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Robinson KE, Moniz HA, Stokes AN, Feldman CR. Where Does All the Poison Go? Investigating Toxicokinetics of Newt (Taricha) Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Garter Snakes (Thamnophis). J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01517-7. [PMID: 38842636 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Animals that consume toxic diets provide models for understanding the molecular and physiological adaptations to ecological challenges. Garter snakes (Thamnophis) in western North America prey on Pacific newts (Taricha), which employ tetrodotoxin (TTX) as an antipredator defense. These snakes possess mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), the molecular targets of TTX, that decrease the binding ability of TTX to sodium channels (target-site resistance). However, genetic variation at these loci that cannot explain all the phenotypic variation in TTX resistance in Thamnophis. We explored a separate means of resistance, toxin metabolism, to determine if TTX-resistant snakes either rapidly remove TTX or sequester TTX. We examined the metabolism and distribution of TTX in the body (toxicokinetics), to determine differences between TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive snakes in the rates at which TTX is eliminated from organs and the whole body (using TTX half-life as our metric). We assayed TTX half-life in snakes from TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive populations of three garter snake species with a coevolutionary history with newts (T. atratus, T. couchii, T. sirtalis), as well as two non-resistant "outgroup" species (T. elegans, Pituophis catenifer) that seldom (if ever) engage newts. We found TTX half-life varied across species, populations, and tissues. Interestingly, TTX half-life was shortest in T. elegans and P. catenifer compared to all other snakes. Furthermore, TTX-resistant populations of T. couchii and T. sirtalis eliminated TTX faster (shorter TTX half-life) than their TTX-sensitive counterparts, while populations of TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive T. atratus showed no difference rates of TTX removal (same TTX half-life). The ability to rapidly eliminate TTX may have permitted increased prey consumption, which may have promoted the evolution of additional resistance mechanisms. Finally, snakes still retain substantial amounts of TTX, and we projected that snakes could be dangerous to their own predators days to weeks following the ingestion of a single newt. Thus, aspects of toxin metabolism may have been key in driving predator-prey relationships, and important in determining other ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Robinson
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Haley A Moniz
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Amber N Stokes
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Chris R Feldman
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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2
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Ueda H, Ito M, Yonezawa R, Hayashi K, Tomonou T, Kashitani M, Oyama H, Shirai K, Suo R, Yoshitake K, Kinoshita S, Asakawa S, Itoi S. Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:500-510. [PMID: 38630353 PMCID: PMC11178581 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), known as pufferfish toxin, is a potent neurotoxin blocking sodium channels in muscle and nerve tissues. TTX has been detected in various taxa other than pufferfish, including marine polyclad flatworms, suggesting that pufferfish toxin accumulates in fish bodies via food webs. The composition of TTX and its analogs in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was identical to those in wild grass puffer Takifugu alboplumbeus. Previously, Planocera sp. from Okinawa Island, Japan, were reported to possess high level of TTX, but no information was available on TTX analogs in this species. Here we identified TTX and analogs in the planocerid flatworm using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and compared the composition of TTX and analogs with those of another toxic and non-toxic planocerid species. We show that the composition of TTX and several analogs, such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, dideoxyTTXs, deoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, of Planocera sp. was identical to those of toxic species, but not to its non-toxic counterpart. The difference in the toxin composition was reflected in the phylogenetic relationship based on the mitochondrial genome sequence. A toxification experiment using predatory fish and egg plates of P. multitentaculata demonstrated that the composition of TTX and analogs in wild T. alboplumbeus juveniles was reproduced in artificially toxified pufferfish. Additionally, feeding on the flatworm egg plates enhanced the signal intensities of all TTX compounds in Chelonodon patoca and that of deoxyTTXs in Yongeichthys criniger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ueda
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryo Yonezawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taiga Tomonou
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Maho Kashitani
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirai
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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3
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Biessy L, Pearman JK, Mertens KN, Réveillon D, Savar V, Hess P, Hampton H, Thompson L, Lebrun L, Terre-Terrillon A, Smith KF. Sudden peak in tetrodotoxin in French oysters during the summer of 2021: Source investigation using microscopy, metabarcoding and droplet digital PCR. Toxicon 2024; 243:107721. [PMID: 38636612 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin causing human intoxications from contaminated seafood worldwide and is of emerging concern in Europe. Shellfish have been shown to contain varying TTX concentrations globally, with concentrations typically higher in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas in Europe. Despite many decades of research, the source of TTX remains unknown, with bacterial or algal origins having been suggested. The aim of this study was to identify potential source organisms causing TTX contamination in Pacific oysters in French coastal waters, using three different techniques. Oysters were deployed in cages from April to September 2021 in an estuary where TTX was previously detected. Microscopic analyses of water samples were used to investigate potential microalgal blooms present prior or during the peak in TTX. Differences in the bacterial communities from oyster digestive glands (DG) and remaining flesh were explored using metabarcoding, and lastly, droplet digital PCR assays were developed to investigate the presence of Cephalothrix sp., one European TTX-bearing species in the DG of toxic C. gigas. Oysters analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry contained quantifiable levels of TTX over a three-week period (24 June-15 July 2021), with concentrations decreasing in the DG from 424 μg/kg for the first detection to 101 μg/kg (equivalent to 74 to 17 μg/kg of total flesh), and trace levels being detected until August 13, 2021. These concentrations are the first report of the European TTX guidance levels being exceeded in French shellfish. Microscopy revealed that some microalgae bloomed during the TTX peak, (e.g., Chaetoceros spp., reaching 40,000 cells/L). Prokaryotic metabarcoding showed increases in abundance of Rubritaleaceae (genus Persicirhabdus) and Neolyngbya, before and during the TTX peak. Both phyla have previously been described as possible TTX-producers and should be investigated further. Droplet digital PCR analyses were negative for the targeted TTX-bearing genus Cephalothrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LITTORAL Unit, Place de la Croix, BP40537, 29900, Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Hampton
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Luc Lebrun
- Ifremer, LITTORAL Unit, Place de la Croix, BP40537, 29900, Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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4
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Shingai T, Chiba Y, Kondo M, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Temporal variation in the concentrations and profiles of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) and bloody clam (Anadara broughtonii) collected from the coast of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Toxicon 2024; 243:107710. [PMID: 38579982 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
