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Du Q, Yu H, Zhang Y, Qiao Q, Wang J, Zhang T, Xue L, Lei J. Uncovering fruit flavor and genetic diversity across diploid wild Fragaria species via comparative metabolomics profiling. Food Chem 2024; 456:140013. [PMID: 38878536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Wild Fragaria resources exhibit extensive genetic diversity and desirable edible traits, such as high soluble solid content and flavor compounds. However, specific metabolites in different wild strawberry fruits remain unknown. In this study, we characterized 1008 metabolites covering 11 subclasses among 13 wild diploid resources representing eight species, including F. vesca, F. nilgerrensis, F. viridis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, F. mandschurica, F. chinensis, and F. emeiensis. Fifteen potential metabolite biomarkers were identified to distinguish fruit flavors among the 13 diploid wild Fragaria accessions. A total of nine distinct modules were employed to explore key metabolites related to fruit quality through weighted gene co-expression module analysis, with significant enrichment in amino acid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, the identified significantly different key metabolites highlighted the close association of amino acids, sugars, and anthocyanins with flavor formation. These findings offer valuable resources for improving fruit quality through metabolome-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Du
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haoming Yu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ticao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li Xue
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiajun Lei
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Huang S, Chen Z, Chen H, Quan C, Xu M, Wei F, Tang D. Widely targeted metabolomics reveals the phytoconstituent changes in Platostoma palustre leaves and stems at different growth stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1378881. [PMID: 38957601 PMCID: PMC11217517 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1378881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Platostoma palustre (Blume) A. J. Paton is an important edible and medicinal plant. To gain a comprehensive and clear understanding of the variation patterns of metabolites in P. palustre, we employed the UPLC-MS platform along with widely targeted metabolomics techniques to analyze the metabolites in the stems and leaves of P. palustre at different stages. Our results revealed a total of 1228 detected metabolites, including 241 phenolic acids, 203 flavonoids, 152 lipids, 128 terpenes, 106 amino acids, 79 organic acids, 74 saccharides, 66 alkaloids, 44 lignans, etc. As the growth time increased, the differential metabolites (DAMs) mainly enriched in P. palustre leaves were terpenoids, phenolic acids, and lipids, while the DAMs primarily enriched in stems were terpenoids. Compared to stems, there were more differential flavonoids in leaves, and saccharides and flavonoids were significantly enriched in leaves during the S1 and S2 stages. Additionally, we identified 13, 10, and 23 potential markers in leaf, stem, and leaf vs. stem comparison groups. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that arginine biosynthesis was the common differential metabolic pathway in different growth stages and tissues. Overall, this study comprehensively analyzed the metabolic profile information of P. palustre, serving as a solid foundation for its further development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhining Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Changqian Quan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Meihua Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Danfeng Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Zhao Z, Wang L, Chen J, Zhang N, Zhou W, Song Y. Altitudinal variation of dragon fruit metabolite profiles as revealed by UPLC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:344. [PMID: 38684949 PMCID: PMC11057076 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical factors affect the nutritional, therapeutic and commercial values of fruits. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp) is a popular fruit in Asia and a potential functional food with diverse pharmacological attributes. Although it is produced in various localities, the information related to the altitudinal variation of dragon fruit nutrients and active compounds is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the variations in metabolite profiles of H. polyrhizus (variety Jindu1) fruit pulps from three different altitudes of China, including Wangmo (WM, 650 m), Luodian (LD, 420 m), and Zhenning (ZN, 356 m). Jindu1 is the main cultivated pitaya variety in Guizhou province, China. RESULTS The LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy)-based widely targeted metabolic profiling identified 645 metabolites, of which flavonoids (22.64%), lipids (13.80%), phenolic acids (12.40%), amino acids and derivatives (10.39%), alkaloids (8.84%), and organic acids (8.37%) were dominant. Multivariate analyses unveiled that the metabolite profiles of the fruit differed regarding the altitude. Fruits from WM (highest altitude) were prime in quality, with higher levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, nucleotides and derivatives, amino acids and derivatives, and vitamins. Fruits from LD and ZN had the highest relative content of phenolic acids and terpenoids, respectively. We identified 69 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites across the pulps of the fruits from the three locations. KEGG analysis revealed that flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis were the most differentially regulated. It was noteworthy that most active flavonoid compounds exhibited an increasing accumulation pattern along with the increase in altitude. Vitexin and isovitexin were the major differentially accumulated flavonoids. Furthermore, we identified two potential metabolic biomarkers (vitexin and kaempferol 3-O-[2-O-β-D-galactose-6-O-a-L-rhamnose]-β-D-glucoside) to discriminate between dragon fruits from different geographical origins. CONCLUSION Our findings provide insights into metabolic changes in dragon fruits grown at different altitudes. Furthermore, they show that growing pitaya at high altitudes can produce fruit with higher levels of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Zhao
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/ State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, 550001, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Lang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/ State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/ State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Guizhou Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guiyang, 540086, China
| | - Yuehua Song
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/ State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Li Y, Tian Y, Zhou X, Guo X, Ya H, Li S, Yu X, Yuan C, Gao K. Widely targeted metabolomics reveals differences in metabolites of Paeonia lactiflora cultivars. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298194. [PMID: 38625916 PMCID: PMC11020836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paeonia lactiflora contains diverse active constituents and exhibits various pharmacological activities. However, only partial identification of biologically active substances from P. lactiflora has been achieved using low-throughput techniques. Here, the roots of P. lactiflora, namely, Fenyunu (CK), Dafugui (DFG), and Red Charm (HSML), were studied. The primary and secondary metabolites were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESIMS/MS). METHODS The chemical compounds and categories were detected using broadly targeted UPLC-MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were carried out for metabolites of different varieties of P. lactiflora. RESULTS A total of 1237 compounds were detected and classified into 11 categories. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA of these metabolites indicated that each variety of P. lactiflora was clearly separated from the other groups. Differential accumulated metabolite analysis revealed that the three P. lactiflora varieties contained 116 differentially activated metabolites (DAMs) involved in flavonoid, flavone, and flavonol metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that, in 65 pathways, 336 differentially abundant metabolites (DMs) were enriched in the CK and DFG groups; moreover, the type and content of terpenoids were greater in the CK group than in the DFG group. The CK and HSML groups contained 457 DMs enriched in 61 pathways; the type and amount of flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins were greater in the CK group than in the HSML group. The DFG and HSML groups contained 497 DMs enriched in 65 pathways; terpenoids and alkaloids were more abundant in the HSML variety than in the DFG variety. CONCLUSIONS A total of 1237 compounds were detected, and the results revealed significant differences among the three P. lactiflora varieties. Among the three P. lactiflora varieties, phenolic acids and flavonoids composed the largest and most diverse category of metabolites, and their contents varied greatly. Therefore, CK is suitable for medicinal plant varieties, and DFG and HSML are suitable for ornamental plant varieties. Twelve proanthocyanidin metabolites likely determined the differences in color among the three varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangmeng Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Huiyuan Ya
