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Desai R, Ghadge N, Kanagala SG, Katukuri N, James A, Kadiyala A, Vutukuru SD, Kotharu M, Borzoo T, Nalla A, Vyas A, Priyadarshni S, Shalaby M, Khalife W. Association of Cannabis Use Disorder With Hospitalizations for Pulmonary Embolism and Subsequent in-Hospital Mortality in Young Adults: A Contemporary Nationwide Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032787. [PMID: 38934855 PMCID: PMC11255712 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increase in popularity of cannabis and its use and the lack of large-scale data on cannabis use and venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism (PE), we used a nationally representative cohort of young adults (aged 18-44 years) to compare the odds of admissions and in-hospital mortality of PE with and without cannabis use disorder (CUD). METHODS AND RESULTS Identified patients with PE using the National Inpatient Sample (2018) were compared for baseline, comorbidities, and outcomes. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for covariates, was used to compare the odds of PE in young patients with CUD (CUD+) versus those without (CUD-) and those with prior venous thromboembolism. Propensity score-matched analysis (1:6) was also performed to assess in-hospital outcomes. A total of 61 965 (0.7%) of 8 438 858 young adult admissions in 2018 were PE related, of which 1705 (0.6%) had CUD+. On both unadjusted (odds ratio, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.71-0.90]; P<0.001) and adjusted regression analyses, the CUD+ cohort had a lower risk of PE admission. The CUD+ cohort had fewer routine discharges (58.3% versus 68.3%) and higher transfers to short-term (7.9% versus 4.8%) and nursing/intermediate care (12.6% versus 9.5%) (P<0.001). The PE-CUD+ cohort of in-hospital mortality did not differ from the CUD- cohort. Propensity score-matched (1:6) analysis revealed comparable mortality odds with higher median hospital stay and cost in the CUD+ cohort. CONCLUSIONS Young adults with CUD demonstrated lower odds of PE hospitalizations without any association with subsequent in-hospital mortality. The median hospital stay of the CUD+ cohort was longer, they were often transferred to other facilities, and they had a higher cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alpha James
- Bukovinian State Medical UniversityChernivitsiUkraine
| | | | | | | | - Tajdin Borzoo
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Akhila Nalla
- M N Raju Medical CollegeSangareddyTelanganaIndia
| | - Ankit Vyas
- Department of Vascular MedicineOchsner Clinic FoundationNew OrleansLA
| | - Shivani Priyadarshni
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Mostafa Shalaby
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
| | - Wissam Khalife
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX
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Echeverria-Villalobos M, Guevara Y, Mitchell J, Ryskamp D, Conner J, Bush M, Periel L, Uribe A, Weaver TE. Potential perioperative cardiovascular outcomes in cannabis/cannabinoid users. A call for caution. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1343549. [PMID: 38978789 PMCID: PMC11228818 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1343549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances. Its components act through several pathways, producing a myriad of side effects, of which cardiovascular events are the most life-threatening. However, only a limited number of studies address cannabis's perioperative impact on patients during noncardiac surgery. Methods Studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases using relevant keyword combinations pertinent to the topic. Results Current evidence shows that cannabis use may cause several cardiovascular events, including abnormalities in cardiac rhythm, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cerebrovascular events. Additionally, cannabis interacts with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, decreasing their efficacy. Finally, the interplay of cannabis with inhalational and intravenous anesthetic agents may lead to adverse perioperative cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusions The use of cannabis can trigger cardiovascular events that may depend on factors such as the duration of consumption, the route of administration of the drug, and the dose consumed, which places these patients at risk of drug-drug interactions with anesthetic agents. However, large prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to further elucidate gaps in the body of knowledge regarding which patient population has a greater risk of perioperative complications after cannabis consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yosira Guevara
- Department of Anesthesiology, St Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Brighton, MA, United States
| | - Justin Mitchell
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Ryskamp
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joshua Conner
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Margo Bush
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Luis Periel
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NW, United States
| | - Alberto Uribe
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tristan E. Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Campos MG, China M, Cláudio M, Capinha M, Torres R, Oliveira S, Fortuna A. Drug-Cannabinoid Interactions in Selected Therapeutics for Symptoms Associated with Epilepsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, and Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:613. [PMID: 38794183 PMCID: PMC11124308 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical practice entails a translation of research that assists in the use of scientific data and therapeutic evidence for the benefit of the patient. This review critically summarizes the potential impact of cannabinoids in conjunction with other drugs when associated with treatments for epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and chronic pain. In these associations, potential drug interactions may occur and alter the predicted clinical results. Therefore, the potential for drug interactions must always be assessed to avoid therapeutic failures and/or increased side effects. Some effects may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, but changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, particularly through cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes (e.g., CYP2C9 and CYP3A4), and excretion may also occur. For example, the combination of cannabis-derived compounds and the antifungal drug ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, increases the plasma concentration of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). In contrast, rifampicin, a CYP3A4 inducer, stands out for reducing plasma THC levels by approximately 20-40% and 50% to 60% for CBD. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers are likely to have a similar effect on plasma concentrations if co-administered. Pharmacokinetic interactions with anticonvulsant medications have also been reported, as have pharmacodynamic interactions between cannabinoids and medications with sympathomimetic effects (e.g., tachycardia, hypertension), central nervous system depressants (e.g., drowsiness, ataxia), and anticholinergics (e.g., tachycardia and somnolence). Although further studies are still pending, there is currently clinical evidence supporting drug interactions with cannabinoids, requiring doctors to evaluate the risk of drug combinations with cannabinoids and vice versa. The tables provided here were designed to facilitate the identification of biorelevant interactions that may compromise therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Campos
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC, FCT Unit 313) (FCTUC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria China
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Mariana Cláudio
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Miguel Capinha
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Rita Torres
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Simão Oliveira
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Observatory of Drug-Herb Interactions, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (S.O.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, ICNAS, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Exploring the Potential of Cannabinoid Nanodelivery Systems for CNS Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010204. [PMID: 36678832 PMCID: PMC9863859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have a major therapeutic value in a variety of disorders. The concepts of cannabinoids are difficult to develop, but they can be used and are advantageous for a number of diseases that are not sufficiently managed by existing treatments. Nanoconjugation and encapsulation techniques have been shown to be effective in improving the delivery and the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs that are poorly soluble in water. Because the bioavailability of cannabinoids is low, the challenge is to explore different administration methods to improve their effectiveness. Because cannabinoids cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), they modify the negative effects of inflammatory processes on the BBB and may be a key factor in the improvement of BBB function after ischemic disease or other conditions. This review discusses various types of cannabinoid administration, as well as nanotechnologies used to improve the bioavailability of these compounds in CNS diseases.
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Lehmann C, Zhou J. Cannabinoid effects in the microvasculature - CB, or not CB? That is the question! A mini-review. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 83:287-292. [PMID: 36591655 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids play critical roles in human pathophysiology through the cannabinoid (CB) receptors and non-CB receptors on variety of cells, tissues, and organs. Microvasculature with the inside bloodstream containing the plasmatic and cellular components exerts multiple functions in maintaining tissue and organ physiology through microcirculation. This review focusses on the impact of cannabinoids on the microvasculature, including mechanisms mediated by both CB receptor-related pathways and CB receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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