Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A New Wave of Nanodrugs?

Algae-derived compounds: Bioactivity, allergenicity and technologies enhancing their values

As a rapidly growing source of human nutrients, algae biosynthesize diverse metabolites which have promising bioactivities. However, the potential allergenicity of algal components hinder their widespread adoption. This review provides a comprehensive review of various macro and micronutrients derived from algal biomass, with particular focus on bioactive compounds, including peptides, polyphenols, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids and phycocyanins. The approaches used to produce algal bioactive compounds and their health benefits (antioxidant, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory) are summarised. This review particularly focuses on the state-of-the-art of precision fermentation, encapsulation, cold plasma, high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, and subcritical water to reduce the allergenicity of algal compounds while increasing their bioactivity and bioavailability. By providing insights into current challenges of algae-derived compounds and opportunities for advancement, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on maximizing their application potential in the food nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals industries.

Bioactive compounds derived from marine source: a potential immunotherapy treatment

Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors blocks the checkpoint proteins (programmed cell death receptor-1; PD-1) from binding with their corresponding ligands (programmed cell death receptor ligand-1; PD-L1) to regulate cell signaling pathways. The marine environment holds a huge source of small molecules that are understudied which can be developed as an inhibitor. Hence, this study investigated the inhibitory effect of 19 algae-derived small molecules against PD-L1 by using molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). The molecular docking revealed that the binding energy of the six best compounds ranges from -11.1 to -9.1 kcal/mol. Fucoxanthinol, in particular, has the strongest binding energy at -11.1 kcal/mol with three hydrogen bonds (ASN:63A, GLN:66A, and ASP:122A). Meanwhile, the MDS demonstrated that the ligands were strongly bound to the protein, indicating the stability of the complexes. In summary, the identified compounds are potential PD-L1 inhibitors in immunotherapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Exploring Bioactive Components and Assessing Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities in Five Seaweed Extracts from the Northeastern Coast of Algeria

The main goal of this study was to assess the bioactive and polysaccharide compositions, along with the antioxidant and antibacterial potentials, of five seaweeds collected from the northeastern coast of Algeria. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, the study investigated the elemental composition of these seaweeds and their chemical structure. In addition, this study compared and identified the biochemical makeup of the collected seaweed by using cutting-edge methods like tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, and it searched for new sources of nutritionally valuable compounds. According to the study's findings, Sargassum muticum contains the highest levels of extractable bioactive compounds, showing a phenolic compound content of 235.67 ± 1.13 µg GAE·mg-1 and a total sugar content of 46.43 ± 0.12% DW. Both S. muticum and Dictyota dichotoma have high concentrations of good polyphenols, such as vanillin and chrysin. Another characteristic that sets brown algae apart is their composition. It showed that Cladophora laetevirens has an extracted bioactive compound content of 12.07% and a high capacity to scavenge ABTS+ radicals with a value of 78.65 ± 0.96 µg·mL-1, indicating high antioxidant activity. In terms of antibacterial activity, S. muticum seaweed showed excellent growth inhibition. In conclusion, all five species of seaweed under investigation exhibited unique strengths, highlighting the variety of advantageous characteristics of these seaweeds, especially S. muticum.

Extraction of Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae Fucus spiralis

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78-474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89-16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16-1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%.

Recent developments and challenges in algal protein and peptide extraction strategies, functional and technological properties, bioaccessibility, and commercial applications

The burgeoning demand for protein, exacerbated by population growth and recent disruptions in the food supply chain, has prompted a rapid exploration of sustainable protein alternatives. Among these alternatives, algae stand out for their environmental benefits, rapid growth, and rich protein content. However, the widespread adoption of algae-derived proteins faces significant challenges. These include issues related to harvesting, safety, scalability, high cost, standardization, commercialization, and regulatory hurdles. Particularly daunting is the efficient extraction of algal proteins, as their resilient cell walls contain approximately 70% of the protein content, with conventional methods accessing only a fraction of this. Overcoming this challenge necessitates the development of cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly cell disruption techniques capable of breaking down these rigid cell walls, often laden with viscous polysaccharides. Various approaches, including physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods, offer potential solutions, albeit with varying efficacy depending on the specific algal strain and energy transfer efficiency. Moreover, there remains a pressing need for further research to elucidate the functional, technological, and bioaccessible properties of algal proteins and peptides, along with exploring their diverse commercial applications. Despite these obstacles, algae hold considerable promise as a sustainable protein source, offering a pathway to meet the escalating nutritional demands of a growing global population. This review highlights the nutritional, technological, and functional aspects of algal proteins and peptides while underscoring the challenges hindering their widespread adoption. It emphasizes the critical importance of establishing a sustainable trajectory for food production, with algae playing a pivotal role in this endeavor.

