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Giuliani ME, Bacchiocchi S, Accoroni S, Siracusa M, Campacci D, Notarstefano V, Mezzelani M, Piersanti A, Totti C, Benedetti M, Regoli F, Gorbi S. Subcellular effects and lipid metabolism alterations in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata fed on ovatoxins-contaminated mussels. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141413. [PMID: 38336037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The marine microalgae Ostreopsis cf. ovata are a well-known producer of palytoxin (PlTXs) analogues, i.e. ovatoxins (OVTXs) among others, which arouse concern for animal and human health. Both in field and laboratory studies, presence of OVTXs, detected in species directly feeding on O. cf. ovata, was frequently correlated with impairment on organisms' physiology, development and behaviour, while similar knowledge is still lacking for animals feeding on contaminated preys. In this study, transfer and toxicity of OVTXs were evaluated in an exposure experiment, in which gilthead seabream Sparus aurata was fed with bivalve mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, contaminated by a toxic strain of O. cf. ovata. Mussels exposed to O. cf. ovata for 21 days accumulated meanly 188 ± 13 μg/kg OVTXs in the whole tissues. Seabreams fed with OVTX-contaminated mussels started to reject the food after 6 days of contaminated diet. Although no detectable levels of OVTXs were measured in muscle, liver, gills and gastro-intestinal tracts, the OVTX-enriched diet induced alterations of lipid metabolism in seabreams livers, displaying a decreased content of total lipid and fatty acid, together with overexpression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes, downregulation of β-oxidation genes and modulation of several genes related to lipid transport and regulation. Results from this study would suggest the hypothesis that OVTXs produced by O. cf. ovata may not be subject to bioaccumulation in fish fed on contaminated preys, being however responsible of significant biological effects, with important implications for human consumption of seafood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Simone Bacchiocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Stefano Accoroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Melania Siracusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Debora Campacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Piersanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Cecilia Totti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maura Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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Akonjuen BM, Onuh JO, Aryee ANA. Bioactive fatty acids from non-conventional lipid sources and their potential application in functional food development. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5689-5700. [PMID: 37823172 PMCID: PMC10563685 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bioactive fatty acids (BFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6-3), and conjugated fatty acids offer multiple biological benefits and constitute ingredients in functional food development. Despite their potential, novel and alternative/nonconventional sources with unique bioactive properties to meet growing demand remain largely unexplored, poorly characterized, and their effects are not well understood. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies on alternative sources of BFAs, their functions, extraction, and application in the food and nutraceutical industry. Twenty studies delved into alternate sources such as plants, bacteria, and algae. Six studies found EPA and DHA as the dominant FA in algal sources, while ten studies reported several BFAs from plant sources. Five studies assessed the health benefits of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and linoleic acid (LA). Eleven studies compared the quality of oil recovered by green solvents, pressurized liquid, supercritical fluid, and assisted extraction methods. Three studies assessed the effects of assisted extraction methods and reported that these approaches improved oil yield and quality, but the findings may have limited applicability to other lipid sources. The quality of nonconventional lipids largely depends on extraction techniques. Four studies suggested methods like 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS; however, their analytical differences make accurate comparison inadequate. Five studies found that the incorporation of algal and seafood biolipids during product development increased EHA and DHA contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessem M. Akonjuen
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science & Biotechnology ProgramCollege of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - John O. Onuh
- Department of Food and Nutritional SciencesCollege of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Science, Tuskegee UniversityTuskegeeAlabamaUSA
| | - Alberta N. A. Aryee
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science & Biotechnology ProgramCollege of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
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Peltomaa E, Asikainen H, Blomster J, Pakkanen H, Rigaud C, Salmi P, Taipale S. Phytoplankton group identification with chemotaxonomic biomarkers: In combination they do better. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113624. [PMID: 36871900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxonomic biomarkers are needed to monitor and evaluate the nutritional quality of phytoplankton communities. The biomolecules produced by different phytoplankton species do not always follow genetic phylogeny. Therefore, we analyzed fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids from 57 freshwater phytoplankton strains to evaluate the usability of these biomolecules as chemotaxonomic biomarkers. We found 29 fatty acids, 34 sterols, and 26 carotenoids in our samples. The strains were grouped into cryptomonads, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, golden algae, green algae, and raphidophytes, and the phytoplankton group explained 61%, 54%, and 89% of the variability of fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids, respectively. Fatty acid and carotenoid profiles distinguished most phytoplankton groups, but not flawlessly. For example, fatty acids could not distinguish golden algae and cryptomonads, whereas carotenoids did not separate diatoms and golden algae. The sterol composition was heterogeneous but seemed to be useful for distinguishing different genera within a phytoplankton group. The chemotaxonomy biomarkers yielded optimal genetic phylogeny when the fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids were used together in multivariate statistical analysis. Our results suggest that the accuracy of phytoplankton composition modeling could be enhanced by combining these three biomolecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Asikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Blomster
