An Insight into COPD Morphopathogenesis: Chronic Inflammation, Remodeling, and Antimicrobial Defense

Local Defense Factors in Cleft-Affected Palate in Children before and during Milk Dentition Age: A Pilot Study

One of the most frequent congenital orofacial defects is the cleft lip and palate. Local tissue defense factors are known to be important in immune response and inflammatory and healing processes in the cleft tissue; however, they have only been researched in older children during mixed dentition. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the distribution of LL-37, CD-163, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in children before and during milk dentition. The unique and rare material of palate tissue was obtained from 13 patients during veloplastic surgeries during the time span of 20 years. Immunohistochemistry, light microscopy, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. A significant decrease in HBD-3 and HBD-4 in the connective tissue was found, as well as several mutual statistically significant and strong correlations between HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, and LL-37. Deficiency of HBD-3 and HBD-4 suggests promotion of chronic inflammation. The scarcity of HBD-4 could be connected to the different signaling pathways of dental pulp cells. Mutual correlations imply changes in the epithelial barrier, amplified healing efficiency, and increased antibacterial line of defense. Deprivation of changes in IL-10 quantity points to possible suppression of the factor. The presence of similar CD-163 immunoreactive substances produced by M2 macrophages was also observed.

BRAIN AND EYE AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR IONIZING RADIATION IMPACT. PART IV - FETAL RADIATION-INDUCED BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS: A PILOT STUDY. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF NON/IRRADIATED EYEBALL MUSCLES AFFECTED BY STRABISMUS. EVIDENCE OF A POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE STRABISMUS DEVELOPMENT IN PERSONS EXPOSED TO FETAL RADIATION

Strabismus is a significant cause of a decrease in the functional capabilities of the organ of vision, additionally, it leads to the deteriorating quality of life. Orbital factors and nervous system changes may play an important role in strabismus pathogenesis. There are few reports on binocular vision disorders in radiation-exposed persons.Functions of the external eyeball muscles might be disturbed based on the changed coordination process of subcortical nerve structures and due to altered metabolism. A carefully conducted research is necessary to clarify the possible pathogenesis of binocular vision disorders in radiation-exposed persons.

OBJECTIVE

to assess the peculiarities of the development of strabismus and binocular vision disorders in people who were exposed to ionizing radiation in utero; to investigate the changes in distribution and appearance of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV between non-irradiated persons with normal binocular vision and patients with strabismus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

583 persons, irradiated in utero because of the Chornobyl disaster were examined (at the time of examination average age was 11.3 ± 0.1 years). The control group - 808 people - Kyiv residents. Overall, 15 non-irradiated eyeball muscle samples were examined. 10 were from strabismus patients and 5 were controls. To evaluate morphological structure haematoxylin and eosin staining were used. For the detection of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV biotin-avidin (IMH) immunohistochemistry method was performed. Semi-quantitative grading method was used for the evaluation of immunoreactive structure appearance and local distribution.

RESULTS

An increased frequency of divergent strabismus (p = 0.04190) and heterophoria (p = 0.002603) was found in the group exposed to prenatal (fetal) radiation because of the Chornobyl disaster compared to the control group. The relative risk of heterophoria was 5.08 (1.42 - 18.13). A decrease in dystrophin, myosin, and collagen IV positive structures was observed in non-irradiated strabismus-affected eyeball muscles compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Detected changes indicate an increased probability in the development of strabismus in persons who had been exposed to fetal radiation. Non-irradiated strabismus-affected eyeball muscles are characterized by diminished myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV immunohistochemical structures. Additionally, determined qualitative morphological changes in skeletal striated muscle fibers lead to the changed structural organization, indicating possible muscular dystrophy. Thereby, the presence of dystrophic processes in the eyeball muscles may play a significant role in the morphopatogenesis of strabismus. Further morphological studies are necessary to clarify the development of binocular vision disorder and the methods of their correction. These studies would be especially important to populations that were exposed to radiation.