The Ocean's Pharmacy: Health Discoveries in Marine Algae

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a global health challenge, constituting a major cause of mortality and disease burden in the 21st century. Addressing the prevention and management of NCDs is crucial for improving global public health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies, early interventions, and innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate their far-reaching consequences. Marine organisms, mainly algae, produce diverse marine natural products with significant therapeutic potential. Harnessing the largely untapped potential of algae could revolutionize drug development and contribute to combating NCDs, marking a crucial step toward natural and targeted therapeutic approaches. This review examines bioactive extracts, compounds, and commercial products derived from macro- and microalgae, exploring their protective properties against oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, metabolic diseases, and cancer across in vitro, cell-based, in vivo, and clinical studies. Most research focuses on macroalgae, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, gut health modulation, metabolic health promotion, and anti-cancer effects. Microalgae products also exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Although studies mainly investigated extracts and fractions, isolated compounds from algae have also been explored. Notably, polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids, and terpenes emerge as prominent compounds, collectively representing 42.4% of the investigated compounds.

Effect of Post-Extraction Ultrasonication on Compositional Features and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic/Alkaline Extracts of Palmaria palmata

Palmaria palmata is a viable source of nutrients with bioactive properties. The present study determined the potential role of post-extraction ultrasonication on some compositional features and antioxidant properties of enzymatic/alkaline extracts of P. palmata (EAEP). No significant difference was detected in terms of protein content and recovery, as well as the amino acid composition of the extracts. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5 was found to be too high for the seaweed and EAEP. The extracts sonicated by bath for 10 min and not sonicated showed the highest and lowest total phenolic contents (p < 0.05), respectively. The highest radical scavenging and lowest metal-chelating activities were observed for the non-sonicated sample, as evidenced by IC50 values. The extract sonicated by bath for 10 min showed the most favorable in vitro antioxidant properties since its radical scavenging was not significantly different from that of the not-sonicated sample (p > 0.05). In contrast, its metal-chelating activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05). To conclude, post-extraction ultrasonication by an ultrasonic bath for 10 min is recommended to increase phenolic content and improve the antioxidant properties of EAEP.

Anti-biofilm activity of marine algae-derived bioactive compounds

A large number of microbial species tend to communicate and produce biofilm which causes numerous microbial infections, antibiotic resistance, and economic problems across different industries. Therefore, advanced anti-biofilms are required with novel attributes and targets, such as quorum sensing communication system. Meanwhile, quorum sensing inhibitors as promising anti-biofilm molecules result in the inhibition of particular phenotype expression blocking of cell-to-cell communication, which would be more acceptable than conventional strategies. Many natural products are identified as anti-biofilm agents from different plants, microorganisms, and marine extracts. Marine algae are promising sources of broadly novel compounds with anti-biofilm activity. Algae extracts and their metabolites such as sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan), carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein), lipid and fatty acids (γ-linolenic acid and linoleic acid), and phlorotannins can inhibit the cell attachment, reduce the cell growth, interfere in quorum sensing pathway by blocking related enzymes, and disrupt extracellular polymeric substances. In this review, the mechanisms of biofilm formation, quorum sensing pathway, and recently identified marine algae natural products as anti-biofilm agents will be discussed.

Dehydration, Rehydration and Thermal Treatment: Effect on Bioactive Compounds of Red Seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis

The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, and thermal treatment on the bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC)), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities) and anti-Alzheimer's (Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activities, and color properties of Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis seaweeds were evaluated. The results revealed significant reductions in carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities after the seaweeds' processing, with differences observed between species. Thermal treatment led to the most pronounced reductions in bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity. AchE inhibitory activity remained relatively high in all samples, with P. umbilicalis showing higher activity than P. linearis. Changes in color (ΔE) were significant after seaweeds' dehydration, rehydration and thermal treatment, especially in P. umbilicalis. Overall, optimizing processing methods is crucial for preserving the bioactive compounds and biological activities of seaweeds, thus maximizing their potential as sustainable and nutritious food sources or as nutraceutical ingredients.

Marine algae: A treasure trove of bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds

This comprehensive review examines the diverse classes of pharmacologically active compounds found in marine algae and their promising anti-inflammatory effects. The review covers various classes of anti-inflammatory compounds sourced from marine algae, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, caretenoids, alkaloids, phlorotannins, bromophenols, amino acids, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory activities of marine algae-derived compounds have been extensively investigated using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating their ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes involved in inflammation. Moreover, marine algae-derived compounds have exhibited immunomodulatory properties, regulating immune cell functions and attenuating inflammatory responses. Specific examples of compounds with notable anti-inflammatory activities are highlighted. This review provides valuable insights for researchers in the field of marine anti-inflammatory pharmacology and emphasizes the need for further research to harness the pharmacological benefits of marine algae-derived compounds for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents.