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Pakkanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - C Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - P Salmi
- Spectral Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Mattilanniemi 2, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - S Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Couto D, Conde TA, Melo T, Neves B, Costa M, Silva J, Domingues R, Domingues P. The chemodiversity of polar lipidomes of microalgae from different taxa. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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The Porifera microeukaryome: Addressing the neglected associations between sponges and protists. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127210. [PMID: 36183422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While bacterial and archaeal communities of sponges are intensively studied, given their importance to the animal's physiology as well as sources of several new bioactive molecules, the potential and roles of associated protists remain poorly known. Historically, culture-dependent approaches dominated the investigations of sponge-protist interactions. With the advances in omics techniques, these associations could be visualized at other equally important scales. Of the few existing studies, there is a strong tendency to focus on interactions with photosynthesizing taxa such as dinoflagellates and diatoms, with fewer works dissecting the interactions with other less common groups. In addition, there are bottlenecks and inherent biases in using primer pairs and bioinformatics approaches in the most commonly used metabarcoding studies. Thus, this review addresses the issues underlying this association, using the term "microeukaryome" to refer exclusively to protists associated with an animal host. We aim to highlight the diversity and community composition of protists associated with sponges and place them on the same level as other microorganisms already well studied in this context. Among other shortcomings, it could be observed that the biotechnological potential of the microeukaryome is still largely unexplored, possibly being a valuable source of new pharmacological compounds, enzymes and metabolic processes.
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Fierli D, Aranyos A, Barone ME, Parkes R, Touzet N. Influence of exogenous phytohormone supplementation on the pigment and fatty acid content of three marine diatoms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6195-6207. [PMID: 36040486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are ubiquitous photosynthetic microorganisms with great potential for biotechnological applications. However, their commercialisation is hampered by production costs, requiring hence optimisation of cultivation methods. Phytohormones are plant growth regulators which may be used to influence physiological processes in microalgae, including diatoms. In this study, the model species Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Phaeodactylaceae) and two Irish isolates of Stauroneis sp. (Stauroneidaceae) and Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariaceae) were grown with varying amounts of the phytohormones indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), methyl jasmonate (MJ), abscisic acid (ABA) or salicylic acid (SA), and their influence on pigment and fatty acid profiles was monitored. The application of GA3 (200 mg/l) stimulated the growth of P. tricornutum which accumulated 52% more dry biomass compared to the control and concomitantly returned the highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) yield (0.6 mg/l). The highest fucoxanthin yield (0.18 mg/l) was obtained for P. tricornutum cultivated with GA3 (2 mg/l) supplementation. In Stauroneis sp., SA (1 mg/l) had the most positive effect on EPA, the content of which was enhanced up to 45.7 μg/mg (4.6% of total dry weight). The SA (1 mg/l) treatment also boosted carotenogenesis in Nitzschia sp., leading to 1.7- and 14-fold increases in fucoxanthin and β-carotene compared to the control, respectively. Of note, MJ (0.5 mg/l) increased the EPA content of all diatom species compared to their controls. These results indicate that phytohormone-based treatments can be used to alter the pigment and lipid content of microalgae, which tend to respond in dose- and species-specific manners to individual compounds.Key points• Response to phytohormones was investigated in diatoms from distinct families.• MJ (0.5 mg/l) caused an increase in EPA cellular content in all three diatoms.• Phytohormones mostly caused dose-dependent and species-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fierli
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, CERIS, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Anita Aranyos
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, CERIS, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Maria Elena Barone
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, CERIS, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Rachel Parkes
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, CERIS, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Touzet
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, CERIS, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo, Ireland