The Nicotinic Receptor Polymorphism rs16969968 Is Associated with Airway Remodeling and Inflammatory Dysregulation in COPD Patients

Genome-wide association studies unveiled the associations between the single nucleotide polymorphism rs16969968 of CHRNA5, encoding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha5 subunit (α5SNP), and nicotine addiction, cancer, and COPD independently. Here, we investigated α5SNP-induced epithelial remodeling and inflammatory response in human COPD airways. We included 26 α5SNP COPD patients and 18 wild-type α5 COPD patients in a multi-modal study. A comparative histologic analysis was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissues. Isolated airway epithelial cells from bronchial brushings were cultivated in the air-liquid interface. Broncho-alveolar fluids were collected to detect inflammatory mediators. Ciliogenesis was altered in α5SNP COPD bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia. Goblet cell hyperplasia was exacerbated in α5SNP small airways. The broncho-alveolar fluids of α5SNP COPD patients exhibited an increase in inflammatory mediators. The involvement of the rs16969968 polymorphism in airway epithelial remodeling and related inflammatory response in COPD prompts the development of innovative personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Effective-Component Compatibility of Bufei Yishen Formula III Combined with Electroacupuncture Suppresses Inflammatory Response in Rats with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease via Regulating SIRT1/NF-κB Signaling

Objective

To explore more efficient treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), effective-component compatibility of Bufei Yishen formula III (ECC-BYF III) and electroacupuncture were tested on rats with COPD, and silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling was further investigated to interpret the therapy.

Methods

In total, 70 rats were randomly divided into control (Control), model (Model), aminophylline (APL), ECC-BYF III, electroacupuncture (EA), ECC-BYF III+EA, and sham electroacupuncture (SA) groups. Cigarette smoke exposure combined with repeated bacterial infections was used to establish COPD models in 1-12 weeks. From 13 to 20 weeks, the ECC-BYF III and APL groups received corresponding drugs; the EA group received electroacupuncture therapy, wherein Dazhui (GV 14), Feishu (BL 13), and Shenshu (BL 23) points were selected; the ECC-BYF III+EA group received ECC-BYF III intragastrically combined with electroacupuncture; and the SA group received simulated electroacupuncture (nonacupoint). Pulmonary function, pulmonary histopathology, the expressions of SIRT1/NF-κB signaling, and inflammation-related mRNA and protein were detected.

Results

Significant deterioration was observed in pulmonary function and pulmonary histopathology in rats with COPD (P < 0.01), and inflammatory state was illustrated by increased levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and decreased levels of IL-10 (P < 0.01). After the intervention of APL, ECC-BYF III, EA, and ECC-BYF III+EA, both pulmonary function and pulmonary histopathology were improved (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), whereas the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased and IL-10 was increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Additionally, the mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and acetylated NF-κBp65 (Ac-NF-κB) were noted to decrease, and SIRT1 and IL-10 were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01); the protein expression of SIRT1 was upregulated, and NF-κBp65 and Ac-NF-κB were downregulated (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The effect of ECC-BYF III+EA was better in terms of improving pulmonary function and alleviating inflammation than that of the other treatment groups (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).

Conclusions

ECC-BYF III, electroacupuncture, and their combination can suppress inflammation, among which the combination therapy has been proven to be the most effective treatment, and the mechanism may be involved in activating SIRT1/NF-κB signaling.

Distribution and Appearance of Ki-67, IL-1α, IL-10, and PGP 9.5 in Reinke's Oedema-Affected Larynx Tissue Compared with Control Tissue

Smoking, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and vocal fold abuse can promote the development of Reinke’s oedema, leading to vocal fold dysfunction and injury. The aim of the work was to investigate the appearance and distribution of proliferation marker Ki-67 (Ki-67), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), and protein gene peptide 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in Reinke’s oedema-affected larynx tissue. Methods: A routine histological and immunohistochemical Reinke’s oedema and control group patient analysis was conducted. We used the biotin–streptavidin biochemical method to detect Ki-67, IL-10, IL-1α, and PGP 9.5 The semiquantitative grading method was used to evaluate immunoreactive cells’ appearance and local distribution. A Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank coefficient were performed. Results: A low positive correlation between IL-1α epithelial and subepithelial immunoreactive cells in the patient group was found. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed significant patient and control group immunoreactive marker differences. All examined markers showed a higher number of immunoreactive structures in the patient group. Conclusions: Intensive proliferation of the surface epithelium was observed in patient tissues. The notable increase in IL-10 positive structures indicates the dominant anti-inflammatory tissue response. An increased number of IL-1α structures in the larynx epithelium and subepithelium in the patient group is linked to inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodelling. The PGP 9.5 expression increase is involved in the morphopathogenesis of Reinke’s oedema.