Evaluation of Cladophora and Chlamydomonas microalgae for environmental sustainability: A comparative study of antimicrobial and photocatalytic dye degradation

The present study emphasizes exploring the potential of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, protein, pigments, antioxidants, and vitamins extracted from two microalgae species, Cladophora and Chlamydomonas. The extraction process was optimized for different periods, and the extracted bioactive compounds were characterized. These bioactive compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Notably, Cladophora species exhibited a higher zone of inhibition than Chlamydomonas species against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of these bioactive compounds was investigated for the degradation of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under different light conditions. The results demonstrated that Cladophora species exhibited superior photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight, UV light, and visible light sources compared to Chlamydomonas species. Moreover, Cladophora species achieved the highest dye degradation efficiencies of 78% and 72% for methylene blue and crystal violet, respectively, within 150 min compared to UV light and visible light sources.

Ulva fasciata, a green alga, attenuates the kidney and liver dysfunctions in rats induced by acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (AAP) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug which is considered safe at recommended dose, but its overuse may induce renal and hepatic injuries. Marine macro algae have great potential against drug-induced renal and hepatic dysfunctions. The present study described the reno-protective and hepato-protective effects of the ethanol extract of an edible green alga Ulva fasciata and its fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) against AAP toxicity. In the 1st set of experiment, rats were divided into five groups. Of which two were treatment groups beside three controls, the first treatment group was given ethanol extract of U. fasciata alone and the second group was given the same extract with AAP. In the 2nd set of experiment, rats were divided into nine groups, of which three treatment groups administered n-hexane, chloroform and methanol fractions of ethanol extract of U. fasciata respectively while other three treatment groups received the same fractions individually with AAP. On the 11th day, rats were decapitated after 12 h of fasting from both sets, blood samples were collected for assessment of biochemical parameters and kidney tissues were used for determination of oxidants and antioxidants. Histopathological assessment was also done in kidney tissues. A single dose of AAP (600 mg/kg) affected kidney markers including creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and hepatic enzymes. Ethanolic extract of U. fasciata normalized kidney and liver markers in AAP intoxicated rats. AAP also reduced glutathione (GSH) in kidney tissues and altered kidney architecture, which were improved by ethanolic extract and chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata. A total of 14 polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified from chloroform soluble fraction of U. fasciata by GC-MS and assumed these may be involved in protective activities of U. fasciata.

Understanding Macroalgae: A Comprehensive Exploration of Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Omics Dimensions

Driven by a surge in global interest in natural products, macroalgae or seaweed, has emerged as a prime source for nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical applications. Characterized by remarkable genetic diversity and a crucial role in marine ecosystems, these organisms offer not only substantial nutritional value in proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals, but also a diverse array of bioactive molecules with promising pharmaceutical properties. Furthermore, macroalgae produce approximately 80% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, highlighting their ecological significance. The unique combination of nutritional and bioactive attributes positions macroalgae as an ideal resource for food and medicine in various regions worldwide. This comprehensive review consolidates the latest advancements in the field, elucidating the potential applications of macroalgae in developing nutraceuticals and therapeutics. The review emphasizes the pivotal role of omics approaches in deepening our understanding of macroalgae's physiological and molecular characteristics. By highlighting the importance of omics, this review also advocates for continued exploration and utilization of these extraordinary marine organisms in diverse domains, including drug discovery, functional foods, and other industrial applications. The multifaceted potential of macroalgae warrants further research and development to unlock their full benefits and contribute to advancing global health and sustainable industries.

Metabolic bone disorders and the promise of marine osteoactive compounds

Metabolic bone disorders and associated fragility fractures are major causes of disability and mortality worldwide and place an important financial burden on the global health systems. These disorders result from an unbalance between bone anabolic and resorptive processes and are characterized by different pathophysiological mechanisms. Drugs are available to treat bone metabolic pathologies, but they are either poorly effective or associated with undesired side effects that limit their use. The molecular mechanism underlying the most common metabolic bone disorders, and the availability, efficacy, and limitations of therapeutic options currently available are discussed here. A source for the unmet need of novel drugs to treat metabolic bone disorders is marine organisms, which produce natural osteoactive compounds of high pharmaceutical potential. In this review, we have inventoried the marine osteoactive compounds (MOCs) currently identified and spotted the groups of marine organisms with potential for MOC production. Finally, we briefly examine the availability of in vivo screening and validation tools for the study of MOCs.