For food safety, the concentrations and profiles of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and tetrodotoxin were examined in economically important scallops and bloody clams collected from the coast of the Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. PSTs were the major toxins in both species. The tetrodotoxin concentration in scallops increased in summer, although the highest value (18.7 μg/kg) was lower than the European Food Safety Authority guideline threshold (44 μg/kg). This confirmed the safety for tetrodotoxin in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunari Shingai
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment Center, 4-7-2 Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-0836, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Chiba
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment Center, 4-7-2 Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-0836, Japan
| | - Mitsue Kondo
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment Center, 4-7-2 Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-0836, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
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5
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Bhairamkar S, Kadam P, Anjulal H, Joshi A, Chaudhari R, Bagul D, Javdekar V, Zinjarde S. Comprehensive updates on the biological features and metabolic potential of the versatile extremophilic actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104171. [PMID: 37995890 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei prevails under harsh environmental conditions and the purpose of this review is to highlight its biological features and recent biotechnological applications. The organism prevails in salt-rich soils/marine systems and some strains endure extreme temperatures and pH. A few isolates are associated with marine organisms and others cause human diseases. Comparative genomic analysis indicates its versatility in producing biotechnologically relevant metabolites. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anticancer and growth promoting biomolecules are obtained from this organism. It also synthesizes biotechnologically important enzymes. Bioactive compounds and enzymes obtained from this actinomycete provide evidence regarding its metabolic competence and its potential economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhairamkar
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Pratik Kadam
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - H Anjulal
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Avani Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Riddhi Chaudhari
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Dimpal Bagul
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vaishali Javdekar
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- Department of Biotechnology (With Jointly Merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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6
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Campàs M, Reverté J, Tudó À, Alkassar M, Diogène J, Sureda FX. Automated Patch Clamp for the Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Pufferfish Samples. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:176. [PMID: 38667793 PMCID: PMC11050952 DOI: 10.3390/md22040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a marine toxin responsible for many intoxications around the world. Its presence in some pufferfish species and, as recently reported, in shellfish, poses a serious health concern. Although TTX is not routinely monitored, there is a need for fast, sensitive, reliable, and simple methods for its detection and quantification. In this work, we describe the use of an automated patch clamp (APC) system with Neuro-2a cells for the determination of TTX contents in pufferfish samples. The cells showed an IC50 of 6.4 nM for TTX and were not affected by the presence of muscle, skin, liver, and gonad tissues of a Sphoeroides pachygaster specimen (TTX-free) when analysed at 10 mg/mL. The LOD achieved with this technique was 0.05 mg TTX equiv./kg, which is far below the Japanese regulatory limit of 2 mg TTX equiv./kg. The APC system was applied to the analysis of extracts of a Lagocephalus sceleratus specimen, showing TTX contents that followed the trend of gonads > liver > skin > muscle. The APC system, providing an in vitro toxicological approach, offers the advantages of being sensitive, rapid, and reliable for the detection of TTX-like compounds in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Jaume Reverté
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Àngels Tudó
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Mounira Alkassar
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters (AMiC) Programme, Ctra. Poble Nou del Delta, km. 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (J.R.); (M.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Francesc X. Sureda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain;
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Ulman A, Abd Rabou AFN, Al Mabruk S, Bariche M, Bilecenoğlu M, Demirel N, Galil BS, Hüseyinoğlu MF, Jimenez C, Hadjioannou L, Kosker AR, Peristeraki P, Saad A, Samaha Z, Stoumboudi MT, Temraz TA, Karachle PK. Assessment of Human Health Impacts from Invasive Pufferfish (Attacks, Poisonings and Fatalities) across the Eastern Mediterranean. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:208. [PMID: 38666820 PMCID: PMC11048499 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789), and to a lesser degree the orange spotted toadfish Torquigener hypselogeneion (Bleeker, 1852), pose threats to human health from physical attacks and poisonings in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This study reviewed human health-related impacts resulting from these pufferfish, compiling and assessing records from online sources, the peer-reviewed literature, medical records, personal interviews, and observations across the Eastern Mediterranean in the years 2004 to 2023. A total of 198 events impacting human health were documented: 28 records of physical attacks, at least 144 non-lethal poisoning episodes, and 27 human fatalities resulting from consumption. The majority of the reported incidences occurred in Syria, Türkiye, and Lebanon. Most physical attacks occurred in summer, while most poisoning events occurred during winter. The number of recorded incidents greatly increased after 2019, especially with regard to poisonings, yet whether this is related to greater media attention, or to increased fish abundance is unclear. This is the first comprehensive study to collate findings on attacks, poisonings and fatalities caused by these pufferfish in the Mediterranean Sea, and may help in improving national health policies. We urge the continuation of national campaigns to caution residents and tourists of these species' high toxicities and potential aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Ulman
- Mersea Marine Consulting, 48300 Fethiye, Türkiye;
| | | | - Sara Al Mabruk
- Nursing Department, Higher Institute of Science and Technology-Cyrene, Shahat 6036, Libya;
| | - Michel Bariche
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Murat Bilecenoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydın, Türkiye;
| | - Nazli Demirel
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34134 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Bella S. Galil
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | | | - Carlos Jimenez
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre, 2101 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | | | - Ali Rıza Kosker
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Türkiye;
| | - Panagiota Peristeraki
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71300 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Adib Saad
- Directorate of Scientific Research and Publishing, Al-Manara University, Lattakia HQ28 RFM, Syria;
| | - Ziad Samaha
- General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM—FAO), Palazzo Blumenstihl, Via Vittoria Colonna 1, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Th. Stoumboudi
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 576 Vouliagmenis Ave., 16452 Argyroupoli, Greece;
| | - Tarek A. Temraz
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 8366004, Egypt;
| | - Paraskevi K. Karachle
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 576 Vouliagmenis Ave., 16452 Argyroupoli, Greece;