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Krohn I, Menanteau‐Ledouble S, Hageskal G, Astafyeva Y, Jouannais P, Nielsen JL, Pizzol M, Wentzel A, Streit WR. Health benefits of microalgae and their microbiomes. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1966-1983. [PMID: 35644921 PMCID: PMC9249335 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae comprise a phylogenetically very diverse group of photosynthetic unicellular pro‐ and eukaryotic organisms growing in marine and other aquatic environments. While they are well explored for the generation of biofuels, their potential as a source of antimicrobial and prebiotic substances have recently received increasing interest. Within this framework, microalgae may offer solutions to the societal challenge we face, concerning the lack of antibiotics treating the growing level of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi in clinical settings. While the vast majority of microalgae and their associated microbiota remain unstudied, they may be a fascinating and rewarding source for novel and more sustainable antimicrobials and alternative molecules and compounds. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge on health benefits of microalgae and their associated microbiota. Finally, we describe remaining issues and limitation, and suggest several promising research potentials that should be given attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Krohn
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Gunhild Hageskal
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine SINTEF Industry Trondheim Norway
| | - Yekaterina Astafyeva
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department for Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Massimo Pizzol
- Department of Planning Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark
| | - Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine SINTEF Industry Trondheim Norway
| | - Wolfgang R. Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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Genome-wide characterization of the Elovl gene family in Gymnocypris przewalskii and their potential roles in adaptation to cold temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110759. [PMID: 35605755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elongase of the very long-chain fatty acids (Elovls) gene family in fish has more diversity than in other vertebrates, which plays several critical roles in fatty acid synthesis and low-temperature stress adaptation. Gymnocypris przewalskii settles in plateau lakes with cold and resource-poor settings, and the evolution and function of Elovl genes in this fish are unknown. In the study, to identify the Elovl genes in G. przewalskii, the genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of the gene members have been conducted with the expression profile of different tissues under cold stress. Fatty acid compositions, meanwhile, were detected in both the hepatopancreas and skeletal muscle during cold adaptation. A total of 21 Elovl members have been identified from the genome of G. przewalskii, belonging to Elovl1, Elovl2, Elovl4, Elovl5, Elovl6, Elovl7, and Elovl8 subgroups, with conserved ELO domain and four common motifs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that subfamilies Elovl1 and Elovl7, Elov2, and Elovl5 have a closer genetic relationship, while the Elovl6 class was classed into an independent clade. Synteny analysis showed that whole-genome duplication, tandem duplicates, and gene conversion could drive the Elovls family expansion in G. przewalskii. The Ka/Ks and RELAX analysis showed distinguishing positive selection traces in ORF sequences of gpElovl2. Transcriptional data showed that different gpElovl subtypes exhibited a tissue-specific expression. Subtypes gpElovl1a, gpElovl2 and gpElovl6l were highly expressed induced by cold stress, as well as fatty acid metabolism-related genes, including Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain gene (Ascl1a-1) and Stearyl-CoA desaturase gene (Scd1a-1). In addition, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents of the hepatopancreas and skeletal muscle were significantly increased under 15-day cold stress. These results provide a better understanding of fish Elovl genes and their roles in cold adaptation.
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Grubišić M, Šantek B, Zorić Z, Čošić Z, Vrana I, Gašparović B, Čož-Rakovac R, Ivančić Šantek M. Bioprospecting of Microalgae Isolated from the Adriatic Sea: Characterization of Biomass, Pigment, Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041248. [PMID: 35209036 PMCID: PMC8875609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae and cyanobacteria are sources of diverse bioactive compounds with potential biotechnological applications in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biofuel industries. In this study, five microalgae, Nitzschia sp. S5, Nanofrustulum shiloi D1, Picochlorum sp. D3, Tetraselmis sp. Z3 and Tetraselmis sp. C6, and the cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp. C1 were isolated from the Adriatic Sea and characterized regarding their growth kinetics, biomass composition and specific products content (fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, neutral and polar lipids). The strain Picochlorum sp. D3, showing the highest specific growth rate (0.009 h−1), had biomass productivity of 33.98 ± 0.02 mg L−1 day−1. Proteins were the most abundant macromolecule in the biomass (32.83–57.94%, g g−1). Nanofrustulum shiloi D1 contained significant amounts of neutral lipids (68.36%), while the biomass of Picochlorum sp. D3, Tetraselmis sp. Z3, Tetraselmis sp. C6 and Euhalothece sp. C1 was rich in glycolipids and phospholipids (75%). The lipids of all studied microalgae predominantly contained unsaturated fatty acids. Carotenoids were the most abundant pigments with the highest content of lutein and neoxanthin in representatives of Chlorophyta and fucoxanthin in strains belonging to the Bacillariophyta. All microalgal extracts showed antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative E. coli and S. typhimurium and Gram-positive S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grubišić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Zoran Zorić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Zrinka Čošić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Č.)
| | - Ivna Vrana
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Blaženka Gašparović
- Laboratory for Marine and Atmospheric Biogeochemistry, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirela Ivančić Šantek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.G.); (B.Š.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Č.)