Potential Application of Marine Algae and Their Bioactive Metabolites in Brain Disease Treatment: Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology Insights for Therapeutic Advances

Seaweeds, also known as edible marine algae, are an abundant source of phytosterols, carotenoids, and polysaccharides, among other bioactive substances. Studies conducted in the past few decades have demonstrated that substances derived from seaweed may be able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and act as neuroprotectants. According to preliminary clinical research, seaweed may also help prevent or lessen the symptoms of cerebrovascular illnesses by reducing mental fatigue, preventing endothelial damage to the vascular wall of brain vessels, and regulating internal pressure. They have the ability to control neurotransmitter levels, lessen neuroinflammation, lessen oxidative stress, and prevent the development of amyloid plaques. This review aims to understand the application potential of marine algae and their influence on brain development, highlighting the nutritional value of this "superfood" and providing current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms in the brain associated with their dietary introduction.

Polar Lipids of Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis Mitigate the LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages

Microalgae are recognized as a relevant source of bioactive compounds. Among these bioactive products, lipids, mainly glycolipids, have been shown to present immunomodulatory properties with the potential to mitigate chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of polar lipids isolated from Nannochloropsis oceanica and Chlorococcum amblystomatis. Three fractions enriched in (1) digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), (2) monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and (3) diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) and phospholipids (PL) were obtained from the total lipid extracts (TE) of N. oceanica and C. amblystomatis, and their anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by analyzing their capacity to counteract nitric oxide (NO) production and transcription of pro-inflammatory genes Nos2, Ptgs2, Tnfa, and Il1b in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. For both microalgae, TE and Fractions 1 and 3 strongly inhibited NO production, although to different extents. A strong reduction in the LPS-induced transcription of Nos2, Ptgs2, Tnfa, and Il1b was observed for N. oceanica and C. amblystomatis lipids. The most active fractions were the DGTS-and-PL-enriched fraction from N. oceanica and the DGDG-and-SQDG-enriched fraction from C. amblystomatis. Our results reveal that microalgae lipids have strong anti-inflammatory capacity and may be explored as functional ingredients or nutraceuticals, offering a natural solution to tackle chronic inflammation-associated diseases.

Network-Derived Radioresistant Breast Cancer Target with Candidate Inhibitors from Brown Algae: A Sequential Assessment from Target Selection to Quantum Chemical Calculation

Despite significant progress in early detection and treatment, a few aggressive breast cancers still exhibit resistance to therapy. This study aimed to identify a therapeutic target for radioresistant breast cancer (RRbc) through a protein network from breast cancer genes and to evaluate potent phytochemicals against the identified target. Our approach includes the integration of differential expression genes from expression datasets to create a protein network and to use survival analysis to identify the crucial RRbc protein in order to discover a therapeutic target. Next, the phytochemicals sourced from brown algae were screened through molecular docking, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, MM-GBSA, and quantum mechanics against the identified target. As a result of our protein network investigation, the proto-oncogene c-KIT (KIT) protein was identified as a potent radioresistant breast cancer target. Further, phytochemical screening establishes that nahocol-A1 from brown algae has high binding characteristics (-8.56 kcal/mol) against the KIT protein. Then, quantum chemical analysis of nahocol-A1 provided insights into its electronic properties favorable for protein binding. Also, MD simulation comprehends the conformational stability of the KIT-nahocol-A1 complex. Overall, our findings suggest nahocol-A1 could serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for radioresistant breast cancer.

Use of micro and macroalgae extracts for the control of vector mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are one of the most dangerous vectors of human diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Controlling these vectors is a challenging responsibility for public health authorities worldwide. In recent years, the use of products derived from living organisms has emerged as a promising approach for mosquito control. Among these living organisms, algae are of great interest due to their larvicidal properties. Some algal species provide nutritious food for larvae, while others produce allelochemicals that are toxic to mosquito larvae. In this article, we reviewed the existing literature on the larvicidal potential of extracts of micro- and macroalgae, transgenic microalgae, and nanoparticles of algae on mosquitoes and their underlying mechanisms. The results of many publications show that the toxic effects of micro- and macroalgae on mosquitoes vary according to the type of extraction, solvents, mosquito species, exposure time, larval stage, and algal components. A few studies suggest that the components of algae that have toxic effects on mosquitoes show through synergistic interaction between components, inhibition of feeding, damage to gut membrane cells, and inhibition of digestive and detoxification enzymes. In conclusion, algae extracts, transgenic microalgae, and nanoparticles of algae have shown significant larvicidal activity against mosquitoes, making them potential candidates for the development of new mosquito control products.