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Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116201. [PMID: 38489901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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9
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Qian MR, Wu HZ, Cai ZX, Xu MJ, Han JL, Xu XM. Determination of tetrodotoxin in bivalve mollusks by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with internal standard calibration and its contamination in Zhejiang province, China. Food Chem 2024; 434:137493. [PMID: 37741232 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
A method was established for determining tetrodotoxin (TTX) in bivalve mollusks by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) using kasugamycin as the internal standard for quantification. Samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction with methanol-water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid, protein precipitation with acetonitrile, clean-up using a cation exchange solid phase extraction cartridge, elution with acetonitrile:water (1:1, v/v) containing 0.3% hydrochloric acid, neutralization with ammonia before HILIC-MS/MS analysis. The average recovery of the samples spiked at 3 levels ranged in 84.6%-98.1% with the relative standard deviation less than 7.2%. Using this method, the contamination of TTX in 429 bivalve mollusk samples collected in the local markets during 2018 and 2020 was investigated. The detection rates were 12.0-18.8%, following the order of oyster > mussel > clam > scallop. High contaminated oysters and mussels with TTX were found in July to August. Moreover, TTX analogs found in bivalve mollusks included 4-epiTTX, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, 4,9-anhydroTTX, and 5-deoxyTTX/11-deoxyTTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zeng-Xuan Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Mei-Jia Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jian-Long Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
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10
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Seneci L, Mikheyev AS. Sodium Channel β Subunits-An Additional Element in Animal Tetrodotoxin Resistance? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1478. [PMID: 38338757 PMCID: PMC10855141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxic molecule used by many animals for defense and/or predation, as well as an important biomedical tool. Its ubiquity as a defensive agent has led to repeated independent evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in animals. TTX binds to voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) consisting of α and β subunits. Virtually all studies investigating the mechanisms behind TTX resistance have focused on the α subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels, where tetrodotoxin binds. However, the possibility of β subunits also contributing to tetrodotoxin resistance was never explored, though these subunits act in concert. In this study, we present preliminary evidence suggesting a potential role of β subunits in the evolution of TTX resistance. We gathered mRNA sequences for all β subunit types found in vertebrates across 12 species (three TTX-resistant and nine TTX-sensitive) and tested for signatures of positive selection with a maximum likelihood approach. Our results revealed several sites experiencing positive selection in TTX-resistant taxa, though none were exclusive to those species in subunit β1, which forms a complex with the main physiological target of TTX (VGSC Nav1.4). While experimental data validating these findings would be necessary, this work suggests that deeper investigation into β subunits as potential players in tetrodotoxin resistance may be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Seneci
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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11
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Wei Y, Shi J, Shi T, Chen X, Li L. Transcriptomic Profiling of Tetrodotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Cerebral Organoids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:588. [PMID: 37999412 PMCID: PMC10672545 DOI: 10.3390/md21110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an exceedingly toxic non-protein biotoxin that demonstrates remarkable selectivity and affinity for sodium channels on the excitation membrane of nerves. This property allows TTX to effectively obstruct nerve conduction, resulting in nerve paralysis and fatality. Although the mechanistic aspects of its toxicity are well understood, there is a dearth of literature addressing alterations in the neural microenvironment subsequent to TTX poisoning. In this research endeavor, we harnessed human pluripotent induced stem cells to generate cerebral organoids-an innovative model closely mirroring the structural and functional intricacies of the human brain. This model was employed to scrutinize the comprehensive transcriptomic shifts induced by TTX exposure, thereby delving into the neurotoxic properties of TTX and its potential underlying mechanisms. Our findings revealed 455 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 212 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and 18 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in the TTX-exposed group when juxtaposed with the control cohort. Through meticulous Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, we ascertained that these differential genes predominantly participate in the regulation of voltage-gated channels and synaptic homeostasis. A comprehensive ceRNA network analysis unveiled that DEmRNAs exert control over the expression of ion channels and neurocytokines, suggesting their potential role in mediating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yue Wei
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China (J.S.)
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12
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Kosker AR, Karakus M, Katikou P, Dal İ, Durmus M, Ucar Y, Ayas D, Özogul F. Monthly Variation of Tetrodotoxin Levels in Pufferfish ( Lagocephalus sceleratus) Caught from Antalya Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:527. [PMID: 37888462 PMCID: PMC10608123 DOI: 10.3390/md21100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus), an invasive alien pufferfish species that has rapidly settled throughout the Mediterranean region, poses significant threats not only to native marine species and fisheries but also to public health due to the tetrodotoxin (TTX) they harbor. In this study, TTX concentrations in L. sceleratus from Antalya Bay in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea were investigated using Q-TOF-LC-MS on a monthly basis over a one-year period. Pufferfish were caught by angling from May 2018 to April 2019. The TTX levels in three different tissues (gonads, liver, and muscle) of 110 pufferfish in total were determined in both male and female individuals caught for 11 months. The highest TTX mean levels generally occurred in the gonads and the lowest in the muscle samples. As regards the maximum TTX contents, the highest concentrations determined were 68.2, 34.2, and 7.8 µg/g in the gonad, liver, and muscle tissues, respectively. The highest levels were generally observed in late autumn to winter (especially in November and December) in all tissues from both genders. Female individuals were generally found to be more toxic than male individuals. The TTX levels found confirm that the consumption of L. sceleratus from Antalya Bay remains dangerous throughout the year, and thus L. sceleratus constantly constitutes an important risk source for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rıza Kosker
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (F.Ö.)
| | - Merve Karakus
- Mediterranean Fisheries Research Production and Training Institute, Demre Unit, 07570 Antalya, Turkey; (M.K.); (İ.D.)
| | - Panagiota Katikou
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DIMITRA, Ktima Thermis, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - İsmail Dal
- Mediterranean Fisheries Research Production and Training Institute, Demre Unit, 07570 Antalya, Turkey; (M.K.); (İ.D.)
| | - Mustafa Durmus
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (F.Ö.)
| | - Yılmaz Ucar
- Vocational School of Aladag, Department of Forestry, Cukurova University, 01720 Adana, Turkey;
| | - Deniz Ayas
- Fisheries Faculty, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (F.Ö.)
