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Malucelli G. Nanostructured Flame-Retardant Layer-by-Layer Architectures for Cotton Fabrics: The Current State of the Art and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:858. [PMID: 38786814 PMCID: PMC11123715 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited "nano" approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a cellulosic textile material as cotton, considering its high ease of flammability, yearly production, and extended use. Being a surface-localized phenomenon, the flammability of cotton can be quite simply and effectively controlled by tailoring its surface through the deposition of nano-objects, capable of slowing down the heat and mass transfer from and to the textile surroundings, which accounts for flame fueling and possibly interacting with the propagating radicals in the gas phase. In this context, the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has definitively demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness in providing cotton with enhanced flame-retardant features, through the formation of fully inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic nanostructured assemblies on the fabric surface. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the current state of the art related to the use of nanostructured LbL architectures for cotton flame retardancy, offering an overview of the latest research outcomes that often highlight the multifunctional character of the deposited assemblies and discussing the current limitations and some perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-0131229369
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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2
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Jin M, Shi P, Sun Z, Zhao N, Shi M, Wu M, Ye C, Lin CT, Fu L. Advancements in Polymer-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2903. [PMID: 38733009 PMCID: PMC11086243 DOI: 10.3390/s24092903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in polymer-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication have revolutionized the development of wearable sensors for health monitoring. LbL self-assembly has emerged as a powerful and versatile technique for creating conformal, flexible, and multi-functional films on various substrates, making it particularly suitable for fabricating wearable sensors. The incorporation of polymers, both natural and synthetic, has played a crucial role in enhancing the performance, stability, and biocompatibility of these sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of LbL self-assembly, the role of polymers in sensor fabrication, and the various types of LbL-fabricated wearable sensors for physical, chemical, and biological sensing. The applications of these sensors in continuous health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and management are discussed in detail, highlighting their potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare. Despite significant progress, challenges related to long-term stability, biocompatibility, data acquisition, and large-scale manufacturing are still to be addressed, providing insights into future research directions. With continued advancements in polymer-assisted LbL fabrication and related fields, wearable sensors are poised to improve the quality of life for individuals worldwide.
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Grants
- (52272053, 52075527, 52102055) the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- (2022YFA1203100, 2022YFB3706602, 2021YFB3701801) the National Key R&D Program of China
- (2021Z120, 2021Z115, 2022Z084, 2022Z191) Ningbo Key Scientific and Technological Project
- (2021A-037-C, 2021A-108-G) the Yongjiang Talent Introduction Programme of Ningbo
- JCPYJ-22030 the Youth Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- (2020M681965, 2022M713243) China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- 2020301 CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association
- (2021ZDYF020196, 2021ZDYF020198) Science and Technology Major Project of Ningbo
- XDA22020602, ZDKYYQ2020001) the Project of Chinese Academy of Science
- 2019A-18-C Ningbo 3315 Innovation Team
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Jin
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Peizheng Shi
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuang Sun
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ningbin Zhao
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingjiao Shi
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Qianwan Institute, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (P.S.); (Z.S.); (N.Z.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
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Bromberg L, Magariños B, Concheiro A, Hatton TA, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Nonleaching Biocidal N-Halamine-Functionalized Polyamine-, Guanidine-, and Hydantoin-Based Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2024; 63:6268-6278. [PMID: 38617110 PMCID: PMC11010268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Fibrous materials with inherent antimicrobial properties can help in real-time deactivation of microorganisms, enabling multiple uses while reducing secondary infections. Coatings with antiviral polymers enhance the surface functionality for existing and potential future pandemics. Herein, we demonstrated a straightforward route toward biocidal surface creation using polymers with nucleophilic biguanide, guanidine, and hydantoin groups that are covalently attached onto a solid support. Biocidal poly(N-vinylguanidine) (PVG) and poly(allylamine-co-4-aminopyridine-co-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)hydantoin) (PAH) were introduced for coating applications along with commercially available polyvinylamine (PVAm) and poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB). Nonleaching coatings were created by first fabricating bifunctional siloxane or isocyanate precursor coatings on the cotton, nylon-cotton, and glass fiber fabric, followed by the polymer attachment. The developed grafting methods ensured the stability of the coating and the reuse of the material while maintaining the biocidal properties. Halogenation of polymer-coated fabric was conducted by aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite or in situ generation of hypobromous acid (HOBr), resulting in surfaces coated by N-halamines with high contents of active > N-Cl or > N-Br groups. The polymer-coated fabrics were stable in multiple laundry cycles and maintained hydrophilic character after coating and halogenation. Halogenated polymer-coated fabrics completely inactivated human respiratory coronavirus based on a contact-killing mechanism and were shown to be reusable after recharging with bromine or chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Department
of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Biología, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma
Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS),
and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma
Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS),
and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