SSRIs: Applications in inflammatory lung disease and implications for COVID-19

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have anti-inflammatory properties that may have clinical utility in treating severe pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. SSRIs exert anti-inflammatory effects at three mechanistic levels: (a) inhibition of proinflammatory transcription factor activity, including NF-κB and STAT3; (b) downregulation of lung tissue damage and proinflammatory cell recruitment via inhibition of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β; and (c) direct suppression inflammatory cells, including T cells, macrophages, and platelets. These pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this review, we will compare the pathogenesis of lung inflammation in pulmonary diseases including COVID-19, ARDS, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), describe the anti-inflammatory properties of SSRIs, and discuss the applications of SSRIS in treating COVID-19-associated inflammatory lung disease.

miR-937 serves as an inflammatory inhibitor in cigarette smoke extract-induced human bronchial epithelial cells by targeting IL1B and regulating TNF-α/IL-17 signaling pathway

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to elucidate the biological implication of miR-937 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and to further investigate its possible regulatory mechanism.

METHODS

Public datasets were downloaded to identify differentially expressed genes and subjected to Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Online prediction site and luciferase reporter assay were applied to determine the target correlation between miR-937 and IL1B. RT-qPCR, Western blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) analyses were used to evaluate the expressions of indicated molecules. HBE cells were exposed with CSE (20 μg/mL) to construct the in vitro COPD model. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured through cell counting kit 8 and Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assays.

RESULTS

IL1B was found to be up-regulated in COPD samples compared with healthy controls and had a high correlation with the TNF and IL-17 pathways according to the data from GSE57148. Moreover, IL1B was predicted to be a target of miR-937, and it was negatively regulated by miR-937. CSE treatment reduced the miR-937 expression, meanwhile decreased the HBE cells proliferation, enhanced cells apoptosis, and elevated the expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α. Moreover, in the CSE model, upregulation of miR-937 promoted cells viability, restrained cells apoptosis, and decreased levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α were noted, which could be abolished by overexpression IL1B. In contrast, inhibiting miR-937 impeded cells proliferation, promoted cells apoptosis and elevated levels of IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α, which could be rescued by IL1B-knockdown in CSE-induced HBEs.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that miR-937 plays a protective role on the HBEs after CSE damage, which may be achieved via targeting IL1B and inhibiting the TNF-α/IL-17 signaling pathway.

Association of Plasma Heat Shock Protein 70 with Disease Severity, Smoking and Lung Function of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70) might modulate immune responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the study was to explore eHsp70 concentration in stable COPD, its association with disease severity and smoking status as well as its diagnostic performance in COPD assessment. Plasma samples were collected from 137 COPD patients and 95 healthy individuals, and concentration of eHsp70 was assessed by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Enzo Life Science, Farmingdale, NY, USA). COPD patients were subdivided regarding airflow obstruction severity and symptoms severity according to the Global Initiative for COPD (GOLD) guidelines. eHsp70 concentration increased in COPD patients when compared to controls and increased with the severity of airflow limitation as well as symptoms burden and exacerbation history. eHsp70 concentration did not differ among COPD patients based on smoking status, yet it increased in healthy smokers compared to healthy nonsmokers. In addition, eHsp70 negatively correlated with lung function parameters forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/ forced vital capacity (FVC), and positively with COPD multicomponent indices BODCAT (BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, CAT score), BODEx (BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, previous exacerbations), CODEx (Charlson's comorbidity index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, previous exacerbations) and DOSE (dyspnea, airflow obstruction, smoking status, previous exacerbations) With great predictive value (OR = 7.63) obtained from univariate logistic regression, eHsp70 correctly classified 76% of cases. eHsp70 is associated with COPD prediction and disease severity and might have the potential for becoming an additional biomarker in COPD assessment.