- Correspondence:
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Magoni C, Bertacchi S, Giustra CM, Guzzetti L, Cozza R, Ferrari M, Torelli A, Marieschi M, Porro D, Branduardi P, Labra M. Could microalgae be a strategic choice for responding to the demand for omega-3 fatty acids? A European perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Danthu C, Hervé F, Sibat M, Carpentier L, Hégaret H, Séchet V, Hess P. Effect of a short-term salinity stress on the growth, biovolume, toxins, osmolytes and metabolite profiles on three strains of the Dinophysis acuminata-complex (Dinophysis cf. sacculus). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102009. [PMID: 34456027 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is the main dinoflagellate genus responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with lipophilic diarrheic toxins. Species of this genus have a worldwide distribution driven by environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, salinity, nutrients etc.), and these factors are sensitive to climate change. The D. acuminata-complex may contain several species, including D. sacculus. The latter has been found in estuaries and semi-enclosed areas, water bodies subjected to quick salinity variations and its natural repartition suggests some tolerance to salinity changes. However, the response of strains of D. acuminata-complex (D. cf. sacculus) subjected to salinity stress and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied in the laboratory. Here, a 24 h hypoosmotic (25) and hyperosmotic (42) stress was performed in vitro in a metabolomic study carried out with three cultivated strains of D. cf. sacculus isolated from the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Growth rate, biovolume and osmolyte (proline, glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)) and toxin contents were measured. Osmolyte contents were higher at the highest salinity, but only a significant increase in glycine betaine was observed between the control (35) and the hyperosmotic treatment. Metabolomics revealed significant and strain-dependent differences in metabolite profiles for different salinities. These results, as well as the absence of effects on growth rate, biovolume, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTXs) cellular contents, suggest that the D. cf. sacculus strains studied are highly tolerant to salinity variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Charline Danthu
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Liliane Carpentier
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Conde TA, Neves BF, Couto D, Melo T, Neves B, Costa M, Silva J, Domingues P, Domingues MR. Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070357. [PMID: 34201621 PMCID: PMC8307217 DOI: 10.3390/md19070357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A. Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Bruna F. Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Couto
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Margarida Costa
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal; (M.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Joana Silva
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal; (M.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
| | - M. Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.C.); (B.F.N.); (D.C.); (T.M.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The asymmetric biraphid pennate diatom Amphora copulata, isolated from tropical coastal waters (South China Sea, Malaysia), was cultured for renewable production of lipids (oils) in a medium comprised of inorganic nutrients dissolved in dilute palm oil mill effluent (POME). Optimal levels of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate were identified for maximizing the biomass concentration in batch cultures conducted at 25 ± 2 °C under an irradiance of 130 µmol m−2 s−1 with a 16 h/8 h light-dark cycle. The maximum lipid content in the biomass harvested after 15-days was 39.5 ± 4.5% by dry weight in a POME-based medium with optimal levels of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. Under the optimized conditions the maximum dry mass concentration of the diatom was 660 mg L−1 on day 12, declining to ~650 mg L−1 on day 15. For the 15-day batch operation, the final average productivities of the biomass and the lipids were 43.3 ± 4.5 mg L−1 d−1 and 17.1 ± 0.3 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The fatty acids in the diatom lipids were found to be (%, w/w of total lipids): palmitoleic acid (39.8%), palmitic acid (31.9%), myristic acid (6.8%), oleic acid (4.7%), stearic acid (4.5%), arachidonic acid (3.9%), eicosapentaenoic acid (3.6%), linoleic acid (2.5%), tetracosanoic acid (1.7%), and linolenic acid (0.6%).
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Lipid accumulation patterns and role of different fatty acid types towards mitigating salinity fluctuations in Chlorella vulgaris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:438. [PMID: 33432049 PMCID: PMC7801682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove-dwelling microalgae are well adapted to frequent encounters of salinity fluctuations across their various growth phases but are lesser studied. The current study explored the adaptive changes (in terms of biomass, oil content and fatty acid composition) of mangrove-isolated C. vulgaris UMT-M1 cultured under different salinity levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 ppt). The highest total oil content was recorded in cultures at 15 ppt salinity (63.5% of dry weight) with uncompromised biomass productivity, thus highlighting the ‘trigger-threshold’ for oil accumulation in C. vulgaris UMT-M1. Subsequently, C. vulgaris UMT-M1 was further assessed across different growth phases under 15 ppt. The various short, medium and long-chain fatty acids (particularly C20:0), coupled with a high level of C18:3n3 PUFA reported at early exponential phase represents their physiological importance during rapid cell growth. Accumulation of C18:1 and C18:2 at stationary growth phase across all salinities was seen as cells accumulating substrate for C18:3n3 should the cells anticipate a move from stationary phase into new growth phase. This study sheds some light on the possibility of ‘triggered’ oil accumulation with uninterrupted growth and the participation of various fatty acid types upon salinity mitigation in a mangrove-dwelling microalgae.