- School of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangli Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Congying Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Luoyang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Luoyang, Henan, China
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Zhang L, Li Y, Yan Q, Ning Y, Wang Y, Liu K, Qiang Y, Ma X, Sun X. Establishment of high performance liquid chromatographic fingerprint and determination of 4 kinds of phenolic acid bioactive substances of fruitless Lycium barbarum leaves from Ningxia at different harvesting periods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24614. [PMID: 38317895 PMCID: PMC10838736 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
"Fruitless Lycium barbarum leaf (FLBL) are the leaves of a new variety of Lycium barbarum in Ningxia, which exhibit higher content of various nutrients, trace elements, and bioactive substances compared to Lycium barbarum fruits and leaves. However, the health and medicinal value as well as the by-products derived from FLBL have not received sufficient attention, and the contents of main components vary at different harvesting periods. Therefore, for the first time this study aimed to establish high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and determine the contents of four phenolic acid bioactive substances during different harvesting periods in order to provide an experimental basis for cultivation, collection, and research on FLBL. The results revealed 17 common peaks among 10 batches samples with a similarity ranging from 0.71 to 0.976. The linear relationships R2 for catechin, epicatechin-catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were determined as 0.9999 each; meanwhile, the average recovery rate ranged from 93.92 % to 120.11 %, with an RSD between 0.91 % and 2.82 %. The precision, repeatability stability (24 h), and recovery rate met the requirements outlined in "Chinese Pharmacopoeia". Catechin, epicatechin, and rutin exhibited higher levels from June to August, while chlorogenic acid showed increased levels from July to September. The findings serve as a foundation for quality control measures such as identifying optimal harvest periods or facilitating development and production processes related to Ningxia FLBL."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxiang Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Deparment of human anatomy and histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Yanting Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Deparment of human anatomy and histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Department of drug manufacturing room, Ningxia Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 114 West Beijing Road, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of drug manufacturing room, Ningxia Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 114 West Beijing Road, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Kunmei Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xiangping Sun
- Department of Surgery, Ningxia Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 114 West Beijing Road, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
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Li J, Deng C, Duan G, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Fan G. Potentially suitable habitats of Daodi goji berry in China under climate change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1279019. [PMID: 38264027 PMCID: PMC10803630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is a famous edible and medicinal herb worldwide with considerable consumption. The recent cultivation of goji berries in the Daodi region was seriously reduced due to increased production costs and the influence of policy on preventing nongrain use of arable land in China. Consequently, production of Daodi goji berry was insufficient to meet market demands for high-quality medicinal materials. Searching for regions similar to the Daodi region was necessary. Methods The MaxEnt model was used to predicted the current and future potential regions suitable for goji berry in China based on the environmental characteristics of the Daodi region (including Zhongning County of Zhongwei prefecture-level city, and its surroundings), and the ArcGIS software was used to analyze the changes in its suitable region. Results The results showed that when the parameters were FC = LQHP and RM = 2.1, the MaxEnt model was optimal, and the AUC and TSS values were greater than 0.90. The mean temperature and precipitation of the coldest quarter were the most critical variables shaping the distribution of Daodi goji berries. Under current climate conditions, the suitable habitats of the Daodi goji berry were 45,973.88 km2, accounting for 0.48% of China's land area, which were concentrated in the central and western Ningxia Province (22,589.42 km2), and the central region of Gansu Province (18,787.07 km2) bordering western Ningxia. Under future climate scenarios, the suitable area was higher than that under current climate conditions and reached the maximum under RCP 6.0 (91,256.42 km2) in the 2050s and RCP 8.5 (82,459.17 km2) in the 2070s. The expansion regions were mainly distributed in the northeast of the current suitable ranges, and the distributional centroids were mainly shifted to the northeast. The moderately and highly suitable overlapping habitats were mainly distributed in Baiyin (7,241.75 km2), Zhongwei (6,757.81 km2), and Wuzhong (5, 236.87 km2) prefecture-level cities. Discussion In this stduy, MaxEnt and ArcGIS were applied to predict and analyze the suitable habitats of Daodi goji berry in China under climate change. Our results indicate that climate warming is conducive to cultivating Daodi goji berry and will not cause a shift in the Daodi region. The goji berry produced in Baiyin could be used to satisfy the demand for high-quality medicinal materials. This study addresses the insufficient supply and guides the cultivation of Daodi goji berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Plateau Tree Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Changrong Deng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Plateau Tree Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guozhen Duan
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Plateau Tree Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhanlin Wang
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Plateau Tree Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yede Zhang
- Qinghai Kunlun Goji Industry Technology Innovation Research Co., Ltd., Delingha, China
| | - Guanghui Fan
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Plateau Tree Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Zhang K, Zhang D, Yang Q, Long L, Xie J, Wang Y, Yao Q, Wu F, Liu S. Integrated widely targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology revealed quality disparities between Guizhou and conventional producing areas of Codonopsis Radix. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1271817. [PMID: 37915621 PMCID: PMC10616484 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1271817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine, the demand for medicinal and edible Codonopsis Radix (CR) has increased, and its medicinal resources have attracted attention. CR is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine with a long pharmaceutical and edible history. The Guizhou province in China has abundant CR resources, but in the absence of systematic studies on species identification and chemical compositions, the capacity of the capacity of the province to CR resource has not been fully utilized. Methodology We used plant morphology and DNA barcoding techniques to identify Luodang (LD) and Weidang (WD) species. To investigate the differences in metabolites between LD and WD, as well as three Chinese Pharmacopeia CRs, and to predict pharmacological mechanisms of action for the dominant differential metabolites, we utilized widely targeted metabolomics and network pharmacology. The results also revealed the material basis for the excellent food properties of both LD and WD. Results The plant traits and DNA barcoding molecular identification results indicated that Luodang and Weidang from Guizhou were Codonopsis tangshen and Codonopsis pilosula, respectively. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 1,116 metabolites from 14 categories, including phenolic acids, lipids, flavonoids, were found in five CRs and shared 1,054 (94.4%) metabolites. LD and WD each contained 3 and 10 dominant differential metabolites, respectively, which were primarily flavonoids and amino acids. Amino acids, phenolic acids, and organic acids play important roles in their excellent food attributes. In CR, eight dominant differential metabolites were discovered for the first time, including isoorientin-7-O-(6″-feruloyl) glucoside, N-formyl-L-methionine, and cyclo (Phe-Glu), among others. Network pharmacology analyses showed that, in LD, dominant differential metabolites were closely related to anti-tumor, cardiovascular disease improvement, nervous system protection, and metabolic disease treatment, whereas in WD, they were closely related to nervous system protection and cardiovascular disease improvement. Conclusion The species of LD and WD were included in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, and their metabolite profiles were remarkably similar to CR from traditional producing areas. Therefore, LD and WD can be used and promoted medicinally as CR, and they have potential value for new drug development. This study enriched the database of CR compounds and provided a reference for quality control, resource development, and new drug development of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qingfang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Langtao Long
