1
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Wuerger LTD, Sprenger H, Krasikova K, Templin M, Stahl A, Herfurth UM, Sieg H, Braeuning A. A multi-omics approach to elucidate okadaic acid-induced changes in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2919-2935. [PMID: 38832940 PMCID: PMC11324782 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a prevalent marine biotoxin found in shellfish, is known for causing acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Despite its potential to reach the bloodstream and the liver, the hepatic effects of OA are not well understood, highlighting a significant research gap. This study aims to comprehensively elucidate the impact of OA on the liver by examining the transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome alterations in human HepaRG liver cells exposed to non-cytotoxic OA concentrations. We employed an integrative multi-omics approach, encompassing RNA sequencing, shotgun proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and targeted DigiWest analysis. This enabled a detailed exploration of gene and protein expression changes, alongside phosphorylation patterns under OA treatment. The study reveals concentration- and time-dependent deregulation in gene and protein expression, with a significant down-regulation of xenobiotic and lipid metabolism pathways. Up-regulated pathways include actin crosslink formation and a deregulation of apoptotic pathways. Notably, our results revealed that OA, as a potent phosphatase inhibitor, induces alterations in actin filament organization. Phosphoproteomics data highlighted the importance of phosphorylation in enzyme activity regulation, particularly affecting proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. OA's inhibition of PP2A further leads to various downstream effects, including alterations in protein translation and energy metabolism. This research expands the understanding of OA's systemic impact, emphasizing its role in modulating the phosphorylation landscape, which influences crucial cellular processes. The results underscore OA's multifaceted effects on the liver, particularly through PP2A inhibition, impacting xenobiotic metabolism, cytoskeletal dynamics, and energy homeostasis. These insights enhance our comprehension of OA's biological significance and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T D Wuerger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Sprenger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ksenia Krasikova
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Aaron Stahl
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Uta M Herfurth
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Shao Y, Li X, Qi X, Li J, Zhao S, Sun P, Wang H, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhu M. A graphene oxide-assisted protein immobilization paper-tip immunosensor with smartphone and naked eye readout for the detection of okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1314:342781. [PMID: 38876519 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Okadaic acid (OA), as a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, can increase the risk of acute carcinogenic or teratogenic effects for the ingestion of OA contaminated shellfish. At present, much effort has been made to graft immunoassay onto a paper substrate to make paper-based sensors for rapid and simple detection of shellfish toxin. However, the complicated washing steps and low protein fixation efficiency on the paper substrate need to be further addressed. RESULTS A novel paper-tip immunosensor for detecting OA was developed combined with smartphone and naked eye readout. The trapezoid paper tip was consisted of quantitative and qualitative detection zones. To improve the OA antigen immobilization efficiency on the paper substrate, graphene oxide (GO)-assisted protein immobilization method was introduced. Meanwhile, Au nanoparticles composite probe combined with the lateral flow washing was developed to simplify the washing step. The OA antigen-immobilized zone, as the detection zone Ⅰ, was used for quantitative assay by smartphone imaging. The paper-tip front, as the detection zone Ⅱ, which could qualitatively differentiate OA pollution level within 45 min using the naked eye. The competitive immunoassay on the paper tip exhibited a wide linear range for detecting OA (0.02-50 ng∙mL-1) with low detection limit of 0.02 ng∙mL-1. The recovery of OA in spiked shellfish samples was in the range of 90.3 %-113.%. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated that the proposed paper-tip immunosensor could provide a simple, low-cost and high-sensitivity test for OA detection without the need for additional large-scale equipment or expertise. We anticipate that this paper-tip immunosensor will be a flexible and versatile tool for on-site detecting the pollution of marine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning, Protection and Restoration of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | | | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Longyu Chen
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Meijia Zhu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Topal A, Oğuş H, Sulukan E, Comaklı S, Ceyhun SB. Okadaic acid enhances NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS, and 8-OHdG signaling pathways activation in brain tissues of zebrafish larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109529. [PMID: 38561069 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potential neuronal damage mechanism of the okadaic acid (OA) in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos by evaluating in terms of immunofluorescence of Nf KB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG signaling pathways. We also evaluated body malformations. For this purpose, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml of OA for 5 days. After application, FITC/GFP labeled protein-specific antibodies were used in immunofluorescence assay for NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG respectively. The results indicated that OA caused immunofluorescence positivity of NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG in a dose-dependent manner in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos. Pericardial edema (PE), nutrient sac edema (YSE) and body malformations, tail malformation, short tail and head malformation (BM) were detected in zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that OA induces neuronal damage by affecting the modulation of DNA damage, apoptotic, and inflammatory activities in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos. The increase in signaling pathways shows that OA can cause damage in the structure and function of brain nerve cells. Our results provide a new basis for the comprehensive assessment of the neural damage of OA and will offer enable us to better understand molecular the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of OA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Topal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Oğuş
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Sulukan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selim Comaklı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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4
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Alarcan J, Braeuning A. Effects of okadaic acid, azaspiracid-1, yessotoxin and their binary mixtures on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:509-522. [PMID: 38741723 PMCID: PMC11089091 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phycotoxins are responsible for foodborne intoxications. Symptoms depend on the ingested toxins but mostly imply gastro-intestinal and neurological disorders. Importantly, humans are exposed to combinations of several phycotoxins, resulting in possible mixture effects. Most previous studies, however, have been focused on single toxin effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of binary mixtures of three main phycotoxins, okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) and yessotoxin (YTX), on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The focus was placed on cell viability studies and inflammation responses using a multi-parametric approach to assess cell population (nuclei staining), cell metabolism/viability (reductase activity and lysosomal integrity), and release of inflammation markers (e.g., interleukins). Mixture effects were evaluated using the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Our assays show that none of the toxins had an impact on the cell population in the tested concentration range. Only OA modulated reductase activity, while all three toxins had strong effects on lysosomal integrity. Furthermore, all toxins triggered the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8), with OA being most potent. Mixture effect analysis showed additivity in most cases. However, supra-additivity was observed in regards to IL-6 and IL-8 release for combinations implying high concentrations of OA. This study extends the knowledge on mixture effects of phycotoxins in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Thalwieser Z, Fonódi M, Király N, Csortos C, Boratkó A. PP2A Affects Angiogenesis via Its Interaction with a Novel Phosphorylation Site of TSP1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1844. [PMID: 38339122 PMCID: PMC10855381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in angiogenic properties play a pivotal role in the manifestation and onset of various pathologies, including vascular diseases and cancer. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) protein is one of the master regulators of angiogenesis. This study unveils a novel aspect of TSP1 regulation through reversible phosphorylation. The silencing of the B55α regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in endothelial cells led to a significant decrease in TSP1 expression. Direct interaction between TSP1 and PP2A-B55α was confirmed via various methods. Truncated TSP1 constructs were employed to identify the phosphorylation site and the responsible kinase, ultimately pinpointing PKC as the enzyme phosphorylating TSP1 on Ser93. The biological effects of B55α-TSP1 interaction were also analyzed. B55α silencing not only counteracted the increase in TSP1 expression during wound closure but also prolonged wound closure time. Although B55α silenced cells initiated tube-like structures earlier than control cells, their spheroid formation was disrupted, leading to disintegration. Cells transfected with phosphomimic TSP1 S93D exhibited smaller spheroids and reduced effectiveness in tube formation, revealing insights into the effects of TSP1 phosphorylation on angiogenic properties. In this paper, we introduce a new regulatory mechanism of angiogenesis by reversible phosphorylation on TSP1 S93 by PKC and PP2A B55α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anita Boratkó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.T.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