Immunostimulatory effects of marine algae extracts on in vitro antigen-presenting cell activation and in vivo immune cell recruitment

Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, from mouse bone marrow cells and treated them with six different marine algae extracts (MAEs). We evaluated cell viability, activation marker expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by APCs after 2 days of MAE treatment. All six MAEs significantly induced cytokine production of APCs, among which Pyropia yezoensis (PY), Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), and Meristotheca papulosa (MP) extracts exhibited the strongest effect. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract moderately upregulated cytokine levels but increased the expression of activation markers on DCs. Moreover, PY, PC, MP, Sargassum pectinifera (SP), and Caulerpa okamurae (CO) pre-treated APCs effectively stimulated T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, the mice injected with MAEs exhibited higher cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) production as well as enhanced innate immune cell recruitment capacities (DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice compared to those of the non-treated mice. Therefore, all MAEs exhibited immunostimulatory potential, with PY, PC, CW, and MP extracts being the most effective in stimulating immune responses and cell activation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the immunomodulatory activities of six MAEs both in vitro and in vivo.

Restorative Effect of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica Lipid Extract on Phospholipid Metabolism in Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress in skin cells, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and perturbing enzyme-mediated metabolism. This disruption is evidenced with elevated concentrations of metabolites that play important roles in the modulation of redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Thus, this research sought to determine the impacts of the lipid extract derived from the Nannochloropsis oceanica microalgae on phospholipid metabolic processes in keratinocytes subjected to UVB exposure. UVB-irradiated keratinocytes were treated with the microalgae extract. Subsequently, analyses were performed on cell lysates to ascertain the levels of phospholipid/free fatty acids (GC-FID), lipid peroxidation byproducts (GC-MS), and endocannabinoids/eicosanoids (LC-MS), as well as to measure the enzymatic activities linked with phospholipid metabolism, receptor expression, and total antioxidant status (spectrophotometric methods). The extract from N. oceanica microalgae, by diminishing the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (PLA2/COX1/2/LOX), augmented the concentrations of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely DHA and EPA. These concentrations are typically diminished due to UVB irradiation. As a consequence, there was a marked reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) and associated pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, as well as the expression of CB1/TRPV1 receptors. The microalgal extract also mitigated the increase in lipid peroxidation byproducts, specifically MDA in non-irradiated samples and 10-F4t-NeuroP in both control and post-UVB exposure. These findings indicate that the lipid extract derived from N. oceanica, by mitigating the deleterious impacts of UVB radiation on keratinocyte phospholipids, assumed a pivotal role in reinstating intracellular metabolic equilibrium.

Algae-Derived Natural Products in Diabetes and Its Complications-Current Advances and Future Prospects

Diabetes poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Natural products and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for diabetes management due to their diverse compositions and pharmacological effects. Algae, in particular, have garnered attention for their potential as a source of bioactive compounds with anti-diabetic properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of algae-derived natural products for diabetes management, highlighting recent developments and future prospects. It underscores the pivotal role of natural products in diabetes care and delves into the diversity of algae, their bioactive constituents, and underlying mechanisms of efficacy. Noteworthy algal derivatives with substantial potential are briefly elucidated, along with their specific contributions to addressing distinct aspects of diabetes. The challenges and limitations inherent in utilizing algae for therapeutic interventions are examined, accompanied by strategic recommendations for optimizing their effectiveness. By addressing these considerations, this review aims to chart a course for future research in refining algae-based approaches. Leveraging the multifaceted pharmacological activities and chemical components of algae holds significant promise in the pursuit of novel antidiabetic treatments. Through continued research and the fine-tuning of algae-based interventions, the global diabetes burden could be mitigated, ultimately leading to enhanced patient outcomes.

Elucidation and quantification health-promoting phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties and sugar levels of ultrasound assisted extraction, aroma compositions and amino acids profiles of macroalgae, Laurencia papillosa

Currently, sustainability is one of the most critical issues confronting society today. The growing of macroalgae in ocean farms appears more sustainable than agriculture on land due to it does not require any fresh water, chemical fertiliser, or soil. Macroalgae have been shown to be a sustainable marine source of amino acids, novel bioactive phenolic and aroma compounds that can be exploitation in food, cosmetic, nutraceuticals, pharmacological applications. Despite starting the huge cultivation of macroalgae in world, bioactive compounds in the edible macroalgae have not been well characterized. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction (CE) techniques were compared and red macroalgae, L. papillosa extracts were characterized. The highest amount of amino acid was glutamic acid (GLU) and composed of 35% was essential amino acids. UAE at 10% amplitude for 15 min showed significantly highest (p < 0.05) phenolic (212.03±3.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g) as well as antioxidant activity determined by DPPH (105.69±3.02 µmol Trolox/100 g), ABTS (238.69±2.23 µmol Trolox/100 g) radical assay and FRAP value (72.47±3.13 µmol Trolox/100 g) when in comparison with CE. Furthermore, bioactive compounds in extracts were indicated as phlorotannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and other polyphenols using liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). This result confirmed higher antioxidant capacity detected with the UAE. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified and quantified by GC-FID/MS with HS-SPME system. This study emerges as first report to novel extraction method used and deeply characterization of L papillosa. The results seem that significant potential application in the functional food, active packaging and nutraceuticals industry.