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guizhou Medical and Health Industry Research Institute, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiuyang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Faming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Guizhou Medical and Health Industry Research Institute, Zunyi, China
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Zhang C, Wang H, Lyu C, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Guo X, Wang Y, Qin M, Wang S, Guo L. Authenticating the geographic origins of Atractylodes lancea rhizome chemotypes in China through metabolite marker identification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237800. [PMID: 37841605 PMCID: PMC10569125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Atractylodes lancea is widely distributed in East Asia, ranging from Amur to south-central China. The rhizome of A. lancea is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, the quality of products varies across different regions with different geochemical characteristics. Method This study aimed to identify the chemotypes of A. lancea from different areas and screen for chemical markers by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a targeted metabolomics approach based on GC-MS/MS. Results The A. lancea distributed in Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, and a region west of Henan province was classified as the Hubei Chemotype (HBA). HBA is characterized by high content of β-eudesmol and hinesol with lower levels of atractylodin and atractylon. In contrast, the Maoshan Chemotype (MA) from Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and other northern regions, exhibited high levels of atractylodin and atractylon. A total of 15 categories of VOCs metabolites were detected and identified, revealing significant differences in the profiles of terpenoid, heterocyclic compound, ester, and ketone among different areas. Multivariate statistics indicated that 6 compounds and 455 metabolites could serve as candidate markers for differentiating A. lancea obtained from the southern, northern, and Maoshan areas. Discussion This comprehensive analysis provides a chemical fingerprint of selected A. lancea. Our results highlight the potential of metabolite profiling combined with chemometrics for authenticating the geographical origin of A. lancea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaogeng Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengxu Xiang
- College of Horticulture of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Dexing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Dexing, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Pang S, Piao X, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang H, Jin Y, Li Z, Wang Y. Discrimination for geographical origin of Panax quinquefolius L. using UPLC Q-Orbitrap MS-based metabolomics approach. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4843-4852. [PMID: 37576031 PMCID: PMC10420767 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is an important medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological effects and high nutritional value. American ginseng from different geographical origins varies in quality and price. However, there was no approach for discriminating American ginseng from different geographical origins to date. In this study, a metabolomic method based on the UPLC-Orbitrap fusion platform was established to comprehensively determine and analyze metabolites of American ginseng from America and Canada, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces in China. A total of 382 metabolites were detected, including 230 saponins, 30 amino acids and derivatives, 27 organic acids and derivatives, 25 lipids, 17 carbohydrates and derivatives, 10 phenols, 8 nucleotides, and derivatives, as well as 35 other metabolites. Metabolite differences between North America and Asia producing areas were more obvious than within Asia. Twenty metabolites, contributed most to the differentiation of producing areas, were identified as potential markers with prediction accuracy higher than 91%. The results provide new insights into the metabolite composition of American ginseng from different origins, which will help discriminate origins and promote quality control of American ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Xiangmin Piao
- State‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and ApplicationJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Ginseng Antler Office of Jilin Province (TCM Development Center of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jilin Province)ChangchunChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Yinping Jin
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Yingping Wang
- State‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and ApplicationJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
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10
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Ju Y, Wang Y, Ma L, Kang L, Liu H, Ma X, Zhao D. Comparative Analysis of Polyphenols in Lycium barbarum Fruits Using UPLC-IM-QTOF-MS. Molecules 2023; 28:4930. [PMID: 37446592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Variety, geographical origin, and harvest season are important factors affecting the accumulation of polyphenols in Lycium barbarum. In this study, the effects of these factors on the polyphenolic components of this species were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of fruit extracts from this species were evaluated. The total polyphenolic contents of L. barbarum fruits from Jinghe County in Xinjiang and Zhongning County in Ningxia were 5.52-11.72 and 7.06-9.37 mg (gallic acid equivalent)/g dry weight, while the total flavonoid contents of L. barbarum fruits from these regions were 12.52-30.29 and 12.67-20.77 mg (rutin equivalent)/g dry weight, respectively. Overall, 39 types of polyphenols were identified in the fruit extracts, including 26 flavonoids, 10 phenolic acids, and three tannins. Of these, 11 polyphenols were quantitatively analyzed, which revealed rutin to be the most dominant polyphenolic component in fruits from Jinghe and Zhongning. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of L. barbarum fruit extracts, depending on the geographical origin, variety, and harvest season. The antioxidant activity of this species was found to be significantly positively correlated with the polyphenolic contents. This study provided scientific guidance for comprehensive applications of polyphenols from different varieties of L. barbarum from separate geographical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ju
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Hejiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
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11
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Xiong Y, Ma P, Huang L, Li Y, Wang X. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis of different parts of kudzu. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5545. [PMID: 36353775 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pueraria lobata is a traditional medicinal and edible plant. Its root is often used as a nutritional supplement, but its stems and leaves are often discarded. In this study, the types and contents of compounds in roots, stems and leaves of kudzu were studied by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 446 metabolites were identified, which were mainly divided into eight categories; 40 unique compounds were detected in roots. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the contents of metabolites in the roots, stems and leaves of kudzu, and the most significant differences were found in the roots and stems. Most flavonoids and terpenoids accumulated in roots, while alkaloids, flavonoid glycosides, lignans and coumarins accumulated in stems and leaves. In addition, isoflavones accumulated least in stems and most in roots. These results improved our understanding of the accumulation of metabolites in kudzu and provided a reference for the full study of the medicinal value of different parts of kudzu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Guizhou Institute of Pratacultural, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Peijie Ma
