1
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Chen S, Taing H, Ahmida M, He HY, Carr A, Muchall HM, Eichhorn SH. Core charge of imidazolium annulated triphenylene derivatives induces discotic columnar mesomorphism. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:7854-7864. [PMID: 39315415 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Thermotropic ionic liquid crystals have remained a relatively little studied group of materials despite their many potential applications as anisotropic ionic liquids and charge (ion and electron/hole) transporting materials. Particularly rare are core charged discotic liquid crystals because their synthesis is usually more involved, and their molecular design is less established. Presented here is a straightforward and versatile synthetic approach to imidazolium annulated triphenylene derivatives. Their neutral imidazole precursors are not liquid crystalline while the imidazolium salts display hexagonal discotic columnar mesophases over a wide range of temperatures and as low as 47 °C. Computational studies at the DFT and PM6 levels of theory confirmed much higher stacking energies for the imidazolium salts compared to the neutral imidazole precursors. They also predicted the anions of columnar stacks of imidazolium salts to be positioned in the bay-positions next to the imidazolium unit and in-plane with the polyaromatic system. The anions were stabilized in the bay position by multiple interactions with partially positively charged H atoms and do not interfere with π-π stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Hi Taing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Ahmida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Hong Yi He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Aiden Carr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Heidi M Muchall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM) Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - S Holger Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 401 Sunset Ave, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
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2
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Ichikawa T, Obara S, Yamaguchi S, Tang Y, Kato T, Zeng X. Design of V-shaped ionic liquid crystals: atropisomerisation ability and formation of double-gyroid molecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11279-11282. [PMID: 39196639 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
We designed V-shaped ionic liquid crystals with two sterically congested ionic parts at the vertex. Depending on the degree of steric hindrance, atropisomerisation occurred in solution. All compounds formed bicontinuous cubic phases with double-gyroid structures in the bulk state, partially owing to the co-existence of atropisomers with opposite chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Soki Obara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Saori Yamaguchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Yumin Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Toshiyo Kato
- Smart-Core-Facility Promotion Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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3
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Kolmangadi MA, Wani YM, Schönhals A, Nikoubashman A. Coarse-Grained Simulations of Columnar Ionic Liquid Crystals: Comparison with Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8215-8222. [PMID: 39163525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
We simulate a homologous series of guanidinium-based columnar ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the Martini force field. We systematically vary the length of alkyl side chains, ILC-n (n = 8, 12, 16), and compare our results with previous experimental findings. Experimentally, ILC-8 exhibits a narrow mesophase window and weak columnar order, while ILC-12 and ILC-16 display a broad mesophase window and high columnar order. The MD simulations show that ILC-8 forms a percolated structure, whereas the longer chain analogues self-assemble into columns, with columnar assembly becoming more prominent as the side chain length increases, in qualitative agreement with the experiments. Furthermore, the intercolumnar distance increases monotonically with increasing side chain length and decreases with increasing temperature. Finally, we find that the diffusion coefficient and ionic conductivity decrease substantially with increasing chain length, consistent with experimental observations. We attribute this decrease in mobility to the formation of hexagonally ordered columns, which restrict transport more than percolated networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Kolmangadi
- Bundesantalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yashraj M Wani
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesantalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Abeysekera I, Bosire R, Masese FK, Ndaya D, Kasi RM. Ionic nanoporous membranes from self-assembled liquid crystalline brush-like imidazolium triblock copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6834-6847. [PMID: 39150444 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00449c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a need to generate mechanically and thermally robust ionic nanoporous membranes for separation and fuel cell applications. Herein, we report a general approach to the preparation of ionic nanoporous membranes through custom synthesis, self-assembly, and subsequent chemical manipulations of ionic brush block copolymers. We synthesized polynorbornene-based triblock copolymers containing imidazolium cations balanced by counter anions in the central block, side-chain liquid crystalline units, and sidechain polylactide end blocks. This unique platform comprises: (1) imidazolium/bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) as the middle block, which has an excellent ion-exchange ability, (2) cyanobiphenyl liquid crystalline end block, a sterically hindered hydrophobic segment, which is chemically stable and immune to hydroxide attack, (3) polylactide brush-like units on the other end block that is easily etched under mild alkaline conditions and (4) a polynorbornene backbone, a lightly crosslinked system that offers mechanical robustness. These membranes retain their morphology before and after backbone crosslinking as well as etching of polylactide sidechains. The ion exchange performance and dimensional stability of these membranes were investigated by water uptake capability and swelling ratio. Moreover, the length of the carbon spacer in the imidazolium/TFSI central block moiety endowed the membrane with improved ionic conductivity. The ionic nanoporous materials are unusual due to their singular thermal, mechanical, alkaline stability and ion transport properties. Applications of these materials include electrochemical actuators, solid-state ionic nanochannel biosensors, and ion-conducting membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyomali Abeysekera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Reuben Bosire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Francis K Masese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Dennis Ndaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rajeswari M Kasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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5
