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Summers S, Quimby J. Insights into the gut-kidney axis and implications for chronic kidney disease management in cats and dogs. Vet J 2024; 306:106181. [PMID: 38897377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats and dogs presents significant clinical challenges, with emerging research highlighting the pivotal role of the gut-kidney axis in its pathogenesis and management. Gut dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in the gut microbiome composition and function, contributes to microbial dysmetabolism of key nutrients causing uremic toxin accumulation and disruptions in amino acid, bile acid and fatty acid profiles. These disturbances in turn exacerbate renal dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Recent research in veterinary medicine, particularly in cats, supports the gut microbiome and microbial-derived metabolites as novel therapeutic targets. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiome and microbial dysmetabolism, including dietary management, probiotics, adsorbents, and addressing constipation, offer promising avenues for intervention to restore metabolic balance and preserve renal function. This review highlights the microbial influence on renal health and focuses on potential therapeutic strategies available to veterinarians to optimize the management of CKD in cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Summers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Oregon, Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th St, Corvallis 97331, USA.
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Dr., Columbus, OH, USA
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Craven H, Erlandsson H, McGuinness D, McGuinness D, Mafra D, Ijaz U, Bergman P, Shiels P, Stenvinkel P. A normative microbiome is not restored following kidney transplantation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1563-1575. [PMID: 37756543 PMCID: PMC10582644 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Dialysis and kidney transplantation (Ktx) mitigate some of the physiological deficits in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it remains to be determined if these mitigate microbial dysbiosis and the production of inflammatory microbial metabolites, which contribute significantly to the uraemic phenotype. We have investigated bacterial DNA signatures present in the circulation of CKD patients and those receiving a KTx. Our data are consistent with increasing dysbiosis as CKD progresses, with an accompanying increase in trimethylamine (TMA) producing pathobionts Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Notably, KTx patients displayed a significantly different microbiota compared with CKD5 patients, which surprisingly included further increase in TMA producing Bacillus and loss of salutogenic Lactobacilli. Only two genera (Viellonella and Saccharimonidales) showed significant differences in abundance following KTx that may reflect a reciprocal relationship between TMA producers and utilisers, which supersedes restoration of a normative microbiome. Our metadata analysis confirmed that TMA N-oxide (TMAO) along with one carbon metabolism had significant impact upon both inflammatory burden and the composition of the microbiome. This indicates that these metabolites are key to shaping the uraemic microbiome and might be exploited in the development of dietary intervention strategies to both mitigate the physiological deficits in CKD and enable the restoration of a more salutogenic microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Craven
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, Davidson Bld, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Helen Erlandsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, Davidson Bld, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Denise Mafra
- Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G. Shiels
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, Davidson Bld, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lin X, Zhao J, Ge S, Lu H, Xiong Q, Guo X, Li L, He S, Wang J, Peng F, Fan Y, Zuo X, Tian C, Ying C. Dietary Polyphenol Intake and Risk of Hypertension: An 18-y Nationwide Cohort Study in China. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:264-272. [PMID: 37146758 PMCID: PMC10447504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increasing evidence suggests that polyphenol helps regulate blood pressure (BP), evidence from large-scale and long-term population-based studies is still lacking. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary polyphenol and hypertension risk in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (N = 11,056). METHODS Food intake was assessed using 3-d, 24-h dietary recalls and household weighing method; polyphenol intake was calculated by multiplying consumption of each food and its polyphenol content. Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg, physicians' diagnosis, or taking antihypertension medications. HR and 95% CI were estimated using mixed-effects Cox models. RESULTS During 91,561 person-years of follow-up, a total of 3866 participants developed hypertension (35%). The lowest multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) of hypertension risk occurred in the third quartile intake, which was 0.63 (0.57, 0.70) for total polyphenol, 0.61 (0.55, 0.68) for flavonoid, 0.62 (0.56, 0.69) for phenolic acid, 0.46 (0.42, 0.51) for lignan, and 0.58 (0.52, 0.64) for stilbene, compared with the lowest quartile. The polyphenol-hypertension associations were nonlinear (all Pnonlinearity < 0.001), and different patterns were observed. U-shaped relations with hypertension were observed for total polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid, whereas L-shaped associations were observed for lignan and stilbene. Moreover, higher fiber intake strengthened the polyphenol-hypertension association, especially for lignan (P-interaction = 0.002) and stilbene (P-interaction = 0.004). Polyphenol-containing food, particularly vegetables and fruits rich in lignan and stilbene, were significantly associated with lower hypertension risk. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an inverse and nonlinear association between dietary polyphenol, especially lignan and stilbene, and hypertension risk. The findings provide implications for hypertension prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Ge