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6
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Xu R, Wang L, He P, Jia R. Transcriptomics Analysis of the Immune Effects of Okadaic Acid on Caco-2 Cells. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202300926. [PMID: 38230763 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Okadaic Acid, a type of diarrhetic shellfish poison, is widely distributed and harmful, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and more in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that OA can lead to various toxicities such as cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. In order to investigate the immunotoxicity of OA on intestinal cells, a transcriptome analysis was conducted to compare the differences in the Caco-2 cell transcriptional group before and after administration. The CCK-8 experiment demonstrated that OA had a detrimental effect on the activity of Caco-2 cells, with an IC50 value of 33.98 nM. Transcriptome data revealed changes in immune-related genes between the experimental and control groups, including inflammatory factors, heat shock proteins, and zinc finger proteins. The analysis of the results suggests that OA can induce the production of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in cells, and may also affect cell ferroptosis. These findings indicate that OA has a significant impact on intestinal immunity, providing valuable insights for the study of immune toxicity associated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihang Xu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Rui Jia
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai, 201306, China
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7
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Wuerger LT, Birkholz G, Oberemm A, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Proteomic analysis of hepatic effects of okadaic acid in HepaRG human liver cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1135-1145. [PMID: 38054204 PMCID: PMC10694344 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine biotoxin okadaic acid (OA) is produced by dinoflagellates and enters the human food chain by accumulating in the fatty tissue of filter-feeding shellfish. Consumption of highly contaminated shellfish can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning. However, apart from the acute effects in the intestine, OA can also provoke toxic effects in the liver, as it is able to pass the intestinal barrier into the blood stream. However, molecular details of OA-induced hepatotoxicity are still insufficiently characterized, and especially at the proteomic level data are scarce. In this study, we used human HepaRG liver cells and exposed them to non-cytotoxic OA concentrations for 24 hours. Global changes in protein expression were analyzed using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass-spectrometric protein identification. The results constitute the first proteomic analysis of OA effects in human liver cells and indicate, amongst others, that OA affects the energy homeostasis, induces oxidative stress, and induces cytoskeletal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T.D. Wuerger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Birkholz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Wang G, Qiu J, Li A, Ji Y, Zhang J. Apoptosis and oxidative stress of mouse breast carcinoma 4T1 and human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell lines caused by the phycotoxin gymnodimine-A. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110727. [PMID: 37739050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a cyclic imine phycotoxin produced by some marine dinoflagellates. It can cause rapid death of mice via intraperitoneal administration and frequently accumulate in shellfish potentially threatening human health. In this study, four different cell lines were exposed to GYM-A for the viability assessment. Results showed that GYM-A was cytotoxic with concentration-dependent pattern to each cell type, with mean IC50 values ranging from 1.39 to 2.79 μmol L-1. Results suggested that the loss of cell viability of 4T1 and Caco-2 cells was attributed to apoptosis. Furthermore, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases activation were observed in the GYM-A-treated cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides (LPO) levels were markedly increased in 4T1 and Caco-2 cells exposed to GYM-A at 2 μmol L-1, and the oxidative stress in 4T1 cells was more obvious than that in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, unusual ultrastructure impairment on mitochondria and mitophagosomes occurred in the GYM-A-treated cells. These results suggested that an ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway for apoptosis and mitophagy was implicated in the cytotoxic effects induced by GYM-A. This is the first report to explore the cytotoxic mechanisms of GYM-A through apoptosis and oxidative stress, and it will provide theoretical foundations for the potential therapeutic applications of GYM-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Park SY, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Hwang JH, Chun HS, Yoon YS, Oh SH. Okadaic Acid Is at Least as Toxic as Dinophysistoxin-1 after Repeated Administration to Mice by Gavage. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:587. [PMID: 37888618 PMCID: PMC10611360 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, and risk assessments of these toxins require toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), which represent the relative toxicities of analogues. However, no human death by DSP toxin has been reported, and its current TEF value is based on acute lethality. To properly reflect the symptoms of DSP, such as diarrhea without death, the chronic toxicity of DSP toxins at sublethal doses should be considered. In this study, we obtained acute oral LD50 values for OA and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (1069 and 897 μg/kg, respectively) to set sublethal doses. Mice were treated with sublethal doses of OA and DTX-1 for 7 days. The mice lost body weight, and the disease activity index and intestinal crypt depths increased. Furthermore, these changes were more severe in OA-treated mice than in the DTX-1-treated mice. Strikingly, ascites was observed, and its severity was greater in mice treated with OA. Our findings suggest that OA is at least as toxic as DTX-1 after repeated oral administration at a low dose. This is the first study to compare repeated oral dosing of DSP toxins. Further sub-chronic and chronic studies are warranted to determine appropriate TEF values for DSP toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yong Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jung Ho Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
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Qin Y, Li J, Kuang J, Shen S, Zhou X, Zhao X, Huang B, Han B. Okadaic Acid Detection through a Rapid and Sensitive Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:501. [PMID: 37624258 PMCID: PMC10467062 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a marine biotoxin produced by microalgae, poses a significant threat to mariculture, seafood safety, and human health. The establishment of a novel, highly sensitive detection method for OA would have significant practical and scientific implications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an innovative approach for OA detection. A competitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (AlphaLISA) was developed using the principle of specific antigen-antibody binding based on the energy transfer between chemiluminescent microspheres. The method was non-washable, sensitive, and rapid, which could detect 2 × 10-2-200 ng/mL of OA within 15 min, and the detection limit was 4.55 × 10-3 ng/mL. The average intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.54% and 6.26%, respectively. Detection of the actual sample results exhibited a good correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate AlphaLISA method was established for detecting OA and is expected to significantly contribute to marine biotoxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (B.H.); (B.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bingnan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
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11