- Guizhou Institute of Pratacultural, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Limei Huang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yajiao Li
- Guizhou Institute of Pratacultural, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Pratacultural, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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12
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Zhou Y, Xu J, MacIsaac HJ, McKay RM, Xu R, Pei Y, Zi Y, Li J, Qian Y, Chang X. Comparative metabolomic analysis of exudates of microcystin-producing and microcystin-free Microcystis aeruginosa strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1075621. [PMID: 36741884 PMCID: PMC9894096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa threaten the ecological integrity and beneficial uses of lakes globally. In addition to producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MC), M. aeruginosa exudates (MaE) contain various compounds with demonstrated toxicity to aquatic biota. Previously, we found that the ecotoxicity of MaE differed between MC-producing and MC-free strains at exponential (E-phase) and stationary (S-phase) growth phases. However, the components in these exudates and their specific harmful effects were unclear. In this study, we performed untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to reveal the constituents in MaE of a MC-producing and a MC-free strain at both E-phase and S-phase. A total of 409 metabolites were identified and quantified based on their relative abundance. These compounds included lipids, organoheterocyclic compounds, organic acid, benzenoids and organic oxygen compounds. Multivariate analysis revealed that strains and growth phases significantly influenced the metabolite profile. The MC-producing strain had greater total metabolites abundance than the MC-free strain at S-phase, whereas the MC-free strain released higher concentrations of benzenoids, lipids, organic oxygen, organic nitrogen and organoheterocyclic compounds than the MC-producing strain at E-phase. Total metabolites had higher abundance in S-phase than in E- phase in both strains. Analysis of differential metabolites (DMs) and pathways suggest that lipids metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were more tightly coupled to growth phases than to strains. Abundance of some toxic lipids and benzenoids DMs were significantly higher in the MC-free strain than the MC-producing one. This study builds on the understanding of MaE chemicals and their biotoxicity, and adds to evidence that non-MC-producing strains of cyanobacteria may also pose a threat to ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Yunnan Province, Kunming Ecology and Environment Monitoring Station, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hugh J. MacIsaac
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Michael McKay
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Runbing Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Pei
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyan Zi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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13
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Liu X, Wang K, Cai G, Li H, Guo Y, Gong J. Comparative chemical diversity and antioxidant activities of three species of Akebia herbal medicines. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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14
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Osman A, Chittiboyina AG, Avula B, Ali Z, Adams SJ, Khan IA. Quality Consistency of Herbal Products: Chemical Evaluation. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:163-219. [PMID: 37392312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread utility of herbal products has been rising considerably worldwide, including both developed and developing countries, leading to the rapid growth of their availability in the United States and globally. This substantial increase in consumption of herbal products has witnessed the emergence of adverse effects upon oral administration of certain of these products, and thus has raised safety concerns. The adverse effects caused by the consumption of certain botanical medicines occur primarily as a result of the poor quality of plant raw materials or the finished products, which inherently may affect safety and/or efficacy. The poor quality of some herbal products can be attributed to a lack of proper quality assurance and quality control. A high demand for herbal products that surpasses production, combined with a desire for maximizing profits, along with a lack of rigorous quality control within some manufacturing facilities have led to the emergence of quality inconsistencies. The underlying causes for this involve the misidentification of plant species, or their substitution, adulteration, or contamination with harmful ingredients. Analytical assessments have revealed there to be frequent and significant compositional variations between marketed herbal products. The inconsistency of the quality of herbal products can be ascribed essentially to the inconsistency of the botanical raw material quality used to manufacture the products. Thus, the quality assurance and the quality control of the botanical raw materials is may contribute significantly to improving the quality and consistency of the quality of the end products. The current chapter focuses on the chemical evaluation of quality and consistency of herbal products, including botanical dietary supplements. Different techniques, instruments, applications, and methods used in identifying, quantifying, and generating chemical fingerprints and chemical profiles of the ingredients of the herbal products will be described. The strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques available will be addressed. Limitations of the other approaches including morphological or microscopic analysis and DNA-based analysis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Osman
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Sebastian J Adams
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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15
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Sun Z, Wang L, Zhang G, Yang S, Zhong Q. Pepino (Solanum muricatum) Metabolic Profiles and Soil Nutrient Association Analysis in Three Growing Sites on the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100885. [PMID: 36295787 PMCID: PMC9610035 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different soil nutrients affect the accumulation characteristics of plant metabolites. To investigate the differences among the metabolites of pepino grown in greenhouses on the Loess Plateau in northwest China, we investigated the main soil nutrients and their correlation with metabolites. A total of 269 pepino metabolites were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS to detect metabolites in fruits from three major pepino growing regions and analyze their differential distribution characteristics. A total of 99 of these substances differed among pepino fruits from the three areas, and the main classes of the differential metabolites were, in order of number: amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, organic acids, alkaloids, vitamins, saccharides and alcohols, phenolic acids, lipids and others. An environmental factor analysis identified soil nutrients as the most significant differentiator. Five soil nutrient indicators: TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus), AP (available phosphorus), AK (available potassium), and OM (organic matter), exhibited significant differences in three growing sites. Metabolite and soil nutrient association analysis using redundancy analysis (RDA) and the Mantel test indicated that TN and OM contributed to the accumulation of amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, and alkaloids while inhibiting organic acids, vitamins coagulation biosynthesis. Moreover, AP and TP were associated with the highest accumulation of saccharides and, alcohols, phenolic acids. Consequently, differences in soil nutrients were reflected in pepino metabolite variability. This study clarified the metabolite variability and the relationship between pepino and soil nutrients in the main planting areas of northwest China. It provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of Pepino’s nutritional value and cultivation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guangnan Zhang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Q.Z.)