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Li Z, Raab A, Kolmangadi MA, Busch M, Grunwald M, Demel F, Bertram F, Kityk AV, Schönhals A, Laschat S, Huber P. Self-Assembly of Ionic Superdiscs in Nanopores. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14414-14426. [PMID: 38760015 PMCID: PMC11155240 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Discotic ionic liquid crystals (DILCs) consist of self-assembled superdiscs of cations and anions that spontaneously stack in linear columns with high one-dimensional ionic and electronic charge mobility, making them prominent model systems for functional soft matter. Compared to classical nonionic discotic liquid crystals, many liquid crystalline structures with a combination of electronic and ionic conductivity have been reported, which are of interest for separation membranes, artificial ion/proton conducting membranes, and optoelectronics. Unfortunately, a homogeneous alignment of the DILCs on the macroscale is often not achievable, which significantly limits the applicability of DILCs. Infiltration into nanoporous solid scaffolds can, in principle, overcome this drawback. However, due to the experimental challenges to scrutinize liquid crystalline order in extreme spatial confinement, little is known about the structures of DILCs in nanopores. Here, we present temperature-dependent high-resolution optical birefringence measurement and 3D reciprocal space mapping based on synchrotron X-ray scattering to investigate the thermotropic phase behavior of dopamine-based ionic liquid crystals confined in cylindrical channels of 180 nm diameter in macroscopic anodic aluminum oxide membranes. As a function of the membranes' hydrophilicity and thus the molecular anchoring to the pore walls (edge-on or face-on) and the variation of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance between the aromatic cores and the alkyl side chain motifs of the superdiscs by tailored chemical synthesis, we find a particularly rich phase behavior, which is not present in the bulk state. It is governed by a complex interplay of liquid crystalline elastic energies (bending and splay deformations), polar interactions, and pure geometric confinement and includes textural transitions between radial and axial alignment of the columns with respect to the long nanochannel axis. Furthermore, confinement-induced continuous order formation is observed in contrast to discontinuous first-order phase transitions, which can be quantitatively described by Landau-de Gennes free energy models for liquid crystalline order transitions in confinement. Our observations suggest that the infiltration of DILCs into nanoporous solids allows tailoring their nanoscale texture and ion channel formation and thus their electrical and optical functionalities over an even wider range than in the bulk state in a homogeneous manner on the centimeter scale as controlled by the monolithic nanoporous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqing Li
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aileen Raab
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohamed Aejaz Kolmangadi
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Busch
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Grunwald
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Demel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andriy V. Kityk
- Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University
of Technology, Al. Armii
Krajowej 17, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität
Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute
for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg
University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Ebert M, Lange A, Müller M, Wuckert E, Gießelmann F, Klamroth T, Zens A, Taubert A, Laschat S. Counterion effects on the mesomorphic and electrochemical properties of guanidinium salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11988-12002. [PMID: 38573315 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) combine the ion mobility of ionic liquids with the order and self-assembly of thermotropic mesophases. To understand the role of the anion in ILCs, wedge-shaped arylguanidinium salts with tetradecyloxy side chains were chosen as benchmark systems and their liquid crystalline self-assembly in the bulk phase as well as their electrochemical behavior in solution were studied depending on the anion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) experiments revealed that for spherical anions, the phase width of the hexagonal columnar mesophase increased with the anion size, while for non-spherical anions, the trends were less clear cut. Depending on the anion, the ILCs showed different stability towards electrochemical oxidation and reduction with the most stable being the PF6 based compound. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a possible contribution of the guanidinium cation to the oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Michael Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Eugen Wuckert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Frank Gießelmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Tillmann Klamroth
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Golm 14476, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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7
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Grunwald MA, Hagenlocher SE, Turkanovic L, Bauch SM, Wachsmann SB, Altevogt LA, Ebert M, Knöller JA, Raab AR, Schulz F, Kolmangadi MA, Zens A, Huber P, Schönhals A, Bilitiewski U, Laschat S. Does thermotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly control biological activity in amphiphilic amino acids? - tyrosine ILCs as a case study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37366119 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic amino acids represent promising scaffolds for biologically active soft matter. In order to understand the bulk self-assembly of amphiphilic amino acids into thermotropic liquid crystalline phases and their biological properties a series of tyrosine ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) was synthesized, carrying a benzoate unit with 0-3 alkoxy chains at the tyrosine unit and a cationic guanidinium head group. Investigation of the mesomorphic properties by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) revealed smectic A bilayers (SmAd) for ILCs with 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates, whereas ILCs with 3,4,5-trisalkoxybenzoates showed hexagonal columnar mesophases (Colh), while different counterions had only a minor influence. Dielectric measurements revealed a slightly higher dipole moment of non-mesomorphic tyrosine-benzoates as compared to their mesomorphic counterparts. The absence of lipophilic side chains on the benzoate unit was important for the biological activity. Thus, non-mesomorphic tyrosine benzoates and crown ether benzoates devoid of additional side chains at the benzoate unit displayed the highest cytotoxicities (against L929 mouse fibroblast cell line) and antimicrobial activity (against Escherichia coli ΔTolC and Staphylococcus aureus) and promising selectivity ratio in favour of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco André Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Selina Emilie Hagenlocher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Larissa Turkanovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Soeren Magnus Bauch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Luca Alexa Altevogt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Julius Agamemnon Knöller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aileen Rebecca Raab
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Finn Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, D-22605 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures ChyN, University Hamburg, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ursula Bilitiewski
- AG Compound Profiling and Screening, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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8
