract. XRD showed rhombohedral NiO and tetragonal SnO₂ nanostructures and the amorphous nature of NiO-SnO₂ NC. Its degree of crystallinity, crystallite size, and stability increased with increased calcination temperature. SEM depicted significant morphological changes with elevating calcination temperatures, which are attributed to the phase conversion from amorphous to crystalline. The elemental analysis and colored mapping show the formation of highly pure NiO-SnO₂ NC. FTIR revealed a decrease in OH, and the ratio of oxygen vacancies at the surface of the NC can be explained by a loss of its hydrophilicity at increased temperatures. All the NC samples displayed significant absorption in the visible region, and a blue shift is seen and the energy band gap decreases when increasing the calcination temperatures due to the dehydration and formation of compacted large particles. NiO-SnO₂ NC degrades MO, and the photocatalytic performance decreased with increasing calcination temperature due to an increase in the crystallite size of the NC. The optimal conditions for the efficient NC-mediated photocatalysis of MO are 100 °C, 20 mg catalyst, 50 ppm MO, and pH 6. Conclusions: The auspicious performance of the NiO-SnO₂ NCs may open a new avenue for the development of semiconducting p-n heterojunction catalysts as promising structures for removing undesirable organic pollutants from the environment.

Development of nanocubosomes co-loaded with dual anticancer agents curcumin and temozolomide for effective Colon cancer therapy

Current research aimed to develop nanocubosomes co-loaded with dual anticancer drugs curcumin and temozolomide for effective colon cancer therapy. Drugs co-loaded nanocubosomal dispersion was prepared by modified emulsification method using glyceryl monooleate (GMO), pluronic F127 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a lipid phase, surfactant, and stabilizer, respectively. The resulting nanocubosomes were characterized by measuring hydrodynamic particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), drug loading capacity (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE), colloidal stability and drug release profile. We also physiochemically characterized the nanocubosomes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and x-rays diffraction (XRD) for their morphology, polymer drug interaction and its nature, respectively. Further, the in-vitro cell-uptake, mechanism of cell-uptake, in-vitro anti-tumor efficacy and apoptosis level were evaluated using HCT-116 colon cancer cells. The prepared nanocubosomes exhibited a small hydrodynamic particle size (PS of 150 ± 10 nm in diameter) with nearly cubic shape and appropriate polydispersity index (PDI), enhanced drug loading capacity (LC of 6.82 ± 2.03% (Cur) and 9.65 ± 1.53% (TMZ), high entrapment efficiency (EE of 67.43 ± 2.16% (Cur) and 75.55 ± 3.25% (TMZ), pH-triggered drug release profile and higher colloidal stability in various physiological medium. Moreover, the nanocubosomes showed higher cellular uptake, in-vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis compared to free drugs, curcumin and temozolomide, most likely because its small particle size. In addition, BSA-stabilized nanocubosomes were actively taken by aggressive colon cancer cells that over-expressed the albumin receptors and utilized BSA as nutrient source for their growth. In short, this study provides a new and simple strategy to improve the efficacy and simultaneously overawed the adaptive treatment tolerance in colon cancer.

Cytotoxicity Assessment of a New Design for a Biodegradable Ureteral Mitomycin Drug-Eluting Stent in Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Culture

Urothelial tumour of the upper urinary tract is a rare neoplasm, but unfortunately, it has a high recurrence rate. The reduction of these tumour recurrences could be achieved by the intracavitary instillation of adjuvant chemotherapy after nephron-sparing treatment in selected patients, but current instillation methods are ineffective. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of a new instillation technology through a biodegradable ureteral stent/scaffold coated with a silk fibroin matrix for the controlled release of mitomycin C as an anti-cancer drug. Through a comparative study, we assessed, in urothelial carcinoma cells in a human cancer T24 cell culture for 3 and 6 h, the cytotoxic capacity of mitomycin C by viability assay using the CCK-8 test (Cell counting Kit-8). Cell viability studies in the urothelial carcinoma cell line confirm that mitomycin C embedded in the polymeric matrix does not alter its cytotoxic properties and causes a significant decrease in cell viability at 6 h versus in the control groups. These findings have a clear biomedical application and could be of great use to decrease the recurrence rate in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinomas by increasing the dwell time of anti-cancer drugs.