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16
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Comparative Analysis of the Phenolic Profile of Lycium barbarum L. Fruits from Different Regions in China. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185842. [PMID: 36144578 PMCID: PMC9501245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum L. (LB) fruits have high nutritive values and therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the differences in phenolic composition of LB fruits from different geographical regions. Different methods of characterization and statistical analysis of data showed that different geographic sources of China could be significantly separated from each other. The highest total phenolic compound (TPC) content was observed in LB fruits from Ningxia (LBN), followed by those from Gansu (LBG) and Qinghai (LBQ). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of LB fruits revealed that LBQ had a peak at 2972 cm−1 whereas there was no similar peak in LBG and LBQ. A new HPLC method was established for the simultaneous determination of 8 phenolic compounds by quantitative analysis of multiple components by a single marker (QAMS), including 4 phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and ferulic acid), 1 coumarin (scopoletin), and 3 flavonoids (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, rutin, and narcissoside). It was showed that rutin was the most dominant phenolic compound in LBQ, although the average content of 4 phenolic acids was also high in LBQ, and scopoletin was the richest in LBG. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to qualitatively analyze the phenolics, which showed LBN was abundant in phenolic acids, LBQ was rich in flavonoids, and coumarins were the most plentiful in LBG. In conclusion, this study can provide references for the quality control and evaluation of phenolics in LB fruits and their by-products.
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17
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Zhang C, Jiang Y, Liu C, Shi L, Li J, Zeng Y, Guo L, Wang S. Identification of Medicinal Compounds of Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizome from Different Origins and Its Varieties Using UPLC-MS/MS-Based Metabolomics. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090790. [PMID: 36144195 PMCID: PMC9503457 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fagopyrum dibotrys, being native to southwest China, is widely distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou Provinces and Chongqing City. However, the quality of medicinal materials growing in different origins varies greatly, and cannot meet the market demand for high-quality F. dibotrys. In this study, 648 metabolites were identified, and phenolic compounds of F. dibotrys from different origins were clearly separated by principal component analysis (PCA). Our results suggested that the medicinal differences of F. dibotrys from different origins can be elucidated via the variations in the abundance of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds. We found that the epicatechin, total flavonoids and total tannin content in Yunnan Qujing (YQ) and Yunnan Kunming (YK) were higher than those in Chongqing Shizhu (CS), Chongqing Fuling (CF) and Guizhou Bijie (GB), suggesting that Yunnan Province can be considered as one of the areas that produce high-quality medicinal materials. Additionally, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose and gallic acid could be used as ideal marker compounds for the quality control of F. dibotrys from different origins caused by metabolites, and the F. dibotrys planted in Yunnan Province is well worth exploiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dexing 334220, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Linyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jintong Li
- China National Traditional Chinese Medicine, Co., Ltd., Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- China National Traditional Chinese Medicine, Co., Ltd., Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dexing 334220, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (S.W.)
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18
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Hu H, Fei X, He B, Chen X, Ma L, Han P, Luo Y, Liu Y, Wei A. UPLC-MS/MS Profile Combined With RNA-Seq Reveals the Amino Acid Metabolism in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Leaves Under Drought Stress. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921742. [PMID: 35873434 PMCID: PMC9301252 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves have a unique taste and incomparable nutritional value and hence are popular as a food item and traditional medicine in China. However, the studies on the metabolites in Z. bungeanum leaves are quite limited, especially for amino acids. Therefore, this study explored the amino acid component in Z. bungeanum leaves and also the accumulation mechanism under drought stress in two Z. bungeanum cultivars using the widely targeted metabolome combined with transcriptome analysis. A total of 56 amino acids and their derivatives were identified in Z. bungeanum leaves, including eight essential amino acids. The total amino acid content with most individual amino acids increased under progressive drought stress. More differentially accumulated amino acids (DAAs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in FJ (Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Fengjiao’) than in HJ (Z. bungeanum cv. ‘Hanjiao’). The orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis identified nine and seven indicator DAAs in FJ and HJ leaves, respectively. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that the green module was significantly correlated with most indicator DAAs and revealed the important role of FBA3, DELTA-OAT, PROC, and 15 transcription factor genes in regulating the amino acid synthesis. Furthermore, the correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) identified four candidate synthesis genes (ASNS, AK, ASPS, and PK) in amino acid biosynthesis pathway. This study provided useful information for the development of Z. bungeanum leaves in food and nutrition industry and also laid the foundations for future molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Beibei He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Peilin Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingli Luo
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Anzhi Wei,
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19
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Using untargeted metabolomics to profile the differences of the fruits of Lycium barbarum in different geographical origins. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1083-1093. [PMID: 35674936 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system coupled with the Q-Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the metabolic profiles of the fruits of Lycium barbarum in different geographical origins in China. Several classes of compounds such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, polyphenols and alkaloid were identified in hydroalcoholic extracts, and ten differential metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and vitamins were identified by multivariate statistical method. It was discussed that the differences between organic acids and amino acids in the samples may be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, soil and altitude. A total of 119 metabolic pathways were involved in the differential metabolites and 17 of them were retained for enrichment analysis. It was found that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, purine metabolism, histidine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were the most important pathways. These findings play an important role in the origin tracing of the Lycium barbarum fruit.