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Review of Non-Crystalline and Crystalline Quaternary Ammonium Ions: Classification, Structural and Thermal Insight into Tetraalkylammonium Ions. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Guschlbauer J, Niedzicki L, Jacob L, Rzeszotarska E, Pociecha D, Kaszyński P. Liquid Crystalline Electrolytes Derived from the 1,12-Disubstituted [closo-CB11H12]– Anion. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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10
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Santos AF, Figueirinhas JL, Dias CM, Godinho MH, Branco LC, Dionísio M. Study of the Mesomorphic Properties and Conductivity of N-Alkyl-2-Picolinium Ionic Liquid Crystals. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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11
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Haege C, Jagiella S, Giesselmann F. Towards Nematic Phases in Ionic Liquid Crystals - A Simulation Study. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200424. [PMID: 36053025 PMCID: PMC10092135 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are soft matter materials with broad liquid crystalline phases and intrinsic electric conductivity. They typically consist of a rod-shaped mesogenic ion and a smaller spherical counter-ion. Their mesomorphic properties can be easily tuned by exchanging the counter ion. ILCs show a strong tendency to form smectic A phases due to the segregation of ionic and the non-ionic molecular segments. Nematic phases are therefore extremely rare in ILCs and the question of why nematic phases are so exceptional in existing ILCs, and how nematic ILCs might be obtained in the future is of vital interest for both the fundamental understanding and the potential applications of ILCs. Here, we present the result of a simulation study, which highlights the crucial role of the location of the ionic charge on the rod-like mesogenic ions in the phase behaviour of ILCs. We find that shifting the charge from the ends towards the centre of the mesogenic ion destabilizes the liquid crystalline state and induces a change from smectic A to nematic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Haege
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Jagiella
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Corrente GA, Di Maio G, La Deda M, Ruiz de Ballesteros O, Gabriele B, Veltri L, Auriemma F, Beneduci A. The Rainbow Arching over the Fluorescent Thienoviologen Mesophases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4284. [PMID: 36500907 PMCID: PMC9736400 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermofluorochromic materials exhibit tunable fluorescence emission on heating or cooling. They are highly desirable for applications ranging from temperature sensing to high-security anti-counterfeiting. Luminescent matrices based on liquid crystals are very promising, particularly those based on liquid crystals with intrinsic fluorescence. However, only a few examples have been reported, suggesting ample margins for development in the field, due to the wide range of fluorophores and supramolecular organizations to be explored. Moreover, thermofluorochromic liquid crystals can be tailored with further functionalities to afford multi-stimuli responsive materials. For the first time, herein we report the thermofluorochromism of thienoviologen liquid crystals, already known to show bulk electrochromism and electrofluorochromism. In particular, we studied their photophysics in the 25 °C-220 °C range and as a function of the length of the N-linear alkyl chains, m (9 ≤ m ≤ 12 C atoms), and the type of anion, X (X = OTs-, OTf-, BF4-, NTf2-). Interestingly, by changing the parameters m, X and T, their fluorescence can be finely tuned in the whole visible spectral range up to the NIR, by switching among different mesophases. Importantly, by fixing the structural parameters m and X, an interesting thermofluorochromism can be achieved for each thienoviologen in a homologous series, leading to a switch of the emitted light from red to green and from white to blue as a consequence of the temperature-induced variation in the supramolecular interactions in the self-assembled phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Anna Corrente
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Maio
- Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, U.O.S. Cosenza, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Odda Ruiz de Ballesteros
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Amerigo Beneduci
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Processes for Industry, Environment and Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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13
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Wachsmann SB, Bauhof J, Raab AR, Zens A, Sottmann T, Laschat S. N-Alkylimidazolium carboxylates as a new type of catanionic surface active ionic liquid: synthesis, thermotropic behavior and micellization in water. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7773-7781. [PMID: 36177986 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00854h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at a new type of salt-free CASAIL (Catanionic Surface Active IL) for electrochemical applications or emulsifiers, dispersants, and foaming or antifoaming agents, we combined mesogenic anions (carboxylate) and cations (imidazolium) of similar shape and size to synthesize a series of congruent ion pairs of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylcarboxylates [Cnmim][Cm-1COO] (n = 10-16, m = 10-16). With particular focus on alkyl chain length varieties in both, imidazolium cations and carboxylate anions (n/m), the self-assembly in the bulk phase and in solution was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments and surface tension measurements. Our results revealed that the presence of long alkyl chains on both the cation n and anion m leads to improved thermal stability of the bulk material while maintaining broad lamellar (SmA) mesophases. In water, we observed a strong and linear decrease of log(cmc) for increasing both the carboxylate anion and imidazolium cation chain length due to the increasing hydrophobic effect. Surprisingly, for both thermotropic behavior and micellization, the chain length of the carboxylate anion had a stronger impact than the chain length of the imidazolium cation, indicating its greater surface activity and tendency to form micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Wachsmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jessica Bauhof
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aileen Rebecca Raab
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Evidence of Counterion Size Effect on the Stability of Columnar Phase of Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Pyridinium Salts Derived from N-3,4,5-Tri(alkyloxy)-benzyl-4-pyridones. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of novel ionic liquid crystals based on pyridinium salts with Br− and PF6− counterions are described in this work. These pyridinium salts were derived from 4-hydroxypyridine, both by N- and O-alkylation. The 3,4,5-tri(alkyloxy)-benzyl mesogenic unit was attached to the nitrogen atom of the pyridinium ring. Alkyl chains with a different number of carbon atoms (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14) were employed in order to show the effect on the stability of mesophase. The POM (polarizing optical microscopy) and XRD (powder X-ray diffraction) studies indicated that bromide salts with shorter chains C6, C8 and C10 do not show mesomorphic properties, while longer chain analogues with C12 and C14 exhibit two enantiotropic columnar phases. Surprisingly, the pyridinium salts with the larger size PF6− counterion do not exhibit liquid crystal properties.