Moringa concanensis-Mediated Synthesis and Characterizations of Ciprofloxacin Encapsulated into Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS Nanocomposite: A Therapeutic Solution against Multidrug Resistant E. coli Strains of Livestock Infectious Diseases

Background: Multidrug resistant MDR bacterial strains are causing fatal infections, such as mastitis. Thus, there is a need for the development of new target-oriented antimicrobials. Nanomaterials have many advantages over traditional antibiotics, including improved stability, controlled antibiotic release, targeted administration, enhanced bioavailability, and the use of antibiotic-loaded nanomaterials, such as the one herein reported for the first time, appear to be a promising strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of rationally designed metallic nanocomposites, rather than the use of single metallic nanoparticles (NPs), should further minimize the bacterial resistance. Aim: Green synthesis of a multimetallic/ternary nanocomposite formed of silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), conjugated to chitosan (CS), in which the large spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) has been encapsulated. Methods: The metallic nanoparticles (NPs) Ag NPs, TiO2 NPs, and Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized by reduction of Moringa concanensis leaf aqueous extract. The ternary junction was obtained by wet chemical impregnation technique. CIP was encapsulated into the ternary nanocomposite Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3, followed by chitosan (CS) conjugation using the ionic gelation method. The resulting CS-based nanoparticulate drug delivery system (NDDS), i.e., CIP-Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS, was characterized in vitro by gold standard physical techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Pharmacological analyses (i.e., LC, EE, ex-vivo drug release behavior) were also assessed. Further, biological studies were carried out both ex vivo (i.e., by disk diffusion method (DDM), fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS), MTT assay) and in vivo (i.e., antibacterial activity in a rabbit model, colony-forming unit (CFU) on blood agar, histopathological analysis using H&E staining). Results: The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the loading capacity (LC) of the NDDS were as high as 94% ± 1.26 and 57% ± 3.5, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the prepared formulation. FESEM revealed nanorods with an average diameter of 50−70 ± 12 nm. FTIR confirmed the Fe-O-Ti-CS linkages as well as the successful encapsulation of CIP into the NDDS. The zeta potential (ZP) of the NDDS was determined as 85.26 ± 0.12 mV. The antimicrobial potential of the NDDS was elicited by prominent ZIs against MDR E. coli (33 ± 1.40 mm) at the low MIC of 0.112 μg/mL. Morphological alterations (e.g., deformed shape and structural damages) of MDR pathogens were clearly visible overtime by FESEM after treatment with the NDDS at MIC value, which led to the cytolysis ultimately. FACS analysis confirmed late apoptotic of the MDR E. coli (80.85%) after 6 h incubation of the NDDS at MIC (p < 0.05 compared to untreated MDR E. coli used as negative control). The highest drug release (89% ± 0.57) was observed after 8 h using PBS medium at pH 7.4. The viability of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMGE) treated with the NDDS remained superior to 90%, indicating a negligible cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). In the rabbit model, in which infection was caused by injecting MDR E. coli intraperitoneally (IP), no colonies were detected after 72 h of treatment. Importantly, the histopathological analysis showed no changes in the vital rabbit organs in the treated group compared to the untreated group. Conclusions: Taken together, the newly prepared CIP-Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS nanoformulation appears safe, biocompatible, and therapeutically active to fight MDR E. coli strains-causing mastitis.

pH-responsive albumin-coated biopolymeric nanoparticles with lapatinab for targeted breast cancer therapy

One can enhance the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs using albumin as a tumor homing agent for targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we sought to load lapatinib (LAPA) into small albumin-coated biopolymeric (poly-lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA)) nanoparticles (APL NPs) by an emulsification method to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of lapatinib. The prepared APL NPs exhibited a small spherical core with an average diameter of 120.5 ± 10.2 nm with a narrow particle size distribution, high drug loading capacity (LC of 9.65 ± 1.53 %), good entrapment efficiency (EE of 75.55 ± 3.25 %), enhanced colloidal stability and a pH-responsive controlled drug release profile. Their cell-uptake and cancer cell growth inhibition were significantly higher compared to free LAPA and uncoated PLGA-LAPA (UPL) NPs, most likely because aggressive breast tumor cells over-express albumin receptors and utilize albumin as nutrient source for their growth. In addition, APL NPs possessed enhanced tumor accumulation and prolonged blood residence time compared to free LAPA and UPL NPs, allowing for potent tumor growth inhibition while exhibiting excellent biosafety. In short, the current study exploited a new and simple strategy to concurrently improve the safety and efficacy of LAPA for breast cancer treatment.

Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using plant biomass and their applications- A review

Biosynthesized nanoparticles have sparked a lot of interest as rapidly growing classes of materials for different applications. Plants are considered to be one of the most suitable sources for Green synthesis (GS) as they follow the environment-friendly route of biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). This article focuses on the excavation of Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NP from different parts of plants belonging to a distinct classification of taxonomic groups. During the process of biological synthesis of titanium NPs from plants, the extract derived from plant sources such as from root, stem, leaves, seeds, flowers, and latex possesses phytocompounds that tend to serve as both capping as well as reducing agents. TiO₂NP is one of the most commonly used engineered nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based consumer products. This article will provide an overview of the GS and characterization of TiO₂NPs from plant extracts of different taxonomic groups. Lastly, this review summarizes the current applications of TiO₂NPs.