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Guo J, Lu X, Tao Y, Guo H, Min W. Comparative Ionomics and Metabolic Responses and Adaptive Strategies of Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:871387. [PMID: 35548284 PMCID: PMC9084190 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.871387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization and alkalization severely inhibit agriculture. However, the response mechanisms of cotton to salt stress or alkali stress are unclear. Ionomics and metabolomics were used to investigate salt and alkali stresses in cotton roots and leaves. Compared with the control, salt-treated and alkali-treated cotton plants showed 51.8 and 53.0% decreases in biomass, respectively. Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves, and the concentrations of P and K increased in roots but decreased in leaves. Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport. Under alkali stress, the concentrations of N and P in roots and leaves decreased, while the concentrations of K in roots and leaves increased. Alkali stress inhibited P, Ca, S, N, Fe, and Zn uptake and N, P, Mg and B transport, but promoted K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Mg, and B uptake and K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Zn transport. Under salt stress in the leaves, 93 metabolites increased, mainly organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, increased in abundance, while 6 decreased. In the roots, 72 metabolites increased, mainly amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, while 18 decreased. Under alkali stress, in the leaves, 96 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; In the roots, 108 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars. 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids and amino acids. Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars, while under alkali stress, osmoregulation was achieved via inorganic ion accumulation. Under salt stress, significant metabolic pathways in the leaves and roots were associated with amino acid and organic acid metabolism, sugar metabolism was mainly used as a source of energy, while under alkali stress, the pathways in the leaves were related to amino acid and linoleic acid metabolism, β-Oxidation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis were enhanced to provide the energy needed for life activities. Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in the roots is the key response mechanism of cotton to alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Min
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Differences of Nonvolatile Compounds in Oolong Tea in Different Production Areas. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071057. [PMID: 35407144 PMCID: PMC8998066 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavor differences in Oolong tea from different producing areas are caused by its complex differential compounds. In this study, representative samples of Oolong tea from four countries were collected, and their differential nonvolatile compounds were analyzed by a combination of widely targeted metabolomics, chemometrics, and quantitative taste evaluation. A total of 801 nonvolatile compounds were detected, which could be divided into 16 categories. We found that the difference in these compounds’ content among Oolong teas from three producing areas in China was the largest. There were 370 differential compounds related to the producing areas of Oolong tea, which were mainly distributed in 67 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways. In total, 81 differential nonvolatile compounds made important contributions to the taste differences in Oolong tea from different producing areas, among which the number of flavonoids was the largest. Finally, the characteristic compounds of Oolong tea in six producing areas were screened. This study comprehensively identifies the nonvolatile compounds of Oolong tea in different producing areas for the first time, which provides a basis for the analysis of flavor characteristics, quality directional control, and the identification and protection of geographical landmark agricultural products of Oolong tea from different producing areas.
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Comparative Metabolomics Study of Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai from Different Geographical Regions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071019. [PMID: 35407106 PMCID: PMC8997580 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (C. speciosa) is not only a Chinese herbal medicine but also a functional food widely planted in China. Its fruits are used to treat many diseases or can be processed into food products. This study aims to find key metabolic components, distinguish the differences between geographical regions and find more medicinal and edible values of C. speciosa fruits. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and widely targeted metabolomics analysis to reveal key and differential metabolites. We identified 974 metabolites and screened 548 differential metabolites from 8 regions. We selected significantly high-content differential metabolites to visualize a regional biomarker map. Comparative analysis showed Yunnan had the highest content of total flavonoids, the highest amounts of compounds related to disease resistance and drug targets and the most significant difference from the other regions according to the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database, a unique platform for studying the systematic pharmacology of Chinese herbal medicine and capturing the relationship between drugs, targets and diseases. We used oral bioavailability (OB) ≥ 30% and drug likeness (DL) ≥ 0.18 as the selection criteria and found 101 key active metabolites, which suggests that C. speciosa fruits were rich in healthy metabolites. These results provide valuable information for the development of C. speciosa.
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Widely-Targeted Metabolic Profiling in Lycium barbarum Fruits under Salt-Alkaline Stress Uncovers Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051564. [PMID: 35268665 PMCID: PMC8911562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important economic crop widely grown in China. The effects of salt-alkaline stress on metabolites accumulation in the salt-tolerant Ningqi1 wolfberry fruits were evaluated across 12 salt-alkaline stress gradients. The soil pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− contents decreased at a gradient across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. Based on the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, we identified 457 diverse metabolites, 53% of which were affected by salt-alkaline stress. Remarkably, soil salt-alkaline stress enhanced metabolites accumulation in wolfberry fruits. Amino acids, alkaloids, organic acids, and polyphenols contents increased proportionally across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. In contrast, nucleic acids, lipids, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, organic acids and derivatives and vitamins were significantly reduced by high salt-alkaline stress. A total of 13 salt-responsive metabolites represent potential biomarkers for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in wolfberry. Specifically, we found that constant reductions of lipids and chlorogenic acids; up-regulation of abscisic acid and accumulation of polyamines are essential mechanisms for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in Ningqi1. Overall, we provide for the first time some extensive metabolic insights into salt-alkaline stress tolerance and key metabolite biomarkers which may be useful for improving wolfberry tolerance to salt-alkaline stress.