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15
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Babamale HF, Khor BK, Chear NJY, Haque RA, Yam W. The First tetrafluorinated azobenzene-imidazolium ionic conjugates as potential thermotropic liquid crystalline drugs: Self-assembly properties and cytotoxic effects. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Knöller JA, Forschner R, Frey W, Lang J, Baro A, Zens A, Molard Y, Giesselmann F, Claasen B, Laschat S. Chasing Self-Assembly of Thioether-Substituted Flavylium Salts in Solution and Bulk State. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200154. [PMID: 35446455 PMCID: PMC9400860 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Two series of flavylium triflates carrying alkoxy side chains in the A‐ring (benzo unit of chromylium salt) and thioethers in the B ring (phenyl unit) (On‐Fla‐Sm) as well as thioethers at both A and B ring (Sn‐Fla‐Sm) were synthesized in order to understand the effect of thioether functionalization on their self‐assembly and electronic properties. Concentration‐dependent and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR experiments of O1‐iV‐Fla‐S3 indicate the formation of columnar H‐aggregates in solution with antiparallel intracolumnar stacking of the AC unit (chromylium) of the flavylium triflate, in agreement with the solid state structure of O1‐V‐Fla‐S1. Thioether substitution on the B ring changes the linear optical properties in solution, whereas it has no effect on the A ring. According to differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction bulk self‐assembly of these ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) depends on the total number of side chains, yielding SmA and LamCol phases for ILCs with 2–3 chains and Colro, Colh phases for ILCs with 3–6 chains. Thus, we demonstrated that thioethers are a useful design tool for ILCs with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius A Knöller
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Robert Forschner
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Johannes Lang
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Angelika Baro
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Anna Zens
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Yann Molard
- University of Rennes 1 - Health Sciences Campus Villejean: Universite de Rennes 1 - Campus Sante de Villejean, Institut of Chemical Science, GERMANY
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Birgit Claasen
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, GERMANY
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Organische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, GERMANY
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17
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Qu R, Li G. Overview of Liquid Crystal Biosensors: From Basic Theory to Advanced Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:205. [PMID: 35448265 PMCID: PMC9032088 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs), as the remarkable optical materials possessing stimuli-responsive property and optical modulation property simultaneously, have been utilized to fabricate a wide variety of optical devices. Integrating the LCs and receptors together, LC biosensors aimed at detecting various biomolecules have been extensively explored. Compared with the traditional biosensing technologies, the LC biosensors are simple, visualized, and efficient. Owning to the irreplaceable superiorities, the research enthusiasm for the LC biosensors is rapidly rising. As a result, it is necessary to overview the development of the LC biosensors to guide future work. This article reviews the basic theory and advanced applications of LC biosensors. We first discuss different mesophases and geometries employed to fabricate LC biosensors, after which we introduce various detecting mechanisms involved in biomolecular detection. We then focus on diverse detection targets such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, glucose, cholesterol, bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. For each of these targets, the development history and state-of-the-art work are exhibited in detail. Finally, the current challenges and potential development directions of the LC biosensors are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Qu
- Intelligent Optical Imaging and Sensing Group, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Intelligent Optical Imaging and Sensing Group, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311121, China
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18
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Simulations of Graphene Oxide Dispersions as Discotic Nematic Liquid Crystals in Couette Flow Using Ericksen-Leslie (EL) Theory. FLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids7030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to simulate the flow of graphene oxide (GO) dispersions, a discotic nematic liquid crystal (DNLC), using the Ericksen-Leslie (EL) theory. GO aqueous suspension, as a lubricant, effectively reduces the friction between solid surfaces. The geometry considered in this study was two cylinders with a small gap size, which is the preliminary geometry for journal bearings. The Leslie viscosity coefficients calculated in our previous study were used to calculate the stress tensor in the EL theory. The behavior of GO dispersions in the concentration range of 15 mg/mL to 30 mg/mL, shown in our recent experiments to be in the nematic phase, was investigated to obtain the orientation and the viscosity profile. The viscosities of GO dispersions obtained from numerical simulations were compared with those from our recent experimental study, and we observed that the values are within the range of experimental uncertainty. In addition, the alignment angles of GO dispersions at different concentrations were calculated numerically using EL theory and compared with the respective theoretical values, which were within 1% error. The anchoring angles corresponding to viscosity values closest to the experimental results were between 114 and 118 degrees. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effects of different ratios of the elasticity coefficients in EL theory. Using this procedure, the same study could be extended for other DNLCs in different geometries.