Microalgae from Cold Environments and Their Possible Biotechnological Applications

Cold environments include deep ocean, alpine, and polar areas. Even if the cold conditions are harsh and extreme for certain habitats, various species have been adapted to survive in them. Microalgae are among the most abundant microbial communities which have adapted to live in low light, low temperature, and ice coverage conditions typical of cold environments by activating different stress-responsive strategies. These species have been shown to have bioactivities with possible exploitation capabilities for human applications. Even if they are less explored compared to species living in more accessible sites, various activities have been highlighted, such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review is focused on summarizing these bioactivities and discussing the possible exploitation of cold-adapted microalgae. Thanks to the possibility of mass cultivating algae in controlled photobioreactors, eco-sustainable exploitation is in fact possible by sampling a few microalgal cells without impacting the environment.

Comprehensive Approach to Medical Nutrition Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Diet to Bioactive Compounds

In the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diet plays a key role. Individualized medical nutritional therapy, as part of lifestyle optimization, is one of the cornerstones for the management of T2DM and has been shown to improve metabolic outcomes. This paper discusses major aspects of the nutritional intervention (including macro- and micronutrients, nutraceuticals, and supplements), with key practical advice. Various eating patterns, such as the Mediterranean-style, low-carbohydrate, vegetarian or plant-based diets, as well as healthy eating plans with caloric deficits have been proven to have beneficial effects for patients with T2DM. So far, the evidence does not support a specific macronutrient distribution and meal plans should be individualized. Reducing the overall carbohydrate intake and replacing high glycemic index (GI) foods with low GI foods have been shown as valid options for patients with T2DM to improve glycemic control. Additionally, evidence supports the current recommendation to reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake, since their excessive intake promotes weight gain. The quality of fats seems to be rather important and the substitution of saturated and trans fatty acids with foods rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats lowers cardiovascular risk and improves glucose metabolism. There is no benefit of supplementation with antioxidants, such as carotene, vitamins E and C, or other micronutrients, due to the lack of consistent evidence showing efficacy and long-term safety. Some studies suggest possible beneficial metabolic effects of nutraceuticals in patients with T2DM, but more evidence about their efficacy and safety is still needed.

Novel Siprulina platensis Bilosomes for Combating UVB Induced Skin Damage

The recent interest in bioactive compounds from natural sources has led to the evolution of the skin care industry. Efforts to develop biologically active ingredients from natural sources have resulted in the emergence of enhanced skin care products. Spirulina (SPR), a nutritionally enriched cyanobacteria-type microalga, is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. SPR possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Spirulina-loaded bilosomes (SPR-BS), a novel antiaging drug delivery system, were designed for the first time by incorporation in a lecithin−bile salt-integrated system for bypassing skin delivery obstacles. The optimized BS had good entrapment efficiency, small particle size, optimal zeta potential, and sustained drug release pattern. Blank and SPR-loaded BS formulations were safe, with a primary irritancy index of <2 based on the Draize test. In vivo tests were conducted, and photoprotective antiaging effects were evaluated visually and biochemically by analyzing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkling markers following ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation. Results of biochemical marker analysis and histopathological examination confirmed the superior antiaging effect of SPR-BS compared with SPR. Thus, SPR-loaded BS is a promising nanoplatform for SPR delivery, can be used for treating UV-induced skin damage, and offers maximum therapeutic outcomes.

Bibliometric analysis on exploitation of biogenic gold and silver nanoparticles in breast, ovarian and cervical cancer therapy

Multifunctional nanoparticles are being formulated to overcome the side effects associated with anticancer drugs as well as conventional drug delivery systems. Cancer therapy has gained the advancement due to various pragmatic approaches with better treatment outcomes. The metal nanostructures such as gold and silver nanoparticles accessible via eco-friendly method provide amazing characteristics in the field of diagnosis and therapy towards cancer diseases. The environmental friendly approach has been proposed as a substitute to minimize the use of hazardous compounds associated in chemical synthesis of nanoparticles. In this attempt, researchers have used various microbes, and plant-based agents as reducing agents. In the last 2 decades various papers have been published emphasizing the benefits of the eco-friendly approach and advantages over the traditional method in the cancer therapy. Despite of various reports and published research papers, eco-based nanoparticles do not seem to find a way to clinical translation for cancer treatment. Present review enumerates the bibliometric data on biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus for the duration 2010 to 2022 for cancer treatment with a special emphasis on breast, ovarian and cervical cancer. Furthermore, this review covers the recent advances in this area of research and also highlights the obstacles in the journey of biogenic nanodrug from clinic to market.