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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13
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Tang T, Huang Y, Peng C, Liao Y, Lv Y, Shi Q, Gao B. A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Reef Stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) Provides Novel Insights into Stonustoxin (sntx) Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad215. [PMID: 37770059 PMCID: PMC10566576 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) is one of the most venomous fishes, but its biomedical study has been restricted to molecular cloning and purification of its toxins, instead of high-throughput genetic research on related toxin genes. In this study, we constructed a chromosome-level haplotypic genome assembly for the reef stonefish. The genome was assembled into 24 pseudo-chromosomes, and the length totaled 689.74 Mb, reaching a contig N50 of 11.97 Mb and containing 97.8% of complete BUSCOs. A total of 24,050 protein-coding genes were annotated, of which metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, and stonustoxins (sntx) were the most abundant putative toxin genes. Multitissue transcriptomic and venom proteomic data showed that sntx genes, especially those clustered within a 50-kb region on the chromosome 2, had higher transcription levels than other types of toxins as well as those sntx genes scatteringly distributed on other chromosomes. Further comparative genomic analysis predicted an expansion of sntx-like genes in the Percomorpha lineage including nonvenomous fishes, but Scorpaenoidei species experienced extra independent sntx duplication events, marking the clear-cut origin of authentic toxic stonustoxins. In summary, this high-quality genome assembly and related comparative analysis of toxin genes highlight valuable genetic differences for potential involvement in the evolution of venoms among Scorpaeniformes fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- BGI-Marine Research Institute for Biomedical Technology, Shenzhen Huahong Marine Biomedicine Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- BGI-Marine Research Institute for Biomedical Technology, Shenzhen Huahong Marine Biomedicine Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingmiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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14
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Antonelli P, Peruzzo A, Mancin M, Boscolo Anzoletti A, Dall'Ara S, Orsini M, Bordin P, Arcangeli G, Zanolin B, Barco L, Losasso C. Tetrodotoxin in bivalve mollusks: An integrated study towards the comprehension of the influencing factors of a newly native phenomenon. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139682. [PMID: 37527741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potent neurotoxins named after the Tetraodontidae fish family. The ingestion of TTX-contaminated flesh can cause neurotoxic symptoms and can lead to death. In 2017 symptoms the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognized the threat to food safety resulting from TTX exposure via food consumption and, thus, proposed a safety limit of 44 μg/kg of TTX in marine gastropods and bivalves. To date, however, TTXs have not yet been included in the list of biotoxins to be monitored within the European Union, even though, in a few cases, levels of TTX found were higher than the EFSA limit. The origin of TTX production is debated and the roles of both biotic and abiotic factors on TTX-mediated toxic events remain unclear. In order to meet these knowledge requests the present study was aimed to investigate the role of seawater temperature, pH, water conductivity, and oxygen saturation, along with the marine phytoplankton community and the bacterial community of mussels and oysters on the accumulation of TTX and analogues in the bivalves. Abiotic parameters were measured by means of a multi-parametric probe, phytoplankton community was analyzed by optic microscopy while microbial community was described by amplicon metataxonomic sequencing, TTXs concentration in the collected matrices were measured by HILIC-MS/MS. A possible role of seawater pH and temperature, among the investigated abiotic factors, in regulating the occurrence of TTXs was found. Regarding biotic variables, a possible influence of Vibrio, Shewanella and Flavobacteriaceae in the occurrence of TTXs was found. Concurrently, Prorocentrum cordatum cell numbers were correlated to the incidence of TTX in mussels. The results herein collected suggest that environmental variables play a consistent part in the occurrence of TTX in the edible bivalve habitats, and there are also indications of a potential role played by specific bacteria taxa in association with phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Antonelli
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Arianna Peruzzo
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Aurora Boscolo Anzoletti
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sonia Dall'Ara
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, Viale A. Vespucci 2, 47042, Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Bordin
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Specialistic Aquatic Animal Health Centre, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Zanolin
- Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Friuli Venezia Giulia, ARPA FVG, Via Cairoli 14, 33057, Palmanova, UD, Italy
| | - Lisa Barco
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, PD, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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15
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Han JL, Zhang L, Zhou PP, Xu JJ, Pan XD, Cao P, Xu XM. Analytical Method Optimization of Tetrodotoxin and Its Contamination in Gastropods. Foods 2023; 12:3103. [PMID: 37628101 PMCID: PMC10453083 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extremely potent marine biotoxin. An analytical method was developed for both trace contamination and extremely high levels of TTX in gastropods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with clean-up of cation exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) in this study. The limit of detection (LOD) in the sample matrix was 0.5 μg/kg. With the calibration of a screened internal standard (validamycin, IS), the linear range was 0.1-100 ng/mL (1.5-1500 μg/kg in sample matrix) with a correlation coefficient of r2 > 0.999. The average recoveries at three spiking levels (1.5 μg/kg, 44 μg/kg, and 1500 μg/kg) were 82.6-94.4% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 8.4%. TTX levels in seven gastropods (741 samples) were studied. The contamination and analogues in Neverita didyma (N. didyma, 565 samples collected in Zhejiang province, China, from 2016 to 2022) were first reported. The detection rate of TTX in N. didyma was 34.2%. The average concentration was 23.1 μg/kg, and the maximum value was 2327 μg/kg. The time distribution study indicated that high contaminations of TTX occurred from May to August for N. didyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Ping-Ping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Jiao-Jiao Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100026, China; (L.Z.); (P.-P.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China; (J.-L.H.); (J.-J.X.); (X.-D.P.)