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Huang L, Liu B, Yu XW, Pan GQ, Xu JY, Yan D, Wang YL, Guo QN. Rat tight junction proteins are disrupted after subchronic exposure to okadaic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62201-62212. [PMID: 36940028 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a lipophilic phycotoxin distributed worldwide, causes diarrheic shellfish poisoning and even leads to tumor formation. Currently, the consumption of contaminated seafood is the most likely cause of chronic OA exposure, but there is a serious lack of relevant data. Here, the Sprague-Dawley rats were exposure to OA by oral administration at 100 µg/kg body weight, and the tissues were collected and analyzed to assess the effect of subchronic OA exposure. The results showed that subchronic OA administration disturbed colonic mucosal integrity and induced colitis. The colonic tight junction proteins were disrupted and the cell cycle of colonic epithelial cells was accelerated. It is inferred that disruption of the colonic tight junction proteins might be related to the development of chronic diarrhea by affecting water and ion transport. Moreover, the accelerated proliferation of colonic epithelial cells indicated that subchronic OA exposure might promote the restitution process of gut barrier or induce tumor promoter activity in rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wen Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, 400021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qiang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Nan Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wuerger LTD, Kudiabor F, Alarcan J, Templin M, Poetz O, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Okadaic Acid Activates JAK/STAT Signaling to Affect Xenobiotic Metabolism in HepaRG Cells. Cells 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 36899906 PMCID: PMC10000888 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a marine biotoxin that is produced by algae and accumulates in filter-feeding shellfish, through which it enters the human food chain, leading to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) after ingestion. Furthermore, additional effects of OA have been observed, such as cytotoxicity. Additionally, a strong downregulation of the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the liver can be observed. The underlying mechanisms of this, however, remain to be examined. In this study, we investigated a possible underlying mechanism of the downregulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and retinoid-X-receptor alpha (RXRα) by OA through NF-κB and subsequent JAK/STAT activation in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. Our data suggest an activation of NF-κB signaling and subsequent expression and release of interleukins, which then activate JAK-dependent signaling and thus STAT3. Moreover, using the NF-κB inhibitors JSH-23 and Methysticin and the JAK inhibitors Decernotinib and Tofacitinib, we were also able to demonstrate a connection between OA-induced NF-κB and JAK signaling and the downregulation of CYP enzymes. Overall, we provide clear evidence that the effect of OA on the expression of CYP enzymes in HepaRG cells is regulated through NF-κB and subsequent JAK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T. D. Wuerger
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicia Kudiabor
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Qiu J, Zhang J, Li A. Cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability of phycotoxins assessed by the human Caco-2 cell model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114447. [PMID: 38321666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phycotoxins are a class of multiple natural metabolites produced by microalgae in marine and freshwater ecosystems that bioaccumulate in food webs, particularly in shellfish, having a great impact on human health. Phycotoxins are mainly leached and absorbed in the small intestine when human consumers accidentally ingest toxic aquatic products contaminated by them. To assess the intestinal uptake and damage of phycotoxins, a typical in vitro model was developed and widely applied using the human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line. In this review, the application cases were summarized for multiple phycotoxins, including microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), domoic acids (DAs), saxitoxins (STXs), palytoxins (PLTXs), okadaic acids (OAs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and azaspiracids (AZAs). The results of the previous studies showed that each group of phycotoxins presented different cytotoxicity and mechanisms to Caco-2 cells, and significant discrepancies in the transport of phycotoxin across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. Therefore, this review describes the evaluation assays of the Caco-2 cell monolayer model, illustrates the principles of several primary cytotoxicity evaluation assays, and summarizes the cytotoxicity of each group of phycotoxins to Caco-2 cells line and their cellular transport, and finally proposes the development of multicellular intestinal models for future comprehensive studies on the toxicity and absorption of phycotoxins in the intestine. It will improve the understanding of Caco-2 cell monolayer models in the toxicology studies on phycotoxins and the potentially detrimental effects of microalgal toxins on the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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14
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Amankwaa B, Schoborg T, Labrador M. Drosophila insulator proteins exhibit in vivo liquid-liquid phase separation properties. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201536. [PMID: 35853678 PMCID: PMC9297610 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila insulator proteins and the cohesin subunit Rad21 coalesce in vivo to form liquid-droplet condensates, suggesting that liquid–liquid phase separation mediates their function in 3D genome organization. Mounting evidence implicates liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), the condensation of biomolecules into liquid-like droplets in the formation and dissolution of membraneless intracellular organelles (MLOs). Cells use MLOs or condensates for various biological processes, including emergency signaling and spatiotemporal control over steady-state biochemical reactions and heterochromatin formation. Insulator proteins are architectural elements involved in establishing independent domains of transcriptional activity within eukaryotic genomes. In Drosophila, insulator proteins form nuclear foci known as insulator bodies in response to osmotic stress. However, the mechanism through which insulator proteins assemble into bodies is yet to be investigated. Here, we identify signatures of LLPS by insulator bodies, including high disorder tendency in insulator proteins, scaffold–client–dependent assembly, extensive fusion behavior, sphericity, and sensitivity to 1,6-hexanediol. We also show that the cohesin subunit Rad21 is a component of insulator bodies, adding to the known insulator protein constituents and γH2Av. Our data suggest a concerted role of cohesin and insulator proteins in insulator body formation and under physiological conditions. We propose a mechanism whereby these architectural proteins modulate 3D genome organization through LLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Amankwaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Todd Schoborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mariano Labrador
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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15
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Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Huang L, Gong J, Hu Y, Tan QL, Liu B, Yu XW, Hao XL, Guo QN. Long-term exposure to low levels of okadaic acid accelerates cell cycle progression in colonic epithelial cells via p53 and Jak/Stat3 signaling pathways. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10444. [PMID: 36105456 PMCID: PMC9465354 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major component of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, okadaic acid (OA) is widely distributed worldwide, and causes a series of serious public health problems. In colon tissue, previous studies have shown that high doses of OA can affect various intracellular processes, including destroy intercellular communication at gap junctions, induce cell apoptosis and trigger cell cycle arrest. However, there is a scarcity of studies on the effect and mechanism of action of low doses of OA in colonic tissues. In this study, we observed that exposure to low levels of OA altered cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that OA induced alterations in the cell cycle by inhibiting the p53 signaling pathway or inducing the Jak/Stat3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the effect and mechanism underlying long-term exposure to low levels of OA. Long-term exposure to low levels of OA accelerates cell cycles in vitro and in vivo OA induced changes in cell cycle by inhibiting the p53 signaling pathway OA induced changes in cell cycle by inducing the Jak/Stat3 signaling pathway
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17
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Liu Y, Xu S, Cai Q, Li D, Li H, Yang W. In Vitro Interactions between Okadaic Acid and Rat Gut Microbiome. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090556. [PMID: 36135745 PMCID: PMC9500940 DOI: 10.3390/md20090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a marine biotoxin associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), posing some threat to human beings. The oral toxicity of OA is complex, and the mechanism of toxicity is not clear. The interaction between OA and gut microbiota may provide a reasonable explanation for the complex toxicity of OA. Due to the complex environment in vivo, an in vitro study may be better for the interactions between OA and gut microbiome. Here, we conducted an in vitro fermentation experiment of gut bacteria in the presence of 0–1000 nM OA. The remolding ability of OA on bacterial composition was investigated by 16S rDNA sequencing, and differential metabolites in fermentation system with different concentration of OA was detected by LC-MS/MS. We found that OA inhibited some specific bacterial genera but promoted others. In addition, eight possible metabolites of OA, including dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), were detected in the fermentation system. The abundance of Faecalitalea was strongly correlated with the possible metabolites of OA, suggesting that Faecalitalea may be involved in the metabolism of OA in vitro. Our findings confirmed the direct interaction between OA and gut bacteria, which helps to reveal the metabolic process of OA and provide valuable evidence for elucidating the complex toxicity of OA.