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haidong Lu
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Qianqian Xiong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiqing He
- Department of Nutrition, Hunan Chest Hospital, Hunan Institute For Tuberculosis Control, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Shenzhen Longhua District Chronic Disease Control Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuezhi Zuo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Tian
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chenjiang Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Dobrijević D, Pastor K, Nastić N, Özogul F, Krulj J, Kokić B, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM, Kojić J. Betaine as a Functional Ingredient: Metabolism, Health-Promoting Attributes, Food Sources, Applications and Analysis Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:4824. [PMID: 37375378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains-such as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.-are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide. This review study will provide an overview of the various natural sources of betaine, including different types of food products, and explore the potential of betaine as an innovative functional ingredient. It will thoroughly discuss its metabolic pathways and physiology, disease-preventing and health-promoting properties, and further highlight the extraction procedures and detection methods in different matrices. In addition, gaps in the existing scientific literature will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Dobrijević
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristian Pastor
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nastić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Jelena Krulj
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jovana Kojić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Feeding Fiber-Bound Polyphenol Ingredients at Different Levels Modulates Colonic Postbiotics to Improve Gut Health in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131654. [PMID: 35804553 PMCID: PMC9265048 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Food eaten by humans or companion animals is broken down by enzymes produced by the host and also by bacteria present in the large intestine of the host. Many of the compounds produced can have beneficial effects on the host’s health. Previous studies in dogs evaluated changes after they ate food containing a fiber bundle made of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders from cranberry, citrus, and beet. These studies showed that bacteria in the large intestine switched from digesting mainly protein to digesting mainly carbohydrates resulting in production of compounds with beneficial properties. The study presented here tested this fiber bundle in cats to see which compounds and/or bacteria in the feces changed. After cats consumed food containing the fiber bundle, several compounds associated with beneficial health effects increased, and some compounds that indicate the breakdown of protein decreased. In contrast, little change in fecal bacteria was observed following consumption of food with the fiber bundle. Overall, these findings indicate that, similar to the dog studies, bacteria in the large intestine of cats were able to digest the fiber bundle to make compounds that may contribute to host health and also shifted to digestion of carbohydrates instead of protein. Abstract Consumption of fiber in its different forms can result in positive health effects. Prior studies in dogs found that addition of a fiber bundle (composed of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders of cranberry, citrus, and beet) to food resulted in a shift in fecal bacterial metabolism from proteolysis to saccharolysis. The present study evaluated the changes in fecal metabolites and microbiota in healthy cats following the consumption of this fiber bundle. Following a 28-day pre-feed period, 56 healthy adult cats received food with none or one of three concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) of the fiber bundle for a 31-day period. In cats that consumed the 4% fiber bundle, levels of ammonium and fecal branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) decreased from baseline and compared with the other groups. Addition of any level of the fiber bundle resulted in increases in beneficial metabolites: polyphenols hesperidin, hesperetin, ponciretin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, secoisolariciresinol, and enterodiol. Little change in fecal microbiota was observed. Since higher levels of ammonia and BCFAs indicate putrefactive metabolism, the decreases in these with the 4% fiber bundle indicate a shift toward saccharolytic metabolism despite little change in the microbiota composition.