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Liu SY, Wang QQ, Lei YH, Wang SS, Chen KL, Li Y, Xiong J, Liang XJ, Zhou X, Li YK, Sun YF. Elucidating the interaction of rhizosphere bacteria and environmental factors in influencing active ingredient content of Lycium barbarum fruit in China. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3783-3796. [PMID: 35191572 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to compare the differences in the bacterial community structure of L. barbarum rhizosphere and elucidate the contribution of rhizosphere bacteria to the active ingredients of L. barbarum fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigated the soil and meteorological characteristics of L. barbarum rhizosphere during three growth stages across three production regions of China. High-throughput sequencing showed significant differences in the bacterial community diversity of L. barbarum rhizosphere across the three production regions, and norank_o_Gaiellales, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, and norank_f_AKYG1722 were the highest in Ningxia. In addition, regression and path analysis revealed that pH, norank_o_Gaiellales, and norank_f_AKYG1722 significantly promoted the accumulation of total sugar and flavonoids in L. barbarum fruit directly or indirectly. Soil organic matter (SOM), norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, and humidity significantly promoted the accumulation of betaine. The average temperature during the growth stages, norank_f_AKYG1722, and norank_o_Gaiellales promoted the accumulation of polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between rhizosphere bacteria and environmental factors promoted the accumulation of active ingredients in L. barbarum fruits. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results provided insights to improve the quality of L. barbarum fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qi Qi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Hui Lei
- Department of Plant protection, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sai Sai Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kai Li Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao Jie Liang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Institute of Wolfberry Engineer Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Institute of Wolfberry Engineer Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yue Kun Li
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Institute of Wolfberry Engineer Technology, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan Fei Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Zou Q, Guo Q, Wang T, Chen J, Yang F, Yang C. Comparison of metabolome characteristics and screening of chemical markers in Chrysanthemum indicum from different habitats. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:65-76. [PMID: 35221572 PMCID: PMC8847665 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chrysanthemum indicum is a polymorphic species with many ecological, geographical or eco-geographic populations, but there are few studies on the metabolic characteristics of different populations. This study conducted widely targeted metabolomics studies on Ch. indicum from seven typical producing areas. As a result, a total of 802 metabolites were detected and identified, among which the top three categories of metabolites were flavonoids, organic acids and amino acids and derivatives. Through multivariate statistical analysis, the seven samples from different habitats could be divided into four categories, and the significantly changed metabolites between different categories were mainly concentrated in the flavonoid synthesis pathway. Through a variety of cluster analysis, it was observed that the Ch. nankingense (Nakai) Tzvel (Chinese name Juhuanao) had the largest separation degree from other samples and were clustered into a single category. Furthermore, the corresponding candidate chemical markers were screened in this study to distinguish the Juhuanao. Correlation analysis showed that climatic factors were not the main reason for the differences in the metabolic characteristics of Ch. indicum in different populations, which indicated that Ch. indicum is indeed a species with rich variation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01137-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Zou
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095 P.R. China
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Feng L, Tang N, Liu R, Nie R, Guo Y, Liu R, Chang M. Effects of different processing methods on bioactive substances and antioxidation properties of Lycium barbarum (goji berry) from China. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Zhou R, Yu Q, Li T, Long M, Wang Y, Feng T, Su W, Yang J, Li H. Carcass decomposition influences the metabolic profiles and enriches noxious metabolites in different water types by widely targeted metabolomics. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129400. [PMID: 33383254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carcass decomposition could be considered as a common phenomenon in nature. However, during degradation processes, animal carcasses produce many toxic and harmful metabolites, posing potential ecological risks to water safety, thereby threatening human health. However, the metabolites produced by decomposition of animal corpses are not well understood. In this study, building on our previous baseline study of microbial community between the experimental groups (with animal carcasses) and control groups (without carcasses), the samples at the ultimate stage (19th day) of carcass decomposition were chosen to investigate the metabolic profiles and uncover the relationships between water quality, microbes and noxious metabolites in two types of water (Yellow River water and tap water) using fish as animal model by widely targeted metabolomics. Our results showed amino acid metabolomics, indole and its derivatives, and pyridine and pyridine derivatives mainly occurred in the corpse groups, suggesting that these metabolites are markers of carcass decomposition. And some noxious metabolites (e.g., polyamine, amines, and benzene and substituted derivatives) highly associated with carcass decomposition, which revealed new insights into how to investigate the hazard materials in water. And these noxious metabolites in the corpse groups were even increased 214543-fold in average compared with the control groups. Meanwhile, treatment was the most important factor affecting the water metabolites while microbiome contributed a small proportion to the metabolic profiles. Several opportunistic pathogenic genera Comamonas, Bacteriodes and Alcaligenes co-occurred most frequently with several kinds of polyamines and amines while some dominant genera Rhodoferax, Delftia and Brevundimonas had significant positive relationships with specific benzene and substituted derivatives. This work demonstrates that carcass decomposition causes water quality deterioration by producing various toxic metabolites, thus providing new insights into noxious metabolites when exposed to animal carcasses in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Meng Long
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Shenzhen Dapeng New District Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tianshu Feng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wanghong Su
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Li S, Chen Y, Duan Y, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Zang L, Ya H. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Different Parts of Salsola collina Pall. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041126. [PMID: 33672654 PMCID: PMC7924207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salsola collina Pall has a long history of being used as a traditional medicine to treat hypertension, headache, insomnia, constipation and vertigo. However, only a few biologically active substances have been identified from S. collina. Here, the shoots and roots of S. collina, namely L-Sc and R-Sc, were studied. The primary and secondary metabolites were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A total of 637 putative metabolites were identified and these metabolites were mainly classified into ten different categories. Correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis of metabolites showed that the L-Sc samples could be clearly separated from the R-Sc samples. Differential accumulated metabolite analysis revealed that most of differential primary metabolites were significantly lower in the L-Sc than in the R-Sc. Conversely, the major differential secondary metabolites had higher levels in the L-Sc than in the R-Sc. Further analysis indicated that the flavonoids were the major putative antioxidant components and most of putative antioxidant components exhibited higher relative concentrations in the L-Sc than the R-Sc. These results improve our understanding of metabolite accumulation and provide a reference for the study of medicinal value in S. collina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiyuan Ya
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0379-6861-8516