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18
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Wuerger LT, Hammer HS, Hofmann U, Kudiabor F, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Okadaic acid influences xenobiotic metabolism in HepaRG cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:1053-1065. [PMID: 36172076 PMCID: PMC9489895 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is an algae-produced lipophilic marine biotoxin that accumulates in the fatty tissue of filter-feeding shellfish. Ingestion of contaminated shellfish leads to the diarrheic shellfish poisoning syndrome. Furthermore, several other effects of OA like genotoxicity, liver toxicity and tumor-promoting properties have been observed, probably linked to the phosphatase-inhibiting properties of the toxin. It has been shown that at high doses OA can disrupt the physical barrier of the intestinal epithelium. As the intestine and the liver do not only constitute a physical, but also a metabolic barrier against xenobiotic exposure, we here investigated the impact of OA on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and transporter proteins in human HepaRG cells liver cells in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The interplay of OA with known CYP inducers was also studied. Data show that the expression of various xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs was downregulated after exposure to OA. Moreover, OA was able to counteract the activation of CYPs by their inducers. A number of transporters were also mainly downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that OA has a significant effect on xenobiotic metabolism barrier in liver cells, highlighting the possibility for interactions of OA exposure with the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T.D. Wuerger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen S. Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felicia Kudiabor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Holger Sieg, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany, E-mail:
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Reale O, Bodi D, Huguet A, Fessard V. Role of enteric glial cells in the toxicity of phycotoxins: Investigation with a tri-culture intestinal cell model. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:89-98. [PMID: 34461197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplankton. They can accumulate in edible filtering-shellfish and cause human intoxications, particularly gastrointestinal symptoms. Up to now, the in vitro intestinal effects of these toxins have been mainly investigated on simple monolayers of intestinal cells such as the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell line. Recently, the combination of Caco-2 cells with mucus secreting HT29-MTX cell line has been also used to mimic the complexity of the human intestinal epithelium. Besides, enteric glial cells (EGC) from the enteric nervous system identified in the gut mucosa have been largely shown to be involved in gut functions. Therefore, using a novel model integrating Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells co-cultured on inserts with EGC seeded in the basolateral compartment, we examined the toxicological effects of two phycotoxins, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and okadaic acid (OA). Cell viability, morphology, barrier integrity, inflammation, barrier crossing, and the response of some specific glial markers were evaluated using a broad set of methodologies. The toxicity of PTX2 was depicted by a slight decrease of viability and integrity as well as a slight increase of inflammation of the Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures. PTX2 induced some modifications of EGC morphology. OA induced IL-8 release and decreased viability and integrity of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell monolayers. EGC viability was slightly affected by OA. The presence of EGC reinforced barrier integrity and reduced the inflammatory response of the epithelial barrier following OA exposure. The release of GDNF and BDNF gliomediators by EGC could be implicated in the protection observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Reale
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Dorina Bodi
- Unit Contaminants, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Huguet
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Fougères Laboratory, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France.
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20
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Louzao MC, Costas C, Abal P, Suzuki T, Watanabe R, Vilariño N, Carrera C, Boente-Juncal A, Vale C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Serotonin involvement in okadaic acid-induced diarrhoea in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2797-2813. [PMID: 34148100 PMCID: PMC8298366 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of contaminated shellfish with okadaic acid (OA) group of toxins leads to diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP) characterized by a set of symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. These phycotoxins are Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors, which produce hyperphosphorylation in cellular proteins. However, this inhibition does not fully explain the symptomatology reported and other targets could be relevant to the toxicity. Previous studies have indicated a feasible involvement of the nervous system. We performed a set of in vivo approaches to elucidate whether neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY (PYY) or serotonin (5-HT) was implicated in the early OA-induced diarrhoea. Fasted Swiss female mice were administered NPY, PYY(3-36) or cyproheptadine intraperitoneal prior to oral OA treatment (250 µg/kg). A non-significant delay in diarrhoea onset was observed for NPY (107 µg/kg) and PYY(3-36) (1 mg/kg) pre-treatment. On the contrary, the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine was able to block (10 mg/kg) or delay (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) diarrhoea onset suggesting a role of 5-HT. This is the first report of the possible involvement of serotonin in OA-induced poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrea Boente-Juncal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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21
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Gong Y, Zhang K, Geng N, Wu M, Yi X, Liu R, Challis JK, Codling G, Xu EG, Giesy JP. Molecular mechanisms of zooplanktonic toxicity in the okadaic acid-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116942. [PMID: 33765503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima is a dinoflagellate that forms hazardous blooms and produces okadaic acid (OA), leading to adverse environmental consequences associated with the declines of zooplankton populations. However, little is known about the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of P. lima or OA on zooplankton. Here, their toxic effects were investigated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Acute exposure of A. salina to P. lima resulted in lethality at concentrations 100-fold lower than densities observed during blooms. The first comprehensive results from global transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in A. salina showed up-regulated mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and reduced non-enzyme antioxidants, indicating general detoxification responses to oxidative stress after exposure to P. lima. The significantly up-regulated mRNA expression of proteasome, spliceosome, and ribosome, as well as the increased fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation suggested the proteolysis of damaged proteins and induction of energy expenditure. Exposure to OA increased catabolism of chitin, which may further disrupt the molting and reproduction activities of A. salina. Our data shed new insights on the molecular responses and toxicity mechanisms of A. salina to P. lima or OA. The simple zooplankton model integrated with omic methods provides a sensitive assessment approach for studying hazardous algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianliang Yi
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, Liaoning, China.