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Antarctic Krill Oil Attenuates Oxidative Stress via the KEAP1-NRF2 Signaling in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9534137. [PMID: 33082834 PMCID: PMC7563054 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9534137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Antarctic krill oil (AKO) has strong antioxidant activities and is effective for alleviating coronary heart disease (CHD). Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-NF-E2-related factor 2 (KEAP1-NRF2) axis is a crucial antioxidant signaling pathway. Thus, AKO may exert its antioxidant effects on CHD patients via KEAP1-NRF2 signaling. Methods AKO fatty acid (FA) profiles were analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC). One hundred CHD patients were divided into the intervention (IG, AKO) and control (CG, placebo) groups. Before and after 1, 2, and 3 months of intervention, we measured serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and KEAP1 and NRF2 levels in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Serum FAs were measured by GC at baseline and after 3-month intervention. Results AKO contains rich eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is more than 27% of total FA. The levels of EPA and DHA, KEAP1, and NRF2 in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of ROS, 8-OHdG, NO, and MDA in the IG group were lower than those in the CG group, whereas the levels of SOD, GSH, and GPx in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of saturated fatty acids (UFA) in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group, whereas reverse results were obtained for the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Serum levels of EPA and DHA had a strong negative relationship with the level of ROS, whereas the ROS level had a strong negative relationship with the levels of KEAP1-NRF2. Conclusion AKO increases antioxidant capacities of CHD patients via the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling in the PBL.
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Jing W, Bi Y, Wang G, Zeng S, Han L, Yang H, Wang N, Zhao Y. Krill Oil Perturbs Proliferation and Migration of Mouse Colon Cancer Cells in vitro by Impeding Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Lipids 2020; 56:141-153. [PMID: 32931040 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to increase. Treatment of CRC remains a significant clinical challenge, and effective therapies for advanced CRC are desperately needed. Increasing attention and ongoing research efforts have focused on krill oil that may provide health benefits to the human body. Here we report that krill oil exerts in vitro anticancer activity through a direct inhibition on proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of mouse colon cancer cells. Krill oil inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of CT-26 colon cancer cells by causing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was attributable to reduction of cyclin D1 levels in krill oil-treated cells. Further studies revealed that krill oil induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis of CT-26 cells, including loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytosolic calcium levels, activation of caspase-3, and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL. Krill oil suppressed migration of CT-26 cells by disrupting the microfilaments and microtubules. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) plays crucial roles in regulating proliferation and migration of cancer cells. We found that krill oil attenuated the activation of ERK signaling pathway to exert the effects on cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration of colon cancer cells. We speculate that polyunsaturated fatty acids of krill oil may dampen ERK activation by decreasing the phospholipid saturation of cell membrane. Although findings from in vitro studies may not necessarily translate in vivo, our study provides insights into the possibility that krill oil or its components could have therapeutic potential in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yuxuan Bi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shuyan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lihui Han
- Department of Immunology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Na Wang
- Jinan Jiyuan Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Longao North Road, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Yunxue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.,Department of Immunology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
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Sethi D, Butler TO, Shuhaili F, Vaidyanathan S. Diatoms for Carbon Sequestration and Bio-Based Manufacturing. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E217. [PMID: 32785088 PMCID: PMC7464044 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. Diatoms, a natural sink of atmospheric CO2, can be cultivated industrially in autotrophic and mixotrophic modes for the purpose of CO2 sequestration. In addition, the metabolic diversity exhibited by this group of photosynthetic organisms provides avenues to redirect the captured carbon into products of value. These include lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, exopolysaccharides, sulphated polysaccharides, and other valuable metabolites that can be produced in environmentally sustainable bio-manufacturing processes. To realize the potential of diatoms, expansion of our knowledge of carbon supply, CO2 uptake and fixation by these organisms, in conjunction with ways to enhance metabolic routing of the fixed carbon to products of value is required. In this review, current knowledge is explored, with an evaluation of the potential of diatoms for carbon capture and bio-based manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sethi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (F.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Thomas O. Butler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (F.S.); (S.V.)
| | - Faqih Shuhaili
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (F.S.); (S.V.)