Extracellular Metabolites of Heterotrophic Auxenochlorella protothecoides: A New Source of Bio-Stimulants for Higher Plants

The biodiversity of microalgal species is enormous, and their versatile metabolism produces a wide diversity of compounds that can be used in food, healthcare, and other applications. Microalgae are also a potential source of bio-stimulants that enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and/or crop quality traits. In this study, the extracellular metabolites of Auxenochlorella protothecoides (EAp) were prepared using three different culture strategies, and their effects on plant growth were examined. Furthermore, the composition of EAp was analyzed by GC-MS. The elongation of lateral roots and the cold-tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana were promoted by EAp. Moreover, EAp from high-cell-density fermentation stimulated the growth of the leafy vegetables Brassica rapa and Lactuca sativa at dilutions as high as 500- and 1000-fold. Three major groups of compounds were identified by GC-MS, including organic acids or organic acid esters, phenols, and saccharides. Some of these compounds have known plant–stimulating effects, while the rest requires further investigation in the future. Our study demonstrates that EAp is a potential bio-stimulant, while also providing an environmentally friendly and economical microalgae fermentation process.

Recent advances in biological properties of brown algae-derived compounds for nutraceutical applications

The increasing demand for nutraceuticals in the circular economy era has driven the research toward studying bioactive compounds from renewable underexploited resources. In this regard, the exploration of brown algae has shown significant growth and maintains a great promise for the future. One possible explanation could be that brown algae are rich sources of nutritional compounds (polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) and unique metabolic compounds (phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, fucoidan) with promising biological activities that make them good candidates for nutraceutical applications with increased value-added. In this review, a deep description of bioactive compounds from brown algae is presented. In addition, recent advances in biological activities ascribed to these compounds through in vitro and in vivo assays are pointed out. Delivery strategies to overcome some drawbacks related to the direct application of algae-derived compounds (low solubility, thermal instability, bioavailability, unpleasant organoleptic properties) are also reviewed. Finally, current commercial and legal statuses of ingredients from brown algae are presented, considering future therapeutical and market perspectives as nutraceuticals.

Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Seafood: Quantitative Literature Research Analysis

This perspective presents current and updated advances in research on nutrients and bioactive compounds in seafood. It is based on a literature quantitative research analysis approach. The main features of seafood components are introduced. This perspective aims at providing a current framework that relates nutrients, bioactive compounds, and seafood in a novel integrated and multidisciplinary manner, highlighting the current knowledge, the main research lines, and emerging strategies. The literature search was carried out by means of the Scopus database, and 22,542 documents were retrieved in the period from 1932 to 2024. Particularly, from the perspective of nutrition and health outputs, the main terms correlated with research on the relationship between seafood and nutritional and bioactive components, and the main existing research lines focused on this topic, were identified. The top recurring keywords were human/s, female, diet, nutrition, fish, male, adult, food intake.

Microalgae Peptide-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles as a Versatile Material for Biomedical Applications

Microalgae peptides have many medical and industrial applications due to their functional properties. However, the rapid degradation of peptides not naturally present in biological samples represents a challenge. A strategy to increase microalgae peptide stability in biological samples is to use carriers to protect the active peptide and regulate its release. This study explores the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as carriers of the Chlorella microalgae peptide (VECYGPNRPQF). The potential of these peptide biomolecules as stabilizing agents to improve the colloidal stability of AuNPs in physiological environments is also discussed. Spectroscopic (UV-VIS, DLS) and Microscopic (TEM) analyses confirmed that the employed modification method produced spherical AuNPs by an average 15 nm diameter. Successful peptide capping of AuNPs was confirmed with TEM images and FTIR spectroscopy. The stability of the microalgae peptide increased when immobilized into the AuNPs surface, as confirmed by the observed thermal shifts in DSC and high zeta-potential values in the colloidal solution. By optimizing the synthesis of AuNPs and tracking the conferred chemical properties as AuNPs were modified with the peptide via various alternative methods, the synthesis of an effective peptide-based coating system for AuNPs and drug carriers was achieved. The microalgae peptide AuNPs showed lower ecotoxicity and better viability than the regular AuNPs.