| | - Renyan Liu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Allard J, Bucher S, Massart J, Ferron PJ, Le Guillou D, Loyant R, Daniel Y, Launay Y, Buron N, Begriche K, Borgne-Sanchez A, Fromenty B. Drug-induced hepatic steatosis in absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells: proof of multiple mechanism-based toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:151-175. [PMID: 32535746 PMCID: PMC8012331 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis is a liver lesion reported with numerous pharmaceuticals. Prior studies showed that severe impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO) constantly leads to lipid accretion in liver. However, much less is known about the mechanism(s) of drug-induced steatosis in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, although previous studies suggested the involvement of mild-to-moderate inhibition of mtFAO, increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and impairment of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. The objective of our study, mainly carried out in human hepatoma HepaRG cells, was to investigate these 3 mechanisms with 12 drugs able to induce steatosis in human: amiodarone (AMIO, used as positive control), allopurinol (ALLO), D-penicillamine (DPEN), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), indinavir (INDI), indomethacin (INDO), methimazole (METHI), methotrexate (METHO), nifedipine (NIF), rifampicin (RIF), sulindac (SUL), and troglitazone (TRO). Hepatic cells were exposed to drugs for 4 days with concentrations decreasing ATP level by less than 30% as compared to control and not exceeding 100 × Cmax. Among the 12 drugs, AMIO, ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, METHO, RIF, SUL, and TRO induced steatosis in HepaRG cells. AMIO, INDO, and RIF decreased mtFAO. AMIO, INDO, and SUL enhanced DNL. ALLO, 5FU, INDI, INDO, SUL, RIF, and TRO impaired VLDL secretion. These seven drugs reduced the mRNA level of genes playing a major role in VLDL assembly and also induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, in the absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction, drug-induced steatosis can be triggered by different mechanisms, although impairment of VLDL secretion seems more frequently involved, possibly as a consequence of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Allard
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Simon Bucher
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julie Massart
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
- HCS Pharma, 250 rue Salvador Allende, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roxane Loyant
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yoann Daniel
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Youenn Launay
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nelly Buron
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Karima Begriche
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Annie Borgne-Sanchez
- MITOLOGICS S.A.S, Faculté de Médecine, rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Estrada N, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Palacios A, Ascencio F, Guzmán-Villanueva L, Contreras RG. In vitro Evaluation of Programmed Cell Death in the Immune System of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas by the Effect of Marine Toxins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634497. [PMID: 33868255 PMCID: PMC8047078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential process for the immune system's development and homeostasis, enabling the remotion of infected or unnecessary cells. There are several PCD's types, depending on the molecular mechanisms, such as non-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory. Hemocytes are the main component of cellular immunity in bivalve mollusks. Numerous infectious microorganisms produce toxins that impair hemocytes functions, but there is little knowledge on the role of PCD in these cells. This study aims to evaluate in vitro whether marine toxins induce a particular type of PCD in hemocytes of the bivalve mollusk Crassostrea gigas during 4 h at 25°C. Hemocytes were incubated with two types of marine toxins: non-proteinaceous toxins from microalgae (saxitoxin, STX; gonyautoxins 2 and 3, GTX2/3; okadaic acid/dynophysistoxin-1, OA/DTX-1; brevetoxins 2 and 3, PbTx-2,-3; brevetoxin 2, PbTx-2), and proteinaceous extracts from bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vp; V. campbellii, Vc). Also, we used the apoptosis inducers, staurosporine (STP), and camptothecin (CPT). STP, CPT, STX, and GTX 2/3, provoked high hemocyte mortality characterized by apoptosis hallmarks such as phosphatidylserine translocation into the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, exacerbated chromatin condensation, DNA oligonucleosomal fragments, and variation in gene expression levels of apoptotic caspases 2, 3, 7, and 8. The mixture of PbTx-2,-3 also showed many apoptosis features; however, they did not show apoptotic DNA oligonucleosomal fragments. Likewise, PbTx-2, OA/DTX-1, and proteinaceous extracts from bacteria Vp, and Vc, induced a minor degree of cell death with high gene expression of the pro-inflammatory initiator caspase-1, which could indicate a process of pyroptosis-like PCD. Hemocytes could carry out both PCD types simultaneously. Therefore, marine toxins trigger PCD's signaling pathways in C. gigas hemocytes, depending on the toxin's nature, which appears to be highly conserved both structurally and functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Estrada
- Programa Cátedras CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Aminoácidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Palacios
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Laura Guzmán-Villanueva
- Programa Cátedras CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Rubén G. Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Huguet A, Drapeau O, Rousselet F, Quenault H, Fessard V. Differences in Toxic Response Induced by Three Variants of the Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning Phycotoxins in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120783. [PMID: 33302514 PMCID: PMC7764622 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated with a group of phycotoxins that includes okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2). These toxins are inhibitors of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), but show distinct levels of toxicity. Aside from a difference in protein phosphatases (PP) inhibition potency that would explain these differences in toxicity, others mechanisms of action are thought to be involved. Therefore, we investigated and compared which mechanisms are involved in the toxicity of these three analogues. As the intestine is one of the target organs, we studied the transcriptomic profiles of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells exposed to OA, DTX-1, and DTX-2. The pathways specifically affected by each toxin treatment were further confirmed through the expression of key genes and markers of toxicity. Our results did not identify any distinct biological mechanism for OA and DTX-2. However, only DTX-1 induced up-regulation of the MAPK transduction signalling pathway, and down-regulation of gene products involved in the regulation of DNA repair. As a consequence, based on transcriptomic results, we demonstrated that the higher toxicity of DTX-1 compared to OA and DTX-2 was consistent with certain specific pathways involved in intestinal cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguet
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères CEDEX, France; (O.D.); (F.R.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Olivia Drapeau
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères CEDEX, France; (O.D.); (F.R.); (V.F.)
| | - Fanny Rousselet
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères CEDEX, France; (O.D.); (F.R.); (V.F.)
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetic and Biosecurity Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 35306 Fougères CEDEX, France; (O.D.); (F.R.); (V.F.)
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25
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Reale O, Huguet A, Fessard V. Co-culture model of Caco-2/HT29-MTX cells: A promising tool for investigation of phycotoxins toxicity on the intestinal barrier. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 273:128497. [PMID: 34756374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most lipophilic phycotoxins have been involved in human intoxications but some of these toxins have never been proven to induce human gastro-intestinal symptoms, although intestinal damage in rodents has been documented. For investigating the in vitro toxicological profile of lipophilic phycotoxins on intestine, the epithelial Caco-2 cell line has been the most commonly used model. Nevertheless, considering the complexity of the intestinal epithelium, in vitro co-cultures integrating enterocyte-like and mucus-secreting cell types are expected to provide more relevant data. In this study, the toxic effects (viability, inflammation, cellular monolayer integrity, modulation of cell type proportion and production of mucus) of four lipophilic phycotoxins (PTX2, YTX, AZA1 and OA) were evaluated in Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultured cells. The four toxins induced a reduction of viability from 20% to 50% and affected the monolayer integrity. Our results showed that the HT29-MTX cells population were more sensitive to OA and PTX2 than Caco-2 cells. Among the four phycotoxins, OA induced inflammation (28-fold increase of IL-8 release) and also a slight increase of both mucus production (up-regulation of mucins mRNA expression) and mucus secretion (mucus area and density). For PTX2 we observed an increase of IL-8 release but weaker than OA. Intestinal cell models integrating several cell types can contribute to improve hazard characterization and to describe more accurately the modes of action of phycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Reale
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35306, France.
| | - Antoine Huguet
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35306, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères, 35306, France.