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Ilić T, Dodevska M, Marčetić M, Božić D, Kodranov I, Vidović B. Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Goji Berries Cultivated in Serbia. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111614. [PMID: 33172053 PMCID: PMC7694608 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the fruits of Lycium L. species (Fructus lycii, goji berries) are promoted as a “superfood” with plenty of health benefits, there is extensive research interest in their nutritional and phytochemical composition. In the present study, the nutritional value, minerals, fatty acid composition, and bioactive compounds of L. barbarum L., red, yellow, and black goji berry (L. ruthenicum Murray.) cultivated in Serbia were investigated. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of their methanol extracts were assessed. Red goji berry had the highest content of fats, dietary fiber, iron, total carotenoids, and 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG). The yellow goji berry extract showed the highest level of flavonoids and the most prominent antimicrobial (especially against Gram-negative bacteria) properties. The highest total phenolic content and the most potent antioxidant activity were observed for the extract of black goji berry. Therefore, all goji berries could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Ilić
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Margarita Dodevska
- Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut”, Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Mirjana Marčetić
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Božić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Igor Kodranov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojana Vidović
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-39-51-395; Fax: +381-11-39-72-840
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Dumont D, Danielato G, Chastellier A, Hibrand Saint Oyant L, Fanciullino AL, Lugan R. Multi-Targeted Metabolic Profiling of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Primary Metabolites in Goji ( Lycium spp.) Berry and Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Reveals Inter and Intra Genus Biomarkers. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100422. [PMID: 33096702 PMCID: PMC7589643 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profile is a key component of fruit quality, which is a challenge to study due to great compound diversity, especially in species with high nutritional value. This study presents optimized analytical methods for metabolic profiling in the fruits of three Solanaceae species: Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense and Solanumlycopersicum. It includes the most important chemical classes involved in nutrition and taste, i.e., carotenoids, phenolic compounds and primary compounds. Emphasis has been placed on the systematic achievement of good extraction yields, sample stability, and high response linearity using common LC-ESI-TQ-MS and GC-EI-MS apparatuses. A set of 13 carotenoids, 46 phenolic compounds and 67 primary compounds were profiled in fruit samples. Chemometrics revealed metabolic markers discriminating Lycium and Solanum fruits but also Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense fruits and the effect of the crop environment. Typical tomato markers were found to be lycopene, carotene, glutamate and GABA, while lycibarbarphenylpropanoids and zeaxanthin esters characterized goji (Lycium spp.) fruits. Among the compounds discriminating the Lycium species, reported here for the first time to our knowledge, chlorogenic acids, asparagine and quinic acid were more abundant in Lycium chinense, whereas Lycium barbarum accumulated more lycibarbarphenylpropanoids A-B, coumaric acid, fructose and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Dumont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticole, 228 Route de l’aérodrome, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Giorgia Danielato
- Unité Mixte de Recherche QualiSud, Campus Jean Henri Fabre, Avignon Université, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP21239, 84916 Avignon, France;
| | - Annie Chastellier
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d’Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France; (A.C.); (L.H.S.O.)
| | - Laurence Hibrand Saint Oyant
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d’Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France; (A.C.); (L.H.S.O.)
| | - Anne-Laure Fanciullino
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticole, 228 Route de l’aérodrome, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon, France;
- Correspondence: (A.-L.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Raphaël Lugan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche QualiSud, Campus Jean Henri Fabre, Avignon Université, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP21239, 84916 Avignon, France;
- Correspondence: (A.-L.F.); (R.L.)
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Wei F, Shi Z, Wan R, Li Y, Wang Y, An W, Qin K, Cao Y, Chen X, Wang X, Yang L, Dai G, Feng J. Impact of phosphorus fertilizer level on the yield and metabolome of goji fruit. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14656. [PMID: 32887902 PMCID: PMC7474080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a highly medicinal value tree species. The yield and nutritional contents of goji fruit are significant affected by fertilizer level. In this study, we analyzed the yield and nutritional contents change of goji fruit, which planted in pot (vermiculite:perlite, 1:2, v:v) in growth chamber under P0 (32.5 g/per tree), P1 (65 g/per tree), and P2 (97.5 g/per tree). Meanwhile, we utilized an integrated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to analysis of the response of the metabolome in goji fruit to phosphorus level. The results show that the yield of goji fruits had strongly negative correlation with phosphorus level, especially in the third harvest time. The amino acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and betaine contents of goji fruits in the first harvest time had obvious correlated with the level of phosphorus level. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment results indicated that the impact of different phosphorus fertilizer levels on each group mainly involved the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The results provide new insights into the theoretical basis of the relationship between the nutritional contents of goji fruits and phosphorus fertilizer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712000, Shan Xi, China
- Ningxia State Farm A & F Technology Central, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhigang Shi
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China.
| | - Ru Wan
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Yunxiang Li
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Wei An
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Ken Qin
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712000, Shan Xi, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Libin Yang
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Guoli Dai
- Wolfberry Engineering Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Jiayue Feng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712000, Shan Xi, China
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Fan R, Sun Q, Zeng J, Zhang X. Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:361. [PMID: 32736527 PMCID: PMC7394676 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color formation in Hylocereus spp. (pitayas) has been ascribed to the accumulation of betalains. However, several studies have reported the presence of anthocyanins in pitaya fruit and their potential role in color formation has not yet been explored. In this study, we profiled metabolome and transcriptome in fruit of three cultivars with contrasting flesh colors (red, pink and white) to investigate their nutritional quality and the mechanism of color formation involving anthocyanins. RESULTS Results revealed that pitaya fruit is enriched in amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, polyphenols, vitamin and other bioactive components with significant variation among the three cultivars. Anthocyanins were detected in the fruit flesh and accumulation levels of Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, Delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside-3-O-beta-glucoside and Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside) positively correlated with the reddish coloration. Transcriptome data showed that the white cultivar tends to repress the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and divert substrates to other competing pathways. This perfectly contrasted with observations in the red cultivar. The pink cultivar however seems to keep a balance between the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and the competing pathways. We identified several active transcription factors of the MYB and bHLH families which can be further investigated as potential regulators of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that anthocyanins partly contribute to color formation in pitaya fruit. Future studies aiming at manipulating the biosynthetic pathways of anthocyanins and betalains will better clarify the exact contribution of each pathway in color formation in pitayas. This will facilitate efforts to improve pitaya fruit quality and appeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Fan
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingming Sun
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiwu Zeng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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