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19
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Yamasumi K, Sugiura S, Tanaka H, Maeda H. Charged π-Electronic Systems That Provide Assembled Structures. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan Universit
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20
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Lamellar Tetragonal Symmetry of Amphiphilic Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals in the Framework of Other Closely Related Highly Ordered Structures. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the chemical compounds forming the rare smectic T phases is presented with references to the historical context. Thermodynamics (transition temperatures, enthalpies) along with the factors (stereochemical constraints, electrostatic interactions, aliphatic chain stacking, intermolecular forces) contributing to the adoption of tetragonal scaffolds are also discussed. Characteristic optical microscopy textures and X-ray diffraction patterns are presented. In parallel, a comparison of the geometrical parameters such as distances between atoms, molecular areas, volumes, and lattice parameters with the closest two-dimensional and three-dimensional organizations, is performed.
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21
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Kapernaum N, Lange A, Ebert M, Grunwald MA, Haege C, Marino S, Zens A, Taubert A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100397. [PMID: 34931472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), that is, ionic liquids exhibiting mesomorphism, liquid crystalline phases, and anisotropic properties, have received intense attention in the past years. Among others, this is due to their special properties arising from the combination of properties stemming from ionic liquids and from liquid crystalline arrangements. Besides interesting fundamental aspects, ILCs have been claimed to have tremendous application potential that again arises from the combination of properties and architectures that are not accessible otherwise, or at least not accessible easily by other strategies. The current review highlights recent developments in ILC research, starting with some key fundamental aspects. Further subjects covered include the synthesis and variations of modern ILCs, including the specific tuning of their mesomorphic behavior. The review concludes with reflections on some applications that may be within reach for ILCs and finally highlights a few key challenges that must be overcome prior and during true commercialization of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco A Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Haege
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Yan A, Sokolinski T, Lane W, Tan J, Ferris K, Ryan EM. Applying transfer learning with convolutional neural networks to identify novel electrolytes for metal air batteries. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Bhowmik PK, Koh JJ, King D, Han H, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Zaton D, Martinez-Felipe A. Dicationic stilbazolium salts: Structural, thermal, optical, and ionic conduction properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Wang YL, Li B, Laaksonen A. Coarse-grained simulations of ionic liquid materials: from monomeric ionic liquids to ionic liquid crystals and polymeric ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19435-19456. [PMID: 34524303 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02662c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) materials are promising electrolytes with striking physicochemical properties for energy and environmental applications. Heterogeneous structures and transport quantities of monomeric and polymeric ILs are intrinsically intercorrelated and span multiple spatiotemporal scales, which is more feasible for coarse-grained (CG) simulations than atomistic modelling. Herein we constructed a novel CG model for ethyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ILs with varied cation alkyl chains ranging from C2 to C20, and the interaction parameters were validated against representative static and dynamic properties that were obtained from atomistic reference simulations and experimental characterizations at relevant thermodynamic states. This CG model was extended to study thermotropic phase behaviors of monomeric ILs and to explore ion association structures and ion transport quantities in polymeric ILs with different architectures. A systematic analysis of structural and dynamical quantities identifies an evolution of liquid morphology from homogeneous to nanosegregated structures and then a smectic mesomorphism via a gradual lengthening of cation alkyl chains, and thereafter a distinct structural transition characterized by a monotonic decrease in orientational and translational order parameters in a sequential heating cascade. Backbone and pendant polymeric ILs exhibit evident anion association structures with cation monomers and polymer chains, and striking intra- and interchain coordinations between cation monomers owing to an intrinsic polymer architecture effect. Such a peculiar ion pairing association leads to a progressive increase in anion intrachain hopping probabilities, and a concomitant decrease in anion interchain hopping events with a gradual lengthening of polymeric ILs. The anion diffusivities in polymeric ILs are intrinsically correlated with ion pairing association lifetimes and ion structural relaxation times via a universal power law correlation D ∼ τ-1, irrespective of polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. .,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
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25
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Ciastek-Iskrzycka S, Szczytko J, Monobe H, Pociecha D, Jasiński M, Kaszyński P. Paramagnetic ionic liquid crystals: Ion conductive bent-core derivatives of stable radicals. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Lu YC, Hsu HF, Lai LL. Unconventional Approaches to Prepare Triazine-Based Liquid Crystal Dendrimers. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082112. [PMID: 34443941 PMCID: PMC8399522 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most triazine-based liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimers reported thus far are the main-chain LC macromolecules with long flexible chains at their periphery and attached to internal rigid or semi-rigid frameworks. Their formation of mesogenic phases often depends on the intermolecular face-to-face π-π interactions between dendritic molecules, which are unusual. Their mesogenic phases can also be formed by incorporation of mesogenic units to the dendritic skeletons through long flexible chains, as most side-chain LC dendrimers, in which the peripheral mesogenic units generally play the important roles. For main-chain triazine-based dendrimers, their morphology is maintained by restricted freedom of rigid or semi-rigid connecting units, and their formations of LC phases are therefore not straightforward to be controlled. In this review, we thus describe modulating of the intermolecular face-to-face π-π interactions between the triazine-based dendritic molecules, with the aim of forming LC phases through molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chih Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Rd., Puli, Nantou 545, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Fu Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Rd., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
| | - Long-Li Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Rd., Puli, Nantou 545, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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27