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26
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Liu Y, Zheng JW, Peng XC, Li HY, Huang L, Li DW, Liu JS, Yang WD. Changes in colonic microbiotas in rat after long-term exposure to low dose of okadaic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126874. [PMID: 32361543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), one of the most important phycotoxins, is widely distributed around the world, concerning diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and even colorectal cancer. Here, we found that long-term exposure of OA at a low dose (80 μg kg-1 body weight) had certain effects on colonic microbiotas and tract in rat. In the OA-exposed rat, colonic epithelium layer was damaged, and relative abundance of some microbiotas were significantly changed, especially genera in Clostridiales. However, no intestinal inflammation or significant disease was observed. Combined with the increase in relative abundance of some genera in Clostridiales induced by OA in the fermentation experiment, we proposed that OA could cause damage to the intestinal epithelium and increase the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, thereby increasing the probability of contact between intestinal epithelium and pathogenic bacteria and leading to an easier pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xi-Chun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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27
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Figueroa D, Signore A, Araneda O, Contreras HR, Concha M, García C. Toxicity and differential oxidative stress effects on zebrafish larvae following exposure to toxins from the okadaic acid group. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:573-588. [PMID: 32686606 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1793046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid-group (OA-group) is a set of lipophilic toxins produced only in seawater by species of the Dinophysis and Prorocentrum genera, and characterized globally by being associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). The diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) are the most prevalent toxic analogues making up the OA-group, which jeopardize environmental safety and human health through consumption of hydrobiological organisms contaminated with these toxins that produce diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) syndrome in humans. Consequently, a regulatory limit of 160 μg of OA-group/kg was established for marine resources (bivalves). The aim of this study was to investigate effects varying concentrations of 1-15 μg/ml OA or DTX-1 on toxicity, development, and oxidative damage in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). After determining the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) in zebrafish larvae of 10 and 7 μg/ml (24 h) and effective concentration 50 (EC50) of 8 and 6 μg/ml (24 h), different concentrations (5, 6.5, or 8 μg/ml of OA and 4, 4.5, or 6 μg/ml of DTX-1) were used to examine the effects of these toxins on oxidative damage to larvae at different time points between 24 and 120 hpf. Macroscopic evaluation during the exposure period showed alterations in zebrafish including pericardial edema, cyclopia, shortening in the anteroposterior axis, and developmental delay. The activity levels of biochemical biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were markedly elevated. In addition, increased levels of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde and carbonyl content) were detected following toxin exposure. Data demonstrate that high concentrations of OA and DTX-1produced pathological damage in the early stages of development <48 h post-fertilization (hpf) associated with oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Figueroa
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailen Signore
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Los Andes , Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor R Contreras
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos García
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile , Santiago, Chile
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28
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Toxins of Okadaic Acid-Group Increase Malignant Properties in Cells of Colon Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030179. [PMID: 32183214 PMCID: PMC7150798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a syndrome caused by the intake of shellfish contaminated with a group of lipophilic and thermostable toxins, which consists of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2). These toxins are potent protein Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors, mainly type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1) and type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A). Different effects have been reported at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. In this study, changes in cell survival and cell mobility induced by OA, DTX-1 and DTX-2 were determined in epithelial cell lines of the colon and colon cancer. The cell viability results showed that tumoral cell lines were more resistant to toxins than the nontumoral cell line. The results of the functional assays for testing cell migration, evaluation of cell death and the expression of proteins associated with cell adhesion showed a dual effect of toxins since in the nontumoral cell line, a greater induction of cell death, presumably by anoikis, was detected. In the tumoral cell lines, there was an induction of a more aggressive phenotype characterized by increased resistance to toxins, increased migration and increased FAK activation. In tumoral cell lines of colon cancer, OA, DTX-1/DTX-2 induce a more aggressive phenotype.
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29
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Benchmark dose analyses of γH2AX and pH3 endpoints for quantitative comparison of in vitro genotoxicity potential of lipophilic phycotoxins. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 852:503169. [PMID: 32265043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phycotoxins, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins 1 and 2 (DTX-1 and -2), are protein phosphatase PP2A and PP1 inhibitors involved in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans. Data on the in vivo acute toxicity of the OA-group toxins show some differences and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has determined toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) of one for the reference toxin, OA, as well as for DTX-1 and 0.6 for DTX-2. However, recent in vitro studies indicated that DTX-1 seems to be more toxic than OA. As OA was described as apoptotic and aneugenic compound, we analyzed the DNA damage responses induced by the 3 toxins through γH2AX and pH3 biomarkers on proliferative HepaRG cells using High Content Analysis. We quantitatively examined the responses for γH2AX and pH3 by benchmark dose analyzing (BMD) using PROAST software. We found that the three toxins increased both γH2AX- and pH3-positive cells populations in a concentration-dependent manner. The 3 toxins induced mitotic arrest, characteristic of aneugenic compounds, as well as DNA strand-breaks concomitantly to cytotoxicity. BMD analysis showed that DTX-1 is the most potent inducer of DNA damage, followed by OA and DTX-2. The quantitative genotoxic data provided in this study are additional findings for reconsidering the estimated TEFs of this group of phycotoxins.