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (F.S.); (S.V.)
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Kiran Marella T, Saxena A, Tiwari A. Diatom mediated heavy metal remediation: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 305:123068. [PMID: 32156552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals is a major threat to aquatic bodies and is a global concern to our four main spheres of the earth viz. atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The biosorption of pollutants using naturally inspired sources like microalgae has considerable advantages. Diatoms are the most dominant and diverse group of phytoplankton which accounts for 45% oceanic primary productivity. They perform a pioneer part in the biogeochemistry of metals in both fresh and marine water ecosystems. The diatoms play a significant role in degradation, speciation, and detoxification of chemical wastes and hazardous metals from polluted sites. Herein, an overview is presented about the ability of diatom algae to phycoremediate heavy metals by passive adsorption and active assimilation from their aqueous environments with an emphasis on extracellular and intracellular mechanisms involved in contaminant uptake through the frustules for preventing heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiran Marella
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Telangana State, India
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 313, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 313, India.
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Alves A, Sousa E, Kijjoa A, Pinto M. Marine-Derived Compounds with Potential Use as Cosmeceuticals and Nutricosmetics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112536. [PMID: 32486036 PMCID: PMC7321322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmetic industry is among the fastest growing industries in the last decade. As the beauty concepts have been revolutionized, many terms have been coined to accompany the innovation of this industry, since the beauty products are not just confined to those that are applied to protect and enhance the appearance of the human body. Consequently, the terms such as cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics have emerged to give a notion of the health benefits of the products that create the beauty from inside to outside. In the past years, natural products-based cosmeceuticals have gained a huge amount of attention not only from researchers but also from the public due to the general belief that they are harmless. Notably, in recent years, the demand for cosmeceuticals from the marine resources has been exponentially on the rise due to their unique chemical and biological properties that are not found in terrestrial resources. Therefore, the present review addresses the importance of marine-derived compounds, stressing new chemical entities with cosmeceutical potential from the marine natural resources and their mechanisms of action by which these compounds exert on the body functions as well as their related health benefits. Marine environments are the most important reservoir of biodiversity that provide biologically active substances whose potential is still to be discovered for application as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Marine organisms are not only an important renewable source of valuable bulk compounds used in cosmetic industry such as agar and carrageenan, which are used as gelling and thickening agents to increase the viscosity of cosmetic formulations, but also of small molecules such as ectoine (to promote skin hydration), trichodin A (to prevent product alteration caused by microbial contamination), and mytiloxanthin (as a coloring agent). Marine-derived molecules can also function as active ingredients, being the main compounds that determine the function of cosmeceuticals such as anti-tyrosinase (kojic acid), antiacne (sargafuran), whitening (chrysophanol), UV protection (scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)), antioxidants, and anti-wrinkle (astaxanthin and PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
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Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040559. [PMID: 32268552 PMCID: PMC7226532 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.
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Di Dato V, Ianora A, Romano G. Identification of Prostaglandin Pathway in Dinoflagellates by Transcriptome Data Mining. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020109. [PMID: 32069885 PMCID: PMC7073720 DOI: 10.3390/md18020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates, a major class of marine eukaryote microalgae composing the phytoplankton, are widely recognised as producers of a large variety of toxic molecules, particularly neurotoxins, which can also act as potent bioactive pharmacological mediators. In addition, similarly to other microalgae, they are also good producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), important precursors of key molecules involved in cell physiology. Among PUFA derivatives are the prostaglandins (Pgs), important physiological mediators in several physiological and pathological processes in humans, also used as “biological” drugs. Their synthesis is very expensive because of the elevated number of reaction steps required, thus the search for new Pgs production methods is of great relevance. One possibility is their extraction from microorganisms (e.g., diatoms), which have been proved to produce the same Pgs as humans. In the present study, we took advantage of the available transcriptomes for dinoflagellates in the iMicrobe database to search for the Pgs biosynthetic pathway using a bioinformatic approach. Here we show that dinoflagellates express nine Pg-metabolism related enzymes involved in both Pgs synthesis and reduction. Not all of the enzymes were expressed simultaneously in all the species analysed and their expression was influenced by culturing conditions, especially salinity of the growth medium. These results confirm the existence of a biosynthetic pathway for these important molecules in unicellular microalgae other than diatoms, suggesting a broad diffusion and conservation of the Pgs pathway, which further strengthen their importance in living organisms.
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