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16
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Fuentes-Monteverde JC, Núñez MJ, Amaya-Monterosa O, Martínez ML, Rodríguez J, Jiménez C. Multistage Detection of Tetrodotoxin Traces in Diodon hystrix Collected in El Salvador. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:409. [PMID: 37505678 PMCID: PMC10467132 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a multistage methodology to detect minute amounts of tetrodotoxin in fishes, a plan that may be broadened to include other marine organisms. This methodology was applied to porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix) collected in Punta Chiquirín, El Salvador. A three-stage approach along with post-acquisition processing was employed, to wit: (a) Sample screening by selected reaction monitoring (HPLC-MS/MS-SRM) analyses to quickly identify possible toxin presence via a LC/MS/MS API 3200 system with a triple quadrupole; (b) HPLC-HRFTMS-full scan analyses using an ion trap-Orbitrap spectrometer combined with an MZmine 2-enhanced dereplication-like workflow to collect high-resolution mass spectra; and (c) HPLC-HRMS2 analyses. This is the first time tetrodotoxin has been reported in D. hystrix specimens collected in El Salvador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Fuentes-Monteverde
- CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
- NMR Based Structural Biology, MPI for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marvin J. Núñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador 01101, El Salvador; (M.J.N.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Oscar Amaya-Monterosa
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas, Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador 01101, El Salvador;
| | - Morena L. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador 01101, El Salvador; (M.J.N.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jaime Rodríguez
- CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- CICA—Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
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17
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Ito M, Shirai K, Oyama H, Yasukawa S, Asano M, Kihara M, Suo R, Sugita H, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Itoi S. Geographical differences in the composition of tetrodotoxin and 5,6,11-trideoxytetrodotoxin in Japanese pufferfishes and their origins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139214. [PMID: 37327821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish are thought to accumulate TTXs in their bodies through a food chain that begins with marine bacteria. However, the mechanism of TTXs transfer between prey and predators in the food chain remains unclear and the reasons for regional differences in pufferfish toxicity are also unknown. To investigate these matters, we collected juveniles of four species of pufferfish, Takifugu alboplumbeus, Takifugu flavipterus, Takifugu stictonotus, and Chelonodon patoca, from various locations in the Japanese Islands, and subjected them to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis for TTX and its analog 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX (TDT). Concentrations of these substances tended to be higher in pufferfish juveniles collected from the Sanriku coastal area (Pacific coast of northern Japan) than in those from other locations. Juveniles had higher concentrations of TTX at all locations than of TDT. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences specific to the TTX-bearing flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata, were detected in the intestinal contents of up to 100% of pufferfish juveniles from various sampling sites, suggesting that P. multitentaculata was widely involved in the toxification of the juveniles in the coastal waters of Japan. A toxification experiment was conducted on three species of pufferfish juveniles (T. alboplumbeus, Takifugu rubripes and C. patoca) using TTX-bearing flatworm eggs harboring equal amounts of TTX and TDT. The TTX content of juveniles fed on flatworm eggs was found to be more than twice that of TDT, suggesting that pufferfish preferentially incorporate TTX compared to TDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirai
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shino Yasukawa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaki Asano
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masato Kihara
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8587, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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18
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Tran DT, Do CVT, Dinh CT, Dang MT, Le Ho KH, Le TG, Dao VH. Recovery of tetrodotoxin from pufferfish viscera extract by amine-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18108-18121. [PMID: 37323433 PMCID: PMC10267608 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been widely used in pharmacology, food poisoning analysis, therapeutic use, and neurobiology. In the last decades, the isolation and purification of TTX from natural sources (e.g., pufferfish) were mostly based on column chromatography. Recently, functional magnetic nanomaterials have been recognized as promising solid phases for the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from aqueous matrices due to their effective adsorptive properties. Thus far, no studies have been reported on the utilization of magnetic nanomaterials for the purification of TTX from biological matrices. In this work, an effort has been made to synthesize Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 nanocomposites for the adsorption and recovery of TTX derivatives from a crude pufferfish viscera extract. The experimental data showed that Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 displayed a higher affinity toward TTX derivatives than Fe3O4@SiO2, achieving maximal adsorption yields for 4epi-TTX, TTX, and Anh-TTX of 97.9, 99.6, and 93.8%, respectively, under the optimal conditions of contact time of 50 min, pH of 2, adsorbent dosage of 4 g L-1, initial adsorbate concentration of 1.92 mg L-1 4epi-TTX, 3.36 mg L-1 TTX and 1.44 mg L-1 Anh-TTX and temperature of 40 °C. Interestingly, desorption of 4epi-TTX, TTX, and Anh-TTX from Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2-TTX investigated at 50 °C was recorded to achieve the highest recovery yields of 96.5, 98.2, and 92.7% using 1% AA/ACN for 30 min reaction, respectively. Remarkably, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 can be regenerated up to three cycles with adsorptive performance remaining at nearly 90%, demonstrating a promising adsorbent for purifying TTX derivatives from pufferfish viscera extract and a potential replacement for resins used in column chromatography-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thuan Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Cam Van T Do
- HaUI Institute of Technology, Hanoi University of Industry (HaUI) 298 Cau Dien, Bac Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Cuc T Dinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Mai T Dang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Khanh Hy Le Ho
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 01 Cau Da St. Nha Trang City 650000 Vietnam
| | - Truong Giang Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
| | - Viet Ha Dao
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 01 Cau Da St. Nha Trang City 650000 Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi 100000 Vietnam
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19
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Malloggi C, Rizzo B, Giusti A, Guardone L, Gasperetti L, Dall’Ara S, Armani A. First Toxicological Analysis of the Pufferfish Sphoeroides pachygaster Collected in Italian Waters (Strait of Sicily): Role of Citizens Science in Monitoring Toxic Marine Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1873. [PMID: 37889799 PMCID: PMC10252100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pufferfish (Tetraodontidae) inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea may represent an emerging public health risk due to the possible accumulation of marine neurotoxins such as tetrodotoxin (TTXs) and saxitoxin (STXs) in their tissues. In this study, the presence of pufferfish species in the Strait of Sicily (Lampedusa Island, Italy) was investigated using a citizen science (CS) approach, involving local fishermen. Samples (liver, intestine, gonads, muscle, skin) from 20 specimens were sent to the National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins for TTXs detection using a validated HILIC-MS/MS method on fish tissue. The presence of STXs was also screened in part of the specimens. Overall, 56 specimens identified as Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller &Troschel, 1848) were collected. Data on their total length, body weight, fishing method and catch area (with relative depth temperature and salinity) were analyzed and compared with the S. pachygaster records reported in literature which were updated to 2022. All the analysed tissues were found to be negative for both TTXs and STXs. CS played an essential role in monitoring potentially toxic marine species in this investigation. Outcomes from this study, which is the first investigating S. pachygaster toxicity in Italian waters, may provide useful data for the proper assessment of this emerging risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Malloggi
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Biagio Rizzo
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Alice Giusti
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Gasperetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy;
| | - Sonia Dall’Ara
- Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine, National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, Viale A. Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy;
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (A.G.); (L.G.)