Assessment of a Coated Mitomycin-Releasing Biodegradable Ureteral Stent as an Adjuvant Therapy in Upper Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comparative In Vitro Study

A major limitation of the treatment of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma is the difficulty of intracavitary instillation of adjuvant therapy. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to develop and to assess a new design of biodegradable ureteral stent coated with a silk fibroin matrix for the controlled release of mitomycin C as a chemotherapeutic drug. For this purpose, we assessed the coating of a biodegradable ureteral stent, BraidStent^®, with silk fibroin and subsequently loaded the polymeric matrix with two formulations of mitomycin to evaluate its degradation rate, the concentration of mitomycin released, and changes in the pH and the weight of the stent. Our results confirm that the silk fibroin matrix is able to coat the biodegradable stent and release mitomycin for between 6 and 12 h in the urinary environment. There was a significant delay in the degradation rate of silk fibroin and mitomycin-coated stents compared to bare biodegradable stents, from 6–7 weeks to 13–14 weeks. The present study has shown the feasibility of using mitomycin C-loaded silk fibroin for the coating of biodegradable urinary stents. The addition of mitomycin C to the coating of silk fibroin biodegradable stents could be an attractive approach for intracavitary instillation in the upper urinary tract.

Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA as a Suitable DNA Barcode for Identification of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. from Manipur

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is a plant with many medicinal values which is extensively used in traditional system of medicine for curing various diseases and ailments, including cancer. The aim of the present study is to identify Zanthoxylum armatum collected from different parts of Manipur, India, at molecular level. Molecular markers like internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and other DNA barcoding genes such as matK, rbcL, psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF were targeted to find out the most suitable DNA barcode for identifying this species. Sequences obtained using the five primer pairs-ITS An5 and ITS An4, matK-413f-1 and matK-1227r-1, rbcL-1F and rbcL-724R, psbA-F and trnH-R and trnL-F and trnF-R were submitted to GenBank, NCBI. Amongst the five DNA barcoding targets, one nuclear and four chloroplast genes were successfully amplified by PCR (100%) and sequencing (100%) in all the eight plant samples. Sequence similarity of total ITS region (620 bp) when compared to the reference sequence were found to be between 98.55 and 99.68%. In our study, ITS sequence in combination with DNA barcoding sequences of rbcL, trnH-psbA and trnL-trnF was very successful in identification of Z. armatum and differentiate other species clearly in the phylogeny analysis. Our work shows ITS region to be the most suitable DNA barcode which formed a monophyletic group of the species in the phylogenetic tree analysis. The sequences of the barcoding genes of Z. armatum DC. obtained from this study adds to the already available resources which will be helpful in the future research endeavours.

Inhibition of Lipid Accumulation and Adipokine Levels in Maturing Adipocytes by Bauhinia rufescens (Lam.) Stem Bark Extract Loaded Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles

The present study reports a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method to increase the bioavailability and bio-efficacy of B. rufescens stem bark extract in the biological system via functional modification as B. rufescens stem bark nanoparticles (BR-TO₂-NPs). The biosynthesis of BR- -NPs was confirmed by UV-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction analyses. The shifts in FT-IR stretching vibrations of carboxylic and nitro groups (1615 cm^-1), the O-H of phenolics or carboxylic acids (3405 cm^-1), alkanes, and alkyne groups (2925 and 2224 cm^-1) of the plant extract and lattice (455) indicated successful biosynthesis of BR- -NPs. Compared with the stem bark extract, 40 ng/dL dose of BR- -NPs led to a reduction in adipogenesis and an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expressions, adiponectin-R1, PPARγC1α, UCP-1, and PRDM16, in maturing-adipocytes. This confirmed the intracellular uptake, bioavailability, and bio-efficiency of BR-TiO₂-NPs. The lipid-lowering capacity of BR-TiO₂-NPs effectively inhibited the metabolic inflammation-related gene markers, IL-6, TNF-α, LTB4-R, and Nf-κb. Further, BR-TiO₂-NPs stimulating mitochondrial thermogenesis capacity was proven by the significantly enhanced CREB-1 and AMPK protein levels in adipocytes. In conclusion, BR-TiO₂-NPs effectively inhibited lipid accumulation and proinflammatory adipokine levels in maturing adipocytes; it may help to overcome obesity-associated comorbidities.