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Dietary Betaine and Fatty Acids Change Circulating Single-Carbon Metabolites and Fatty Acids in the Dog. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060768. [PMID: 35327165 PMCID: PMC8944756 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the interaction of betaine and n-3 PUFA in foods consumed by the dog, six extruded dry foods were formulated. The control food had no specific source of added betaine or n-3 fatty acids, while the test foods were supplemented with betaine, flax or fish oil in a 2 × 3 factorial design (no added n-3 source, added flax, added menhaden fish oil, and all with or without added betaine). Forty eight adult dogs were used in this study. All dogs were assigned to one of the six dietary treatments and consumed that food for the length of the 60-day study. Blood was analyzed for metabolomics (plasma), fatty acids and selected health-related analytes (serum) at the beginning and the end of the study. Added dietary betaine increased single-carbon metabolites (betaine, dimethyl glycine, methionine and N-methylalanine), decreased xenobiotics (stachydrine, N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, 4-vinylguaiacol sulfate, pyrraline, 3-indoleglyoxylic acid, N-methylpipecolate and ectoine) and enhanced the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Dietary betaine also decreased the concentration of circulating carnitine and a number of carnitine-containing moieties. The addition of the n-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic, EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased their respective circulating concentrations as well as those of many subsequent moieties containing these fatty acids. The addition of alpha-linolenic acid increased the concentration of EPA when expressed as a ratio of EPA consumed.
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Feeding Fiber-Bound Polyphenol Ingredients at Different Levels Modulates Colonic Postbiotics to Improve Gut Health in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050627. [PMID: 35268196 PMCID: PMC8909809 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Microbes present in the large intestine of humans and companion animals produce bioactive metabolites from host-ingested food. These bioactive metabolites can influence host health. A prior study in dogs that were healthy or had chronic enteritis/gastroenteritis showed that stool quality improved when they ate food containing a fiber bundle made from fibers of pecan shells, flax seed, cranberry, citrus, and beet. In addition, eating food containing the fiber bundle resulted in the gut bacteria shifting from digesting mainly protein to digesting mainly carbohydrates. The present study tested the impact of the fiber bundle at a lower range of concentrations in dogs. Fecal levels of several bioactive metabolites with beneficial antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties increased after dogs consumed food with the fiber bundle, though no changes in the bacteria or their functional pathways were observed. Stool quality remained in the acceptable range. These results suggest that the gut bacteria were able to digest the fiber bundle to produce beneficial bioactive metabolites to improve host health. Abstract This study assessed changes in canine fecal metabolites and microbiota with the consumption of foods with increasing concentrations of a fiber bundle including pecan shells, flax seed, and powders of cranberry, citrus, and beet that was previously shown (at 14% w/w) to improve stool quality, shift fecal bacterial metabolism from proteolysis to saccharolysis, increase abundance of saccharolytic bacteria, and decrease abundance of proteolytic bacteria. In this study, 48 healthy adult dogs were split evenly to consume different inclusion levels (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) of the fiber bundle for a 31-day period following a 28-day pre-feed period. Increases from baseline in the fecal short-chain fatty acids butyric acid, valeric acid, and hexanoic acid were observed only in the dogs that consumed the food with the 4% fiber bundle. With addition of any level of the fiber bundle, increases were seen in the polyphenols hesperidin, hesperetin, ponciretin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, secoisolariciresinol, and enterodiol. However, fecal microbiota and their metabolism, and stool scores were largely unaffected by the fiber bundle. Overall, addition of the fiber bundle appeared to increase bioactive metabolites of increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency for beneficial to health and, at levels ≥4%, shifted gut bacterial metabolism toward saccharolysis.
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Wehedy E, Shatat IF, Al Khodor S. The Human Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:790783. [PMID: 35111779 PMCID: PMC8801809 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.790783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing global health burden. Current treatments for CKD include therapeutics to target factors that contribute to CKD progression, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, and drugs to control blood pressure and proteinuria control. Recently, associations between chronic disease processes and the human microbiota and its metabolites have been demonstrated. Dysbiosis—a change in the microbial diversity—has been observed in patients with CKD. The relationship between CKD and dysbiosis is bidirectional; gut-derived metabolites and toxins affect the progression of CKD, and the uremic milieu affects the microbiota. The accumulation of microbial metabolites and toxins is linked to the loss of kidney functions and increased mortality risk, yet renoprotective metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids help restore kidney functions and increase the survival rate in CKD patients. Specific dietary interventions to alter the gut microbiome could improve clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. Low-protein and high-fiber diets increase the abundance of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and anti-inflammatory bacteria. Fluctuations in the urinary microbiome are linked to increased susceptibility to infection and antibiotic resistance. In this review, we describe the potential role of the gut, urinary and blood microbiome in CKD pathophysiology and assess the feasibility of modulating the gut microbiota as a therapeutic tool for treating CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Wehedy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
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