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Jin X, Li X, Yang C, Liu X, Zhu P, Lu Z, Dong C. Enhanced safety and strength of cotton fabrics through a novel 'H-shaped' multiple flame retardant elements agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128457. [PMID: 38016602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to the new concept of green sustainability, it is necessary to expand the functionality of bio-based natural fibers (such as cotton fabrics) to replace fabrics made from fossil fuels. One potential way of achieving this is through the use of phosphorus, boron and nitrogen based organic flame retardants. This article designs a special flame retardant system with high efficiency, high durability, and enhanced fabric strength. An "H" shaped flame retardant (TBSA) is synthesized using hydroxyethyl methylene phosphate, pentaerythritol diborate, and cyanuric chloride. After simple treatment, flame retardant fabric (TBSA/Cotton) is obtained, with a LOI value of 48.8 %. Self extinguishing is completing in the vertical flame test. The high FR efficiency reflects the progressiveness of multi flame retardant elements. It is worth noting that TBSA/Cotton exhibits excellent durability and improves the strength of the fabric. This is attributed to the covalent bonding between the "H" type flame retardant and multiple cellulose molecules, which compensates for the cracks and holes at the submicroscopic scale of natural cellulose and weakens the molecular slip effect. The research results of this article provide a good opportunity for the development of biomass cellulose flame retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangji Liu
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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5
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Feng Y, He Y, Lin X, Xie M, Liu M, Lvov Y. Assembly of Clay Nanotubes on Cotton Fibers Mediated by Biopolymer for Robust and High-Performance Hemostatic Dressing. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202265. [PMID: 36314398 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrollable bleeding from military conflicts, accidents, and surgical procedures is a major life-threatening factor. Rapid, safe, and convenient hemostasis is critical to the survival of bleeding patients in prehospital care. However, the peel-off of hemostats such as kaolinite sheets from the cotton fibers often poses a risk of distal thrombosis. Here, an efficient clay hemostat of halloysite nanotubes is tightly bound onto commercial cotton fibers, which is capillary mediated by biopolymer alginate with Ca2+ crosslinking. The robust clay nanotube dressing materials maintain high procoagulant activity after harsh water treatment, and only a few residuals of halloysite exist in the wound area. Compared with commercial hemostat QuikClot Combat gauze, halloysite-alginate-cotton composite dressing exhibits hemostatic properties both in vivo and in vitro with high safety. The hemostatic mechanism of the dressing is attributed to activating platelets, locally concentrating clotting components in the nanoclay, halloysite coagulation factors, and alginate cross-linked with Ca2+ . This work inspires robust self-assembly of clay nanotubes on textile fibers and offers a hemostatic material with balanced high hemostatic activity, minimal ingredient loss, and biocompatibility. The robust dressing based on halloysite tightly bounded cotton shows great potential for military, medical, and civil bleeding control with low health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Yunqing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yuri Lvov
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
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Rodriguez-Melendez D, Langhansl M, Helmbrecht A, Palen B, Zollfrank C, Grunlan JC. Biorenewable Polyelectrolyte Nanocoating for Flame-Retardant Cotton-Based Paper. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32599-32603. [PMID: 36120026 PMCID: PMC9476518 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-based raw paper, made of 100% cellulose, is used to make humidity-sensing, cottonid for bio-architecture applications. Despite its renewability and excellent mechanical properties, it is inherently flammable. In an effort to reduce its flammability, thin films of fully renewable and environmentally benign polyelectrolytes, chitosan (CH) and phytic acid (PA), were deposited on raw paper via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only four bilayers (BL) of the CH/PA coating are required to achieve self-extinguishing behavior, with a 69% reduction in peak heat release rate measured by microscale combustion calorimetry. These results demonstrate that this renewable intumescent LbL-assembled film provides an effective flame-retardant treatment for these environmentally friendly, climate-adaptive construction materials and could potentially be used to protect many cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Langhansl
- Chair
of Biogenic Polymers, TUM Campus Straubing
for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, D-94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Alexander Helmbrecht
- Chair
of Biogenic Polymers, TUM Campus Straubing
for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, D-94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Chair
of Biogenic Polymers, TUM Campus Straubing
for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, D-94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Javed A, Wiener J, Saskova J, Müllerová J. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and N-Methylol Dimethyl Phosphonopropion Amide (MDPA) System for Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3414. [PMID: 36015672 PMCID: PMC9416732 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present research work was to develop halogen and formaldehyde-free, durable flame retardant fabric along with multifunctional properties and to find the optimal conditions and parameters. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were grown onto 100% cotton fabric using the sonochemical method. Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as precursors. After ZnO NPs growth, N-Methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (MDPA) flame retardant was applied in the presence of 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as cross-linkers using the conventional pad-dry-cure method. Induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine the deposited amount of Zn and phosphorous (P) contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to determine the surface morphology and characterization of the developed samples. Furthermore, the thermal degradation of the untreated and treated samples was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the vertical flame retardant test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and antibacterial activity of samples were examined. The developed samples showed excellent results for flame retardancy (i.e., 39 mm char length, 0 s after flame time, 0 s after glow time), 32.2 LOI, 143.76 UPF, and 100% antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Javed
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Wiener
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Saskova
- Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Müllerová
- Department of Nanochemistry, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
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Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041441. [PMID: 35207983 PMCID: PMC8875570 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during diagnostic medical procedures brings certain risks, especially when experiencing recurrent exposures. The fabrication of nano-based composites, doped with different nanoparticles, have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based ones in material sciences and nanotechnology. In this study, commercially available fabrics, used to produce scrubs and gowns for clinical staff, are modified utilizing graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. GO was obtained from graphite through environmentally friendly technology by using a modified-improved Hummers' method without NaNO3. Lightweight, flexible, air- and water-permeable shielding materials are produced that are wearable in all-day clinical practice. The nanoparticles are kept to a minimum at 1 wt%; however, utilizing the LBL technique they are distributed evenly along the fibers of the fabrics to achieve as much shielding effect as possible. The evaluation of samples is accomplished by simulating real-time routine clinical procedures and the radiographic programs and devices used daily. The GO-coated nanocomposite fabrics demonstrated promising results for X-ray shielding.
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