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Makiura R, Niwa A, Eimura H, Uchida J, Kato T. Air/Water Interfacial Monolayer Assembly of Peptide-Conjugated Liquid-Crystalline Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Makiura
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Anna Niwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroki Eimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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28
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29
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Takeuchi H, Ichikawa T. Creation of Gyroid Nanostructured Polymer Films from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Containing a Polymerizable Ionic Liquid as a Solvent. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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30
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Kobayashi T, Li YX, Hirota Y, Maekawa A, Nishiyama N, Zeng XB, Ichikawa T. Gyroid-Nanostructured All-Solid Polymer Films Combining High H + Conductivity with Low H 2 Permeability. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100115. [PMID: 33960572 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gyroid-nanostructured all-solid polymer films with exceedingly high proton conductivity and low H2 gas permeability have been created via crosslinking polymerization of mixtures of a zwitterionic amphiphilic monomer and a polymerizable imide-type acid that co-organize into bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline phases. The gyroid nanostructures are visualized by reconstructing a 3D electron map from the synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns. These films exhibit high proton conductivity of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 and extremely low H2 gas permeability of the order of 10-15 mol m m-2 s-1 Pa-1 . These properties can be ascribed to the presence of the ionic liquid-like layer along the gyroid minimal surface. Since these two characteristics are required for improving the performance of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, the present membrane design represents a promising strategy for the development of advanced devices, pertinent to establishing sustainable energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ya-Xin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Yuichiro Hirota
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Asako Maekawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishiyama
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Xiang-Bing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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31
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Shete A, Nadaf S, Doijad R, Killedar S. Liquid Crystals: Characteristics, Types of Phases and Applications in Drug Delivery. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Molecular dynamics and electrical conductivity of Guanidinium based ionic liquid crystals: Influence of cation headgroup configuration. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Xia X, Peng J, Wan Q, Wang X, Fan Z, Zhao J, Li F. Functionalized Ionic Liquid-Crystal Additive for Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Excellent Moisture Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17677-17689. [PMID: 33844907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation solar cells. However, the limited stability of PSCs hampers their practical applications. In this work, for the first time, a functionalized π-conjugated ionic liquid crystal (ILC), 4'-(N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide hexyloxy)-4-cyanobiphenyl (6CNBP-N), is developed as a novel chemical additive to obtain CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) PSCs with high efficiency and excellent moisture stability. This 6CNBP-N ILC possesses the characteristics of ionic liquids and liquid crystals. The inclusion of the 6CNBP-N ILC can effectively improve the quality and stability of perovskite films, reduce the trap-state densities, and promote the carrier transport induced by the cyano group (C≡N), a rod-like π-conjugated biphenyl mesogenic unit and quaternary alkylammonium cations (R4N+) in 6CNBP-N. Through this functionalized ILC engineering strategy, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs is greatly increased from 18.07% for the control PSC to 20.45% for the PSC with 6CNBP-N along with the depressed hysteresis effect and enhanced moisture stability of PSCs. Our work provides a new strategy for designing functionalized additives for high-performance PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qixin Wan
- Key Laboratory for Optoelectronics and Communication of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhiping Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
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Giudice N, L'Her M, Scrafton E, Atoini Y, Gentile G, Heinrich B, Berthiot R, Aliprandi A, Douce L. Luminescent Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Naphthalene‐Imidazolium Unit. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giudice
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Matthieu L'Her
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Emma Scrafton
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Youssef Atoini
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS - UMR 7006) Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 8 Rue Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS - UMR 7006) Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 8 Rue Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Romain Berthiot
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS - UMR 7006) Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 8 Rue Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Laurent Douce
- Département des Matériaux Organiques Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (UMR 7504) Université de Strasbourg/CNRS 23 Rue du Loess 67000 Strasbourg France
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35
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Bhowmik PK, Noori O, Chen SL, Han H, Fisch MR, Robb CM, Variyam A, Martinez-Felipe A. Ionic liquid crystals: Synthesis and characterization via NMR, DSC, POM, X-ray diffraction and ionic conductivity of asymmetric viologen bistriflimide salts. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Uchida J, Yoshio M, Kato T. Self-healing and shape memory functions exhibited by supramolecular liquid-crystalline networks formed by combination of hydrogen bonding interactions and coordination bonding. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6091-6098. [PMID: 33996005 PMCID: PMC8098694 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report a new approach to develop self-healing shape memory supramolecular liquid-crystalline (LC) networks through self-assembly of molecular building blocks via combination of hydrogen bonding and coordination bonding. We have designed and synthesized supramolecular LC polymers and networks based on the complexation of a forklike mesogenic ligand with Ag+ ions and carboxylic acids. Unidirectionally aligned fibers and free-standing films forming layered LC nanostructures have been obtained for the supramolecular LC networks. We have found that hybrid supramolecular LC networks formed through metal-ligand interactions and hydrogen bonding exhibit both self-healing properties and shape memory functions, while hydrogen-bonded LC networks only show self-healing properties. The combination of hydrogen bonds and metal-ligand interactions allows the tuning of intermolecular interactions and self-assembled structures, leading to the formation of the dynamic supramolecular LC materials. The new material design presented here has potential for the development of smart LC materials and functional LC membranes with tunable responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshio