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30
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Li Z, Hu B, Zhou R, Zhang X, Wang R, Gao Y, Sun M, Jiao B, Wang L. Selection and application of aptamers with high-affinity and high-specificity against dinophysistoxin-1. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8181-8189. [PMID: 35497848 PMCID: PMC9049938 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10600f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are marine toxins distributed widely in the world, which pose a major threat to the health of mankind. Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) has the most potent toxicity in DSTs. However, the current detection methods have ethical problems and technical defects. Further research is needed, to develop a more suitable alternative to the supervision system. In this work, we successfully obtained an aptamer with high affinity and specificity bound to DTX-1 for the first time. After optimization, a core sequence of the aptamer with a higher KD of 64 nM was obtained, while the binding mode of the core sequence and DTX-1 was explored. Based on this aptamer, we developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI) biosensor platform for DTX-1 detection. The aptasensor exhibited a broad detection range from 40 to 600 nM DTX-1 (linear range from 80 to 200 nM), and the low detection limit was 614 pM. Morever, the aptasensor showed good reproducibility and stability, which indicated that this novel aptasensor had broad development prospects for the sensitive and rapid detection of DTX-1. For the first time, the aptamer of dinophysistoxin-1 was successfully obtained with high affinity and specificity by SELEX, and an aptasensor with a detection range from 40 to 600 nM was developed by biolayer interferometry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Spine Center
- Department of Orthopedics
- Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Mingjuan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Binghua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
| | - Lianghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- College of Basic Medical Sciences
- Navy Medical University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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31
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Wan X, Yao G, Liu Y, Chen J, Jiang H. Research Progress in the Biosynthetic Mechanisms of Marine Polyether Toxins. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E594. [PMID: 31652489 PMCID: PMC6835853 DOI: 10.3390/md17100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine polyether toxins, mainly produced by marine dinoflagellates, are novel, complex, and diverse natural products with extensive toxicological and pharmacological effects. Owing to their harmful effects during outbreaks of marine red tides, as well as their potential value for the development of new drugs, marine polyether toxins have been extensively studied, in terms of toxicology, pharmacology, detection, and analysis, structural identification, as well as their biosynthetic mechanisms. Although the biosynthetic mechanisms of marine polyether toxins are still unclear, certain progress has been made. In this review, research progress and current knowledge on the biosynthetic mechanisms of polyether toxins are summarized, including the mechanisms of carbon skeleton deletion, pendant alkylation, and polyether ring formation, along with providing a summary of mined biosynthesis-related genes. Finally, future research directions and applications of marine polyether toxins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Ge Yao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Jisheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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32
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Alarcan J, Barbé S, Kopp B, Hessel-Pras S, Braeuning A, Lampen A, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Combined effects of okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2, 13-desmethylspirolide C or yessotoxin in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:139-148. [PMID: 31029959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filtering shellfish and can cause human intoxications. Humans can be exposed to combinations of several phycotoxins. The toxicological effects of phycotoxin mixtures on human health are largely unknown. Published data on phycotoxin co-exposure show that okadaic acid (OA) is simultaneously found with pectenetoxin-2 (PTX-2), 13-desmethylspirolide C (also known as SPX-1), or yessotoxin (YTX). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of three binary mixtures, OA/PTX-2, OA/SPX-1 and OA/YTX on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. A multi-parametric approach for cytotoxicity determination was applied using a high-content analysis platform, including markers for cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. Mixtures effects were analyzed using two additivity mathematical models. Our assays revealed that OA induced cytotoxicity, DNA strand breaks and interleukin 8 release. PTX-2 slightly induced DNA strand breaks, whereas SPX-1 and YTX did not affect the investigated endpoints. The combination of OA with another toxin resulted in reduced toxicity at low concentrations, suggesting antagonistic effects, but in increased effects at higher concentrations, suggesting additive or synergistic effects. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the cytotoxic effects of binary mixtures of lipophilic phycotoxins could not be predicted by additivity mathematical models. In conclusion, the present data suggest that combined effects of phycotoxins may occur which might have the potential to impact on risk assessment of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Barbé
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Benjamin Kopp
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougeres-Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France.
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Novel Insights on the Toxicity of Phycotoxins on the Gut through the Targeting of Enteric Glial Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070429. [PMID: 31340532 PMCID: PMC6669610 DOI: 10.3390/md17070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phycotoxins can impact intestinal epithelial cells and can cross the intestinal barrier to some extent. Therefore, phycotoxins can reach cells underlying the epithelium, such as enteric glial cells (EGCs), which are involved in gut homeostasis, motility, and barrier integrity. This study compared the toxicological effects of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), 13-desmethyl-spirolide C (SPX), and palytoxin (PlTX) on the rat EGC cell line CRL2690. Cell viability, morphology, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell cycle, and specific glial markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR and high content analysis (HCA) approaches. PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX induced neurite alterations, oxidative stress, cell cycle disturbance, and increase of specific EGC markers. An inflammatory response for YTX, OA, and AZA1 was suggested by the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and induction of DNA double strand breaks (γH2AX) were also observed with PTX2, YTX, OA, and AZA1. These findings suggest that PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX may affect intestinal barrier integrity through alterations of the human enteric glial system. Our results provide novel insight into the toxicological effects of phycotoxins on the gut.
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Dietrich J, Grass I, Günzel D, Herek S, Braeuning A, Lampen A, Hessel-Pras S. The marine biotoxin okadaic acid affects intestinal tight junction proteins in human intestinal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:150-160. [PMID: 30926360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a lipophilic phycotoxin that accumulates in the hepatopancreas and fatty tissue of shellfish. Consumption of highly OA-contaminated seafood leads to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning which provokes severe gastrointestinal symptoms associated with a disruption of the intestinal epithelium. Since the molecular mechanisms leading to intestinal barrier disruption are not fully elucidated, we investigated the influence of OA on intestinal tight junction proteins (TJPs) in differentiated Caco-2 cells. We found a concentration- and time-dependent deregulation of genes encoding for intestinal TJPs of the claudin family, occludin, as well as zonula occludens (ZO) 1 and 2. Immunofluorescence staining showed concentration-dependent effects on the structural organization of TJPs already after treatment with a subtoxic but human-relevant concentration of OA. In addition, changes in the structural organization of cytoskeletal F-actin as well as its associated protein ZO-1 were observed. In summary, we demonstrated effects of OA on TJPs in intestinal Caco-2 cells. TJP expressions were affected after treatment with food-relevant OA concentrations. These results might explain the high potential of OA to disrupt the intestinal barrier in vivo as its first target. Thereby the present data contribute to a better understanding of the OA-dependent induction of molecular effects within the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dietrich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Grass
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saadet Herek
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Flampouri E, Imar S, OConnell K, Singh B. Spheroid-3D and Monolayer-2D Intestinal Electrochemical Biosensor for Toxicity/Viability Testing: Applications in Drug Screening, Food Safety, and Environmental Pollutant Analysis. ACS Sens 2019; 4:660-669. [PMID: 30698007 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rise of three-dimensional cell culture systems that provide in vivo-like environments for pharmaco-toxicological models has prompted the need for simple and robust viability assays suitable for complex cell architectural structures. This study addresses that challenge with the development of an in vitro enzyme based electrochemical sensor for viability/cytotoxicity assessment of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture formats. The biosensor measures the cell viability/toxicity via electrochemical monitoring of the enzymatic activity of nonspecific esterases of viable cells, through the hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate to 1-naphthol. The proposed sensor demonstrated strong correlation ( r = 0.979) with viable cell numbers. Furthermore, the model intestinal toxicants diclofenac (DFC, pharmaceutical), okadaic acid (OA, food-safety), and mancozeb (MZB, environmental) were used for the functional evaluation of the proposed sensor using 2D and 3D culture formats. Sensor performance showed high consistency with conventional cell viability/cytotoxicity assays (MTT/CFDA-AM) for all toxicants, with the sensor IC50 values matching the relevant viability LC50 values at the 95% confidence interval range for 2D (DCF: 1.19-1.26 mM, MZB: 10.28-14.18 μM, OA: 40.91-77.13 nM) and 3D culture formats (DCF: 1.02-4.78 mM, MZB: 11.26-15.16 μM, OA: 162.09-179.67 nM). The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed sensor as a robust endpoint screening tool for both 2D and 3D cytotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Flampouri
