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Bozuyuk U, Wrede P, Yildiz E, Sitti M. Roadmap for Clinical Translation of Mobile Microrobotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311462. [PMID: 38380776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Medical microrobotics is an emerging field to revolutionize clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. On the other hand, the mobile microrobotics field has important obstacles to pass before clinical translation. This article focuses on these challenges and provides a roadmap of medical microrobots to enable their clinical use. From the concept of a "magic bullet" to the physicochemical interactions of microrobots in complex biological environments in medical applications, there are several translational steps to consider. Clinical translation of mobile microrobots is only possible with a close collaboration between clinical experts and microrobotics researchers to address the technical challenges in microfabrication, safety, and imaging. The clinical application potential can be materialized by designing microrobots that can solve the current main challenges, such as actuation limitations, material stability, and imaging constraints. The strengths and weaknesses of the current progress in the microrobotics field are discussed and a roadmap for their clinical applications in the near future is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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2
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Ishiki AK, Neeves KB, Marr DWM. Reversible Microwheel Translation Induced by Polymer Depletion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15547-15552. [PMID: 37877804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
For in vivo applications, microbots (μbots) must move, which is a need that has led to designs, such as helical swimmers, that translate through the bulk fluid. We have previously demonstrated that, upon application of a rotating magnetic field, colloidal particles in aqueous systems can be reversibly assembled from superparamagnetic particles into μbots that translate along surfaces using wet friction. Here, we show that high-molecular-weight polymers of a size that approaches the length scale of the gap between the μbot and surface can be excluded, impacting μbot transport. Using xanthan gum as a convenient high-molecular-weight model, we determine that polymer depletion imparts only a weak effect on colloid-surface interactions but has a significant influence on local viscosity, which is an effect great enough to induce a reversal in the μbot translation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Ishiki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - David W M Marr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Wrede P, Aghakhani A, Bozuyuk U, Yildiz E, Sitti M. Acoustic Trapping and Manipulation of Hollow Microparticles under Fluid Flow Using a Single-Lens Focused Ultrasound Transducer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 37917969 PMCID: PMC10658455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Microparticle manipulation and trapping play pivotal roles in biotechnology. To achieve effective manipulation within fluidic flow conditions and confined spaces, it is necessary to consider the physical properties of microparticles and the types of trapping forces applied. While acoustic waves have shown potential for manipulating microparticles, the existing setups involve complex actuation mechanisms and unstable microbubbles. Consequently, the need persists for an easily deployable acoustic actuation setup with stable microparticles. Here, we propose the use of hollow borosilicate microparticles possessing a rigid thin shell, which can be efficiently trapped and manipulated using a single-lens focused ultrasound (FUS) transducer under physiologically relevant flow conditions. These hollow microparticles offer stability and advantageous acoustic properties. They can be scaled up and mass-produced, making them suitable for systemic delivery. Our research demonstrates the successful trapping dynamics of FUS within circular tubings of varying diameters, validating the effectiveness of the method under realistic flow rates and ultrasound amplitudes. We also showcase the ability to remove hollow microparticles by steering the FUS transducer against the flow. Furthermore, we present potential biomedical applications, such as active cell tagging and navigation in bifurcated channels as well as ultrasound imaging in mouse cadaver liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wrede
- Physical
Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical
Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical
Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Physical
Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical
Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- School
of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç
University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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Busek M, Aizenshtadt A, Koch T, Frank A, Delon L, Martinez MA, Golovin A, Dumas C, Stokowiec J, Gruenzner S, Melum E, Krauss S. Pump-less, recirculating organ-on-a-chip (rOoC) platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:591-608. [PMID: 36655405 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00919f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel, pump-less directional flow recirculating organ-on-a-chip (rOoC) platform that creates controlled unidirectional gravity-driven flow by a combination of a 3D-tilting system and an optimized microfluidic layout. The rOoC platform was assembled utilizing a layer-to-layer fabrication technology based on thermoplastic materials. It features two organoid compartments supported by two independent perfusion channels and separated by a hydrogel barrier. We developed a computational model to predict wall shear stress values and then measured the flow rate in the microfluidic channels with micro-Particle-Image-Velocimetry (μPIV). The suitability of the rOoC for functional culture of endothelial cells was tested using HUVECs seeded in the perfusion channels. HUVECs aligned in response to the directional flow, formed a barrier and were able to sprout into the organoid compartments. Next, we demonstrated the viability of human stem-cell derived liver organoids in the organoid compartments. Finally, we show the possibility to circulate immune cells in the microfluidic channels that retain viability without being trapped or activated. The rOoC platform allows growing and connecting of two or more tissue or organ representations on-chip with the possibility of applying gradients, endothelial barriers, microvasculature and circulating cells independent of external tubing and support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Dep. of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timo Koch
- Dep. of Mathematics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1083, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Frank
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludivine Delon
- Dep. of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mikel Amirola Martinez
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexey Golovin
- Dep. of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Clotilde Dumas
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Justyna Stokowiec
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Gruenzner