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20
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Reverté J, Alkassar M, Diogène J, Campàs M. Detection of Ciguatoxins and Tetrodotoxins in Seafood with Biosensors and Other Smart Bioanalytical Systems. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102043. [PMID: 37238861 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of marine toxins such as ciguatoxins (CTXs) and tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in non-endemic regions may pose a serious food safety threat and public health concern if proper control measures are not applied. This article provides an overview of the main biorecognition molecules used for the detection of CTXs and TTXs and the different assay configurations and transduction strategies explored in the development of biosensors and other biotechnological tools for these marine toxins. The advantages and limitations of the systems based on cells, receptors, antibodies, and aptamers are described, and new challenges in marine toxin detection are identified. The validation of these smart bioanalytical systems through analysis of samples and comparison with other techniques is also rationally discussed. These tools have already been demonstrated to be useful in the detection and quantification of CTXs and TTXs, and are, therefore, highly promising for their implementation in research activities and monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Reverté
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mounira Alkassar
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
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21
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Wang F, Zhang F, Song J, Zou S, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Wang Q. Acute Toxic Effects of Tetrodotoxin in Mice via Intramuscular Injection and Oral Gavage. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050334. [PMID: 37235368 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly fatal marine biotoxin. Constantly increasing intoxications and the lack of specific antitoxic drugs in clinical applications highlight the need for further research into the toxic effects of TTX. Current reports on poisoning cases and the TTX toxicity mechanism suggest that the blocking of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) by TTX is probably reversible, but direct evidence of this is lacking, as far as we are aware. This study explored the acute toxic effects of TTX at sub-lethal doses via different routes, analyzing variations in muscle strength and TTX concentration in the blood in mice. We found that the loss of muscle strength in mice caused by TTX was dose-dependent and reversible, and the death time and muscle strength variations after oral gavage with TTX appeared to occur later and were more variable than those after intramuscular injection. In conclusion, we systematically compared the acute toxic effects of TTX for two different administration routes at sub-lethal doses, directly verifying the reversible reaction of TTX blocking VGSCs and speculating that averting a complete block of VGSCs by TTX could be an effective strategy for preventing death from TTX poisoning. This work may provide data for the diagnosis and treatment of TTX poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fuhai Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Juxingsi Song
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuaijun Zou
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Rossignoli AE, Mariño C, Martín H, Blanco J. First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040232. [PMID: 37103371 PMCID: PMC10144553 DOI: 10.3390/md21040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and of the tetrodotoxin analogues, 5,6,11 trideoxy tetrodotoxin (5,6,11 trideoxy TTX) and its isomer (referred to as 5,6,11 trideoxy-epi-TTX), in the north Atlantic Coast of Spain. In this study, we also report for the first time the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three species (the cnidaria Calliactis parasitica, an unidentified species, and the bivalve Tellina donacina). The prevalence was medium for GYM D and 16-desmethyl GYM D and low for TTXs overall. The concentrations recorded were variable, with maximum values of GYM D in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (8.8 μg GYM A equivalents kg-1), of 16-desmethyl GYM D in the bivalve Magellana gigas (10 μg GYM A equivalents kg-1) and of TTX and 5,6,11 trideoxy TTX in the cnidaria C. parasitica (49.7 and 233 μg TTX equivalents kg-1, respectively). There is very scarce information about these compounds. Therefore, the reporting of these new detections will increase the knowledge on the current incidence of marine toxins in Europe that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), in particular, and the scientific community, in general, have. This study also highlights the importance of analyzing toxin analogues and metabolites for effective monitoring programs and adequate health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Carmen Mariño
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Helena Martín
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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23
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Park J, Proux C, Ehanno W, Réthoré L, Vessières E, Bourreau J, Favre J, Kauffenstein G, Mattei C, Tricoire-Leignel H, Henrion D, Legendre C, Legros C. Tetrodotoxin Decreases the Contractility of Mesenteric Arteries, Revealing the Contribution of Voltage-Gated Na + Channels in Vascular Tone Regulation. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030196. [PMID: 36976245 PMCID: PMC10059581 DOI: 10.3390/md21030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning through the consumption of contaminated fish leads to lethal symptoms, including severe hypotension. This TTX-induced hypotension is likely due to the downfall of peripheral arterial resistance through direct or indirect effects on adrenergic signaling. TTX is a high-affinity blocker of voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels. In arteries, NaV channels are expressed in sympathetic nerve endings, both in the intima and media. In this present work, we aimed to decipher the role of NaV channels in vascular tone using TTX. We first characterized the expression of NaV channels in the aorta, a model of conduction arteries, and in mesenteric arteries (MA), a model of resistance arteries, in C57Bl/6J mice, by Western blot, immunochemistry, and absolute RT-qPCR. Our data showed that these channels are expressed in both endothelium and media of aorta and MA, in which scn2a and scn1b were the most abundant transcripts, suggesting that murine vascular NaV channels consist of NaV1.2 channel subtype with NaVβ1 auxiliary subunit. Using myography, we showed that TTX (1 µM) induced complete vasorelaxation in MA in the presence of veratridine and cocktails of antagonists (prazosin and atropine with or without suramin) that suppressed the effects of neurotransmitter release. In addition, TTX (1 µM) strongly potentiated the flow-mediated dilation response of isolated MA. Altogether, our data showed that TTX blocks NaV channels in resistance arteries and consecutively decreases vascular tone. This could explain the drop in total peripheral resistance observed during mammal tetrodotoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Park
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - William Ehanno
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Léa Réthoré
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessières
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Jennifer Bourreau
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Julie Favre
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
- UMR INSERM 1121, CRBS, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
- UMR INSERM 1260, CRBS, Strasbourg University, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - César Mattei
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Daniel Henrion
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Claire Legendre
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Christian Legros
- INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University Angers, 49000 Angers, France
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24