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
| | - Shahzad Imar
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
| | - Kieran OConnell
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
- Hothouse, Technological University Dublin, (TU Dublin − City Campus), Aungier Street, Dublin 2, D02 HW71, Ireland
| | - Baljit Singh
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin - Tallaght Campus), Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland
- Hothouse, Technological University Dublin, (TU Dublin − City Campus), Aungier Street, Dublin 2, D02 HW71, Ireland
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36
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Bodero M, Hoogenboom RL, Bovee TF, Portier L, de Haan L, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJ. Whole genome mRNA transcriptomics analysis reveals different modes of action of the diarrheic shellfish poisons okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-1 versus azaspiracid-1 in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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38
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Bodero M, Bovee TFH, Wang S, Hoogenboom RLAP, Klijnstra MD, Portier L, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:351-365. [PMID: 28884655 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-2a bioassay is considered as one of the most promising cell-based in vitro bioassays for the broad screening of seafood products for the presence of marine biotoxins. The neuro-2a assay has been shown to detect a wide array of toxins like paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), ciguatoxins, and also lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs). However, the neuro-2a assay is rarely used for routine testing of samples due to matrix effects that, for example, lead to false positives when testing for LMBs. As a result there are only limited data on validation and evaluation of its performance on real samples. In the present study, the standard extraction procedure for LMBs was adjusted by introducing an additional clean-up step with n-hexane. Recovery losses due to this extra step were less than 10%. This wash step was a crucial addition in order to eliminate false-positive outcomes due to matrix effects. Next, the applicability of this assay was assessed by testing a broad range of shellfish samples contaminated with various LMBs, including diarrhetic shellfish toxins/poisons (DSPs). For comparison, the samples were also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Standards of all regulated LMBs were tested, including analogues of some of these toxins. The neuro-2a cells showed good sensitivity towards all compounds. Extracts of 87 samples, both blank and contaminated with various toxins, were tested. The neuro-2a outcomes were in line with those of LC-MS/MS analysis and support the applicability of this assay for the screening of samples for LMBs. However, for use in a daily routine setting, the test might be further improved and we discuss several recommended modifications which should be considered before a full validation is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bodero
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands.,b Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Si Wang
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Liza Portier
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Hu C, Yu M, Ren Y, Li K, Maggio DM, Mei C, Ye L, Wei J, Jin J, Zhuang Z, Tong H. PP2A inhibition from LB100 therapy enhances daunorubicin cytotoxicity in secondary acute myeloid leukemia via miR-181b-1 upregulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2894. [PMID: 28588271 PMCID: PMC5460144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) arising from myelodysplastic syndromes have a poor prognosis marked by an increased resistance to chemotherapy. An urgent need exists for adjuvant treatments that can enhance or replace current therapeutic options. Here we show the potential of LB100, a small-molecule protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) inhibitor, as a monotherapy and chemosensitizing agent for sAML using an in-vitro and in-vivo approach. We demonstrate that LB100 decreases cell viability through caspase activation and G2/M cell-cycle arrest. LB100 enhances daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity resulting in decreased xenograft volumes and improved overall survival. LB100 profoundly upregulates miR-181b-1, which we show directly binds to the 3′ untranslated region of Bcl-2 mRNA leading to its translational inhibition. MiR-181b-1 ectopic overexpression further diminishes Bcl-2 expression leading to suppression of sAML cell growth, and enhancement of DNR cytotoxicity. Our research highlights the therapeutic potential of LB100, and provides new insights into the mechanism of LB100 chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ren
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongfei Li
- Department of Hematology, Yin Zhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dominic M Maggio
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chen Mei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Juying Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China. .,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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40
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del Campo M, Zhong TY, Tampe R, García L, Lagos N. Sublethal doses of dinophysistoxin-1 and okadaic acid stimulate secretion of inflammatory factors on innate immune cells: Negative health consequences. Toxicon 2017; 126:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Botana LM, Hess P, Munday R, Nathalie A, DeGrasse SL, Feeley M, Suzuki T, van den Berg M, Fattori V, Garrido Gamarro E, Tritscher A, Nakagawa R, Karunasagar I. Derivation of toxicity equivalency factors for marine biotoxins associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Modulation of CYP3A4 activity alters the cytotoxicity of lipophilic phycotoxins in human hepatic HepaRG cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Ferron PJ, Dumazeau K, Beaulieu JF, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Combined Effects of Lipophilic Phycotoxins (Okadaic Acid, Azapsiracid-1 and Yessotoxin) on Human Intestinal Cells Models. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:50. [PMID: 26907345 PMCID: PMC4773803 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins are monitored in seafood because they can cause food poisonings in humans. Phycotoxins do not only occur singly but also as mixtures in shellfish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro toxic interactions of binary combinations of three lipophilic phycotoxins commonly found in Europe (okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX) and azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1)) using the neutral red uptake assay on two human intestinal cell models, Caco-2 and the human intestinal epithelial crypt-like cells (HIEC). Based on the cytotoxicity of individual toxins, we studied the interactions between toxins in binary mixtures using the combination index-isobologram equation, a method widely used in pharmacology to study drug interactions. This method quantitatively classifies interactions between toxins in mixtures as synergistic, additive or antagonistic. AZA-1/OA, and YTX/OA mixtures showed increasing antagonism with increasing toxin concentrations. In contrast, the AZA-1/YTX mixture showed increasing synergism with increasing concentrations, especially for mixtures with high YTX concentrations. These results highlight the hazard potency of AZA-1/YTX mixtures with regard to seafood intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Ferron
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35300, France.
| | - Kevin Dumazeau
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35300, France.
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 0A2, Canada.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35300, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères 35300, France.
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44
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Okadaic acid is taken-up into the cells mediated by human hepatocytes transporter OATP1B3. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Hong CS, Ho W, Zhang C, Yang C, Elder JB, Zhuang Z. LB100, a small molecule inhibitor of PP2A with potent chemo- and radio-sensitizing potential. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:821-33. [PMID: 25897893 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that plays a significant role in mitotic progression and cellular responses to DNA damage. While traditionally viewed as a tumor suppressor, inhibition of PP2A has recently come to attention as a novel therapeutic means of driving senescent cancer cells into mitosis and promoting cell death via mitotic catastrophe. These findings have been corroborated in numerous studies utilizing naturally produced compounds that selectively inhibit PP2A. To overcome the known human toxicities associated with these compounds, a water-soluble small molecule inhibitor, LB100, was recently developed to competitively inhibit the PP2A protein. This review summarizes the pre-clinical studies to date that have demonstrated the anti-cancer activity of LB100 via its chemo- and radio-sensitizing properties. These studies demonstrate the tremendous therapeutic potential of LB100 in a variety of cancer types. The results of an ongoing phase 1 trial are eagerly anticipated.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette.
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- ARPP19, cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- CIP2A, cancerous inhibitor of PP2A
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DVL, dishevelled
- ENSA, α-endosulphine
- GBM, glioblastoma
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDACs, histone deacetylase complexes
- HIF-1a, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a
- HRR, homologous recombination repair
- MDM2, mouse double minute 2 homolog
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A
- Plk1, polo-like kinase 1
- TCTP, translationally-controlled tumor protein
- TMZ, temozolomide
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cell cycle
- chemosensitization
- mitotic catastrophe
- protein phosphatase 2A
- radiosensitizationreview
- small molecule inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Hong
- a The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center ; Department of Neurological Surgery ; Columbus , OH USA
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