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Espen Melum
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway
- Dep. of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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Bax M, Romanov V, Junday K, Giannoulatou E, Martinac B, Kovacic JC, Liu R, Iismaa SE, Graham RM. Arterial dissections: Common features and new perspectives. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1055862. [PMID: 36561772 PMCID: PMC9763901 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1055862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial dissections, which involve an abrupt tear in the wall of a major artery resulting in the intramural accumulation of blood, are a family of catastrophic disorders causing major, potentially fatal sequelae. Involving diverse vascular beds, including the aorta or coronary, cervical, pulmonary, and visceral arteries, each type of dissection is devastating in its own way. Traditionally they have been studied in isolation, rather than collectively, owing largely to the distinct clinical consequences of dissections in different anatomical locations - such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and renal failure. Here, we review the shared and unique features of these arteriopathies to provide a better understanding of this family of disorders. Arterial dissections occur commonly in the young to middle-aged, and often in conjunction with hypertension and/or migraine; the latter suggesting they are part of a generalized vasculopathy. Genetic studies as well as cellular and molecular investigations of arterial dissections reveal striking similarities between dissection types, particularly their pathophysiology, which includes the presence or absence of an intimal tear and vasa vasorum dysfunction as a cause of intramural hemorrhage. Pathway perturbations common to all types of dissections include disruption of TGF-β signaling, the extracellular matrix, the cytoskeleton or metabolism, as evidenced by the finding of mutations in critical genes regulating these processes, including LRP1, collagen genes, fibrillin and TGF-β receptors, or their coupled pathways. Perturbances in these connected signaling pathways contribute to phenotype switching in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of the affected artery, in which their physiological quiescent state is lost and replaced by a proliferative activated phenotype. Of interest, dissections in various anatomical locations are associated with distinct sex and age predilections, suggesting involvement of gene and environment interactions in disease pathogenesis. Importantly, these cellular mechanisms are potentially therapeutically targetable. Consideration of arterial dissections as a collective pathology allows insight from the better characterized dissection types, such as that involving the thoracic aorta, to be leveraged to inform the less common forms of dissections, including the potential to apply known therapeutic interventions already clinically available for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Bax
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Valentin Romanov
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Keerat Junday
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason C. Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Renjing Liu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Siiri E. Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Sousa T, Gouveia M, Travasso RD, Salvador A. How abundant are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the vasculature lumen, how far can they reach? Redox Biol 2022; 58:102527. [PMID: 36335761 PMCID: PMC9640316 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling critically depends on these substances' concentrations, half-lives and transport ranges in extracellular media. Here we estimated these parameters for the lumen of human capillaries, arterioles and arteries using reaction-diffusion-advection models. These models considered O2•− and H2O2 production by endothelial cells and uptake by erythrocytes and endothelial cells, O2•− dismutation, O2•− and H2O2 diffusion and advection by the blood flow. Results show that in this environment O2•− and H2O2 have half-lives <60. ms and <40. ms, respectively, the former determined by the plasma SOD3 activity, the latter by clearance by endothelial cells and erythrocytes. H2O2 concentrations do not exceed the 10 nM scale. Maximal O2•− concentrations near vessel walls exceed H2O2's several-fold when the latter results solely from O2•− dismutation. Cytosolic dismutation of inflowing O2•− may thus significantly contribute to H2O2 delivery to cells. O2•− concentrations near vessel walls decay to 50% of maximum 12 μm downstream from O2•− production sites. H2O2 concentrations in capillaries decay to 50% of maximum 22 μm (6.0 μm) downstream from O2•− (H2O2) production sites. Near arterioles' (arteries') walls, they decay by 50% within 6.0 μm (4. μm) of H2O2 production sites. However, they reach maximal values 50 μm (24 μm) downstream from O2•− production sites and decrease by 50% over 650 μm (500 μm). Arterial/olar endothelial cells might thus signal over a mm downstream through O2•−-derived H2O2, though this requires nM-sensitive H2O2 transduction mechanisms. Physiological local H2O2 concentrations in vasculature lumen are up to 10's of μM. H2O2 transport range in capillaries is just ≈20 μm. Faster blood flow in arteri(ol)es transports O2•−-derived H2O2 over 100's of μm Similar H2O2 abundances and distribution near arterioles' and arteries' walls, likewise for O2•−. Inflowing O2•− may significantly feed H2O2 to the cytosol of endothelial cells
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Bozuyuk U, Aghakhani A, Alapan Y, Yunusa M, Wrede P, Sitti M. Reduced rotational flows enable the translation of surface-rolling microrobots in confined spaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6289. [PMID: 36271078 PMCID: PMC9586970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological microorganisms overcome the Brownian motion at low Reynolds numbers by utilizing symmetry-breaking mechanisms. Inspired by them, various microrobot locomotion methods have been developed at the microscale by breaking the hydrodynamic symmetry. Although the boundary effects have been extensively studied for microswimmers and employed for surface-rolling microrobots, the behavior of microrobots in the proximity of multiple wall-based "confinement" is yet to be elucidated. Here, we study the confinement effect on the motion of surface-rolling microrobots. Our experiments demonstrate that the locomotion efficiency of spherical microrollers drastically decreases in confined spaces due to out-of-plane rotational flows generated during locomotion. Hence, a slender microroller design, generating smaller rotational flows, is shown to outperform spherical microrollers in confined spaces. Our results elucidate the underlying physics of surface rolling-based locomotion in confined spaces and present a design strategy with optimal flow generation for efficient propulsion in such areas, including blood vessels and microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Muhammad Yunusa
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Metin Sitti
- grid.419534.e0000 0001 1015 6533Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.15876.3d0000000106887552School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450 Turkey
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