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Tetrodotoxin Profiles in Xanthid Crab Atergatis floridus and Blue-Lined Octopus Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata from the Same Site in Nagasaki, Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030193. [PMID: 36977084 PMCID: PMC10052739 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The xanhid crab Atergatis floridus and the blue-lined octopus Hapalochlaena cf. fasciata have long been known as TTX-bearing organisms. It has been speculated that the TTX possessed by both organisms is exogenously toxic through the food chain, since they are reported to have geographic and individual differences. The source and supply chain of TTX for both of these organisms, however, remain unclear. On the other hand, since crabs are one of the preferred prey of octopuses, we focused our attention on the relationship between the two species living in the same site. The aim of this study was to determine TTX concentrations and TTX profiles of A. floridus and H. cf. fasciata, collected simultaneously in the same site, and examine the relationship between them. Although there were individual differences in the TTX concentration in both A. floridus and H. cf. fasciata, the toxin components commonly contained 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol in addition to TTX as the major components, with 4-epiTTX, 11-deoxyTTX, and 4,9-anhydroTTX as the minor components. The results suggest that octopuses and crabs in this site acquire TTX from common prey, including TTX-producing bacteria and/or may have a predator–prey relationship.
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25
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Recovery of Fatty Acid and Volatile Flavor Compound Composition in Farmed Tiger Puffer ( Takifugu rubripes) with a Fish Oil-Finishing Strategy. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020122. [PMID: 36827163 PMCID: PMC9959805 DOI: 10.3390/md21020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Booming fish farming results in a relative shortage of fish oil (FO) supply, meaning that alternative oils are increasingly used in fish feeds, which leads to reduction of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and other relevant changes in fish products. This study investigated the efficacy of an FO-finishing strategy in recovering the muscle quality of farmed tiger puffer. An eight-week feeding trial (growing-out period) was conducted with five experimental diets, in which graded levels (0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of added FO were replaced by poultry oil (PO). Following the growing-out period was a four-week FO-finishing period, during which fish in all groups were fed the control diet. Dietary PO significantly decreased the muscle LC-PUFA content, whereas in general, the FO-finishing strategy recovered it to a level comparable with that of the group fed FO continuously. The recovery efficiency of EPA was higher than that of DHA. Dietary PO also led to changes of volatile flavor compounds in the muscle, such as butanol, pentenal, and hexenal, whereas the FO-finishing strategy mitigated the changes. In conclusion, the FO-finishing strategy is promising in recovering the LC-PUFA and volatile-flavor-compound composition in farmed tiger puffer after the feeding of PO-based diets.
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26
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Vlasenko AE, Magarlamov TY. Tetrodotoxins in Ribbon Worms Cephalothrix cf. simula and Kulikovia alborostrata from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:16. [PMID: 36668836 PMCID: PMC9860856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin, an extremely potent low-molecular-weight neurotoxin, and its analogues (TTXs) are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Most investigations concerning TTXs have been conducted mainly on puffer fish, octopus, and mollusks, without paying due attention to various non-edible animals including nemerteans, a small group of marine worms, several species of which have been shown to possess high amounts of TTXs. In this study, for the first time, variations in TTX and its analogues, in 32 specimens of Cephalothrix cf. simula and 36 specimens of Kulikovia alborostrata, from Peter the Great Bay Sea of Japan were investigated, which may contribute to elucidation of TTXs migration pathways in ecosystems. Using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), it was found that the total TTXs concentrations within both species vary by one to several orders of magnitude, 85.75-7108.26 µg/g and 0.35-8.11 ng/g in C. cf. simula and K. alborostrata, respectively. The intra- and interspecies similarities in proportions of TTXs in both species were observed; based on the results, a possible way of their toxification was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timur Yu. Magarlamov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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27
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Oyama H, Ito M, Suo R, Goto-Inoue N, Morisasa M, Mori T, Sugita H, Mori T, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Itoi S. Changes in Tissue Distribution of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in Association with Maturation in the Toxic Flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1158-1167. [PMID: 36322281 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxic flatworm, Planocera multitentaculata, possesses highly concentrated tetrodotoxin (TTX), also known as pufferfish toxin, throughout its life cycle, including the egg and larval stages. Additionally, TTX analogues, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, have also been detected in the flatworm. The high concentration of TTX in the eggs and larvae appears to be for protection against predation, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol in the pharyngeal tissue in the adults is likely used to sedate or kill prey during predation. However, information on the role of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, a potential important biosynthetic intermediate of TTX, in the toxic flatworm is lacking. Here, we aimed to determine the region of localization of TTX and its analogues in the flatworm body, understand their pharmacokinetics during maturation, and speculate on their function. Flatworm specimens in four stages of maturity, namely juvenile, mating, spawning, and late spawning, were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, using the pharyngeal tissue, oocytes in seminal receptacle, sperm, and tissue from 12 other sites. Although TTX was consistently high in the pharyngeal tissue throughout maturation, it was extremely high in the oocytes during the spawning period. Meanwhile, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX was almost undetectable in the pharyngeal part throughout the maturation but was very abundant in the oocytes during spawning. 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol consistently localized in the pharyngeal tissue. Although the localization of TTX and its analogues was approximately consistent with the MS imaging data, TTX and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol were found to be highly localized in the parenchyma surrounding the pharynx, which suggests the parenchyma is involved in the accumulation and production of TTXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mizuki Morisasa
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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28
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Alkassar M, Leonardo S, Diogène J, Campàs M. Immobilisation of Neuro-2a cells on electrodes and electrochemical detection of MTT formazan crystals to assess their viability. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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29
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Wu H, Hu Y, Wang J, Gong X, Bao B. Adaptive evolution of scn4aa in Takifugu and Tetraodon. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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30