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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Liu M, Shiba H, Liu H, Peng H. Molecular-dynamics simulations on the mesophase transition induced by oscillatory shear in imidazolium-based ionic liquid crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6496-6508. [PMID: 33688864 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C12mim][PF6]) ionic liquid crystal (ILC) with the application of an oscillatory shear. We found that the oscillatory shear can both accelerate and suppress mesophase formation depending on shear amplitude. A small amplitude shear can speed up the mesophase transition dynamics and result in a more ordered mesomorphic structure than that without shear, i.e., an effect of accelerated aging. The mesophase is destabilized when the shear amplitude is large enough, resulting in a smectic A (SmA) to liquid or a smectic B (SmB) to SmA transition, with the mesophase behaviour summarized in an out-of-equilibrium phase diagram. Inside the layer plane a medium-range hexatic order was observed, with the correlation length extending to several nanometres in the shear-induced SmA phase. We rationalize the nonequilibrium mesophase behaviour from the rheology of isotropic liquids, finding a temperature-independent critical relaxation time for the mesophase transition in the translational or rotational dynamics. This finding can be used to predict the mesophase behaviour in the sheared ILCs from the rheology of isotropic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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38
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Majhi D, Dvinskikh SV. Ion conformation and orientational order in a dicationic ionic liquid crystal studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5985. [PMID: 33727569 PMCID: PMC7971035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids crystals belong to a special class of ionic liquids that exhibit thermotropic liquid-crystalline behavior. Recently, dicationic ionic liquid crystals have been reported with a cation containing two single-charged ions covalently linked by a spacer. In ionic liquid crystals, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions in ionic sublayer and van der Waals interaction in hydrophobic domains are the main forces contributing to the mesophase stabilization and determining the molecular orientational order and conformation. How these properties in dicationic materials are compared to those in conventional monocationic analogs? We address this question using a combination of advanced NMR methods and DFT analysis. Dicationic salt 3,3′-(1,6-hexanediyl)bis(1-dodecylimidazolium)dibromide was studied. Local bond order parameters of flexible alkyl side chains, linker chain, and alignment of rigid polar groups were analyzed. The dynamic spacer effectively “decouples” the motion of two ionic moieties. Hence, local order and alignment in dicationic mesophase were similar to those in analogous single-chain monocationic salts. Bond order parameters in the side chains in the dicationic smectic phase were found consistently lower compared to double-chain monocationic analogs, suggesting decreasing contribution of van der Waals forces. Overall dication reorientation in the smectic phase was characterized by low values of orientational order parameter S. With increased interaction energy in the polar domain the layered structure is stabilized despite less ordered dications. The results emphasized the trends in the orientational order in ionic liquid crystals and contributed to a better understanding of interparticle interactions driving smectic assembly in this and analogous ionic mesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden. .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sergey V Dvinskikh
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Cavallo G, Abate A, Rosati M, Paolo Venuti G, Pilati T, Terraneo G, Resnati G, Metrangolo P. Tuning of Ionic Liquid Crystal Properties by Combining Halogen Bonding and Fluorous Effect. Chempluschem 2021; 86:469-474. [PMID: 33704927 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report halogen-bonded complexes between 1-polyfluoroalkyl-3-alkylimidazolium iodides and mono-iodoperfluoroalkanes of different chain lengths or di-iodoperfluorooctane. 19 F NMR analyses revealed that the preferred stoichiometry between the donors and acceptors is 1 : 1 in the cases of the mono-iodoperfluoroalkanes, and 2 : 1 with di-iodoperfluorooctane, as a result of the monodentate behavior of the iodide anion (halogen bond acceptor). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses showed the presence of a perfluorinated superanion, which interdigitates with the cation fluorinated chains, favoring the formation of lamellar structures. All of the obtained supramolecular complexes exhibit enantiotropic liquid crystalline phases over a broad range of temperatures. Most of the obtained complexes show melting points lower than 100 °C, two of them being liquid at room temperature, thus representing a new family of fluorinated ionic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Rosati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolo Venuti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Tullio Pilati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milano, Italy
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40
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Young CM, Chang CL, Chen YH, Chen CY, Chang YF, Chen HL. Dendrimer-mediated columnar mesophase of surfactants. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:397-409. [PMID: 33174582 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The columnar mesophase, in which the molecular or supramolecular building blocks with rod-like geometry pack into two-dimensional (2D) lattices, is an important class of mesomorphic structure having been found in various liquid crystalline materials for practical applications. The cylindrical micelles assembled by amphiphilic surfactants may also form columnar mesophases with the micelle packing symmetry being tunable by the molecular characteristics of the surfactants. In this study, we demonstrate that a positively charged tree-like polymer, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G4 dendrimer, acted as an effective structure-directing agent for the columnar mesophase of a common anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), via their electrostatic interaction. By adjusting the dendrimer charge density and the nominal binding ratio (Xn) of SDS to dendrimer, the electrostatic complexes self-assembled to form a body-centered cubic (BCC) sphere phase, wherein the dendrimers were staggered between the interspaces of the SDS spherical micelles packed in the BCC lattice. Four types of 2D columnar mesophase composed of SDS cylindrical micelles and dendrimers were accommodated within the interstitial tunnels, including the hexagonal columnar phase (Colhex), simple rectangular columnar phase (Colsr), oblique columnar phase (Colob) and centered rectangular columnar phase (Colcr). A detailed analysis of the geometry of the dendrimer in the columnar mesophases revealed that the structural transition was governed by the interplay among the lateral and axial deformations of the dendrimer, and the deformation of the SDS micelle cross section for achieving effective charge matching and accommodation of the dendrimer. The present study demonstrated the power of the dendrimer in directing the long-range ordered packing of oppositely charged cylinders to yield a rich structural polymorphism of the columnar mesophase that may be exploited for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Mei Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chia Lun Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan. and Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Experimental Facility Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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41