Phytochemical and Potential Properties of Seaweeds and Their Recent Applications: A Review

Since ancient times, seaweeds have been employed as source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could act as key medicinal components. Furthermore, research into the biological activity of certain seaweed compounds has progressed significantly, with an emphasis on their composition and application for human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds have many uses: they are consumed as fodder, and have been used in medicines, cosmetics, energy, fertilizers, and industrial agar and alginate biosynthesis. The beneficial effects of seaweed are mostly due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, phenols, polysaccharides, and sterols, as well as several other bioactive compounds. These compounds seem to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. Recent advances and limitations for seaweed bioactive as a nutraceutical in terms of bioavailability are explored in order to better comprehend their therapeutic development. To further understand the mechanism of action of seaweed chemicals, more research is needed as is an investigation into their potential usage in pharmaceutical companies and other applications, with the ultimate objective of developing sustainable and healthier products. The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health.

Potent Bioactive Compounds From Seaweed Waste to Combat Cancer Through Bioinformatics Investigation

The seaweed industries generate considerable amounts of waste that must be appropriately managed. This biomass from marine waste is a rich source of high-value bioactive compounds. Thus, this waste can be adequately utilized by recovering the compounds for therapeutic purposes. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key epigenetic regulators established as one of the most promising targets for cancer chemotherapy. In the present study, our objective is to find the HDAC 2 inhibitor. We performed top-down in silico methodologies to identify potential HDAC 2 inhibitors by screening compounds from edible seaweed waste. One hundred ninety-three (n = 193) compounds from edible seaweeds were initially screened and filtered with drug-likeness properties using SwissADME. After that, the filtered compounds were followed to further evaluate their binding potential with HDAC 2 protein by using Glide high throughput virtual screening (HTVS), standard precision (SP), extra precision (XP), and quantum polarized ligand docking (QPLD). One compound with higher negative binding energy was selected, and to validate the binding mode and stability of the complex, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using Desmond were performed. The complex-binding free energy calculation was performed using molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) calculation. Post-MD simulation analyses such as PCA, DCCM, and free energy landscape were also evaluated. The quantum mechanical and electronic properties of the potential bioactive compounds were assessed using the density functional theory (DFT) study. These findings support the use of marine resources like edible seaweed waste for cancer drug development by using its bioactive compounds. The obtained results encourage further in vitro and in vivo research. Our in silico findings show that the compound has a high binding affinity for the catalytic site of the HDAC 2 protein and has drug-likeness properties, and can be utilized in drug development against cancer.

Assessment of the Resource Potential of Baltic Sea Macroalgae

The excess biomass of drifting algae and their casting to the Baltic Sea coast imposes a significant environmental burden. The analysis of beach-cast algae showed that the dominant species are macroalgae Ulva sp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Cladophora sp., and Polysiphonia fucoides. The biomass of Furcellaria and Polysiphonia algae, containing 25.6% and 19.98% sugars, respectively, has the greatest resource potential in terms of obtaining carbohydrates. Fucose, glucose, and galactose were found to be the most common carbohydrates. The lipid content did not exceed 4.3% (2.3–4.3%), while the fatty acid composition was represented by saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, methyloleic, behenic, etc.). The highest content of crude protein was found in samples of macroalgae of the genus Polysiphonia and amounted to 28.2%. A study of the elemental composition of drifting algae revealed that they have a high carbon content (31.3–37.5%) and a low hydrogen (4.96–5.82%), and sulfur (1.75–3.00%) content. Red algal biomass has the most resource potential in terms of biofuel generation, as it has a high number of lipids and proteins that can produce melanoidins during hydrothermal liquefaction, enhancing the fuel yield. The study noted the feasibility of using the biomass of the studied algae taxa to produce polysaccharides and biofuels. The analyses of antioxidant properties, fat content, and fat composition do not provide convincing evidence of the viability of using the aforementioned macroalgae for their production.

Algal Lipids as Modulators of Skin Disease: A Critical Review

The prevalence of inflammatory skin diseases continues to increase with a high incidence in children and adults. These diseases are triggered by environmental factors, such as UV radiation, certain chemical compounds, infectious agents, and in some cases, people with a genetic predisposition. The pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, but also of skin cancers, is the result of the activation of inflammation-related metabolic pathways and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Inflammatory skin diseases are also associated with oxidative stress, overproduction of ROS, and impaired antioxidant defense, which affects the metabolism of immune cells and skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) in systemic and skin disorders. Lipids from algae have been scarcely applied to modulate skin diseases, but they are well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. They have shown scavenging activities and can modulate redox homeostasis enzymes. They can also downmodulate key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, the exploitation of algae lipids as therapeutical agents for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases is highly attractive, being critically reviewed in the present work.