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Hu C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xiang YJY, Liu ZF, Wang ZH, Feng XS. Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogues in Food: Recent Updates on Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods Since 2012. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12249-12269. [PMID: 36153990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in various organisms including pufferfish, is an extremely potent marine toxin responsible for numerous food poisoning accidents. Due to its serious toxicity and public health threat, detecting TTX and its analogues in diverse food matrices with a simple, fast, efficient method has become a worldwide concern. This review summarizes the advances in sample preparation and analytical methods for the determination of TTX and its analogues, focusing on the latest development over the past five years. Current state-of-the-art technologies, such as solid-phase microextraction, online technology, novel injection technology, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, newly developed lateral flow immunochromatographic strips, immunosensors, dual-mode aptasensors, and nanomaterials-based approaches, are thoroughly discussed. The advantages and limitations of different techniques, critical comments, and future perspectives are also proposed. This review is expected to provide rewarding insights to the future development and broad application of pretreatment and detection methods for TTX and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yang-Jia-Yi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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31
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Baptista M, Braga AC, Rosa R, Costa PR. Does Ocean Sunfish Mola spp. (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) Represent a Risk for Tetrodotoxin Poisoning in the Portuguese Coast? Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100594. [PMID: 36286418 PMCID: PMC9604967 DOI: 10.3390/md20100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin naturally occurring in terrestrial and marine organisms such as pufferfish. Due to the risk of TTX poisoning, fish of Tetraodontidae family and other puffer-related species must not be placed in the EU markets. This restriction applies to fish of the family Molidae even though no data on toxins’ occurrence is available. In this study, the presence of TTX and its analogues was investigated in the main edible tissue (the white muscle) and the main xenobiotics storage organ (the liver) of ocean sunfish Mola spp. (n = 13) from the South Portuguese coast. HILIC-MS/MS analyses did not reveal TTX in the analyzed samples, suggesting an inexistent or very limited risk of TTX poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baptista
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-005 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Braga
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, n° 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 2750-005 Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-063 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, n° 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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32
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Melnikova DI, Magarlamov TY. An Overview of the Anatomical Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Animals. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080576. [PMID: 36006238 PMCID: PMC9412668 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent paralytic sodium channel blocker, is an intriguing marine toxin. Widely distributed in nature, TTX has attracted attention in various scientific fields, from biomedical studies to environmental safety concerns. Despite a long history of studies, many issues concerning the biosynthesis, origin, and spread of TTX in animals and ecosystems remain. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on TTX circulation inside TTX-bearing animal bodies. We focus on the advances in TTX detection at the cellular and subcellular levels, providing an expanded picture of intra-organismal TTX migration mechanisms. We believe that this review will help address the gaps in the understanding of the biological function of TTX and facilitate the development of further studies involving TTX-bearing animals.
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33
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Suo R, Tanaka M, Oyama H, Kojima Y, Yui K, Sakakibara R, Nakahigashi R, Adachi M, Nishikawa T, Sugita H, Itoi S. Tetrodotoxins in the flatworm Planocera multitentaculata. Toxicon 2022; 216:169-173. [PMID: 35843466 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The marine polyclad flatworm Planocera multitentaculata is known to possess high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but the presence of TTX analogues in the species has been unexplored. In this study, TTX and several analogues such as 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, monodeoxyTTXs, dideoxyTTXs, and 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol were identified in three adults and egg plates of P. multitentaculata using high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Suo
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hikaru Oyama
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yui
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryo Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakahigashi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugita
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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34
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Louzao MC, Vilariño N, Vale C, Costas C, Cao A, Raposo-Garcia S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030198. [PMID: 35323497 PMCID: PMC8950113 DOI: 10.3390/md20030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Celia Costas
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Cao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.V.); (C.V.); (C.C.); (A.C.); (S.R.-G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.L.); (L.M.B.)
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35
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Otero P, Silva M. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:199. [PMID: 35323498 PMCID: PMC8955394 DOI: 10.3390/md20030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe's temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marisa Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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36
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Local Differences in the Toxin Amount and Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Related Compounds in Pufferfish (Chelonodon patoca) and Toxic Goby (Yongeichthys criniger) Juveniles. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020150. [PMID: 35202177 PMCID: PMC8876675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-bearing fish ingest TTX from their preys through the food chain and accumulate TTX in their bodies. Although a wide variety of TTX-bearing organisms have been reported, the missing link in the TTX supply chain has not been elucidated completely. Here, we investigated the composition of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in juveniles of the pufferfish, Chelonodon patoca, and toxic goby, Yongeichthys criniger, using LC–MS/MS, to resolve the missing link in the TTX supply chain. The TTX concentration varied among samples from different localities, sampling periods and fish species. In the samples from the same locality, the TTX concentration was significantly higher in the toxic goby juveniles than in the pufferfish juveniles. The concentration of TTX in all the pufferfish juveniles was significantly higher than that of 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, whereas the compositional ratio of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX in the goby was different among sampling localities. However, the TTX/5,6,11-trideoxyTTX ratio in the goby was not different among samples collected from the same locality at different periods. Based on a species-specific PCR, the detection rate of the toxic flatworm (Planocera multitentaculata)-specific sequence (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) also varied between the intestinal contents of the pufferfish and toxic goby collected at different localities and periods. These results suggest that although the larvae of the toxic flatworm are likely to be responsible for the toxification of the pufferfish and toxic goby juveniles by TTX, these fish juveniles are also likely to feed on other TTX-bearing organisms depending on their habitat, and they also possess different accumulation mechanisms of TTX and 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX.
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