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Kato T, Gupta M, Yamaguchi D, Gan KP, Nakayama M. Supramolecular Association and Nanostructure Formation of Liquid Crystals and Polymers for New Functional Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kian Ping Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masanari Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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42
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Mandal S, Gupta RK, Pathak SK, Rao DSS, Prasad SK, Ammathnadu Sudhakar A, Jana CK. Metal-free C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine to pyrrolinium-based room temperature ionic liquid crystals. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine-enabled synthesis of a new class of ionic liquid crystals
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | - Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | | | | | - Chandan K. Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
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43
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Riccobono A, Lazzara G, Rogers SE, Pibiri I, Pace A, Slattery JM, Bruce DW. Synthesis and mesomorphism of related series of triphilic ionic liquid crystals based on 1,2,4-triazolium cations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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44
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Kahlon NK, Weber CC. Micellar Catalysis and Reactivity in Nanostructured Ionic Liquids: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Renier O, Bousrez G, Yang M, Hölter M, Mallick B, Smetana V, Mudring AV. Developing design tools for introducing and tuning structural order in ionic liquids. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids – ionic crystals – ionic liquid crystals? Structural order in imidazolium-based ILs, a series of asymmetrical 1-dodecyl-2-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium bromides, [C12C1Cnim][Br] with n = 0–12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Renier
- Physical Materials Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Guillaume Bousrez
- Physical Materials Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Mei Yang
- Anorganische Chemie III – Materials Engineering and Characterization
- Fakultät für Chemie and Biochemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Milena Hölter
- Anorganische Chemie III – Materials Engineering and Characterization
- Fakultät für Chemie and Biochemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Bert Mallick
- Anorganische Chemie III – Materials Engineering and Characterization
- Fakultät für Chemie and Biochemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Volodymyr Smetana
- Physical Materials Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Anja-Verena Mudring
- Physical Materials Chemistry
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
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46
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Guo H, Yu Q, Xiong Y, Yang F. Room-temperature AIE ionic liquid crystals based on diphenylacrylonitrile-imidazole salts. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10368-10376. [PMID: 33053002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although various AIE liquid crystals have been studied, AIE ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) are almost unknown to date. In this work, a series of novel AIE ILCs based on diphenylacrylonitrile-imidazole salts bridged by soft spacers with different anions were prepared in yields of 63-80%. The mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties were investigated systematically to elucidate the relationship between structures and properties. The results implied that they were the first room-temperature AIE ILCs with wide ranges of mesomorphic temperature, good fluorescence emission in both the solid state and mesophase, and stable electrochemical behaviour. The samples with one alkyl chain possessed the SmA2 mesophase while the samples with two alkyl chains prefered the Colh mesophase. The larger anions resulted in the bigger layer spacing length for the SmA2 mesophase and smaller values of ncell in each slice of Colh mesophase. The fluorescence quantum yields in the mesophase maintained reasonable values (0.15-0.22), which decreased a little in comparison with that in solid films (0.18-0.26) due to the orderly molecular stacking in the mesophase. The cyclic voltammetry experiments confirmed that all of them possessed similar and stable electrochemical behaviour. This research not only presented the first room-temperature AIE ILCs with excellent mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties, but also elucidated the relationship between structures and properties to a certain degree, contributing to the further construction of novel AIE ILCs with excellent mesomorphic, photophysical and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China.
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47
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Ganea CP, Cîrcu V, Manaila-Maximean D. Effect of titanium oxide nanoparticles on the dielectric properties and ionic conductivity of a new smectic bis-imidazolium salt with dodecyl sulfate anion and cyanobiphenyl mesogenic groups. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Salikolimi K, Sudhakar AA, Ishida Y. Functional Ionic Liquid Crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11702-11731. [PMID: 32927953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals have emerged as a new class of functional soft materials in the last two decades, and they exhibit synergistic characteristics of ionic liquids and liquid crystals such as macroscopic orientability, miscibility with various species, phase stability, nanostructural tunability, and polar nanochannel formation. Owing to these characteristics, the structures, properties, and functions of ionic liquid crystals have been a hot topic in materials chemistry, finding various applications including host frameworks for guest binding, separation membranes, ion-/proton-conducting membranes, reaction media, and optoelectronic materials. Although several excellent review articles of ionic liquid crystals have been published recently, they mainly focused on the fundamental aspects, structures, and specific properties of ionic liquid crystals, while these applications of ionic liquid crystals have not yet been discussed at one time. The aim of this feature article is to provide an overview of the applications of ionic liquid crystals in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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49
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Bosire R, Ndaya D, Kasi RM. Recent progress in functional materials from lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Bosire
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Dennis Ndaya
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Rajeswari M Kasi
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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50
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In situ preparation of palladium nanoparticles in ionic liquid crystal microemulsion and their application in Heck reaction. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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