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Iravani S, Nazarzadeh Zare E, Makvandi P. Multifunctional MXene-Based Platforms for Soft and Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1892-1909. [PMID: 38466909 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
MXenes and their composites hold great promise in the field of soft and bone tissue regeneration and engineering (TRE). However, there are challenges that need to be overcome, such as ensuring biocompatibility and controlling the morphologies of MXene-based scaffolds. The future prospects of MXenes in TRE include enhancing biocompatibility through surface modifications, developing multifunctional constructs, and conducting in vivo studies for clinical translation. The purpose of this perspective about MXenes and their composites in soft and bone TRE is to critically evaluate their potential applications and contributions in this field. This perspective aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges, advantages, limitations, and future prospects associated with the use of MXenes and their composites for soft and bone TRE. By examining the existing literature and research, the review seeks to consolidate the current knowledge and highlight the key findings and advancements in MXene-based TRE. It aims to contribute to the understanding of MXenes' role in promoting soft and bone TRE, addressing the challenges faced in terms of biocompatibility, morphology control, and tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Avenue, Isfahan 81756-33551, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan 36716-45667, Iran
- Centre of Research Impact and Outreach, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140417, Punjab, India
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Kalujhanda 174103, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
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2
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Ye S, Zhang H, Lai H, Xu J, Yu L, Ye Z, Yang L. MXene: A wonderful nanomaterial in antibacterial. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1338539. [PMID: 38361792 PMCID: PMC10867285 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1338539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing bacterial infections and growing resistance to available drugs pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. Although antibiotics are crucial in fighting bacterial infections, their excessive use not only weakens our immune system but also contributes to bacterial resistance. These negative effects have caused doctors to be troubled by the clinical application of antibiotics. Facing this challenge, it is urgent to explore a new antibacterial strategy. MXene has been extensively reported in tumor therapy and biosensors due to its wonderful performance. Due to its large specific surface area, remarkable chemical stability, hydrophilicity, wide interlayer spacing, and excellent adsorption and reduction ability, it has shown wonderful potential for biopharmaceutical applications. However, there are few antimicrobial evaluations on MXene. The current antimicrobial mechanisms of MXene mainly include physical damage, induced oxidative stress, and photothermal and photodynamic therapy. In this paper, we reviewed MXene-based antimicrobial composites and discussed the application of MXene in bacterial infections to guide further research in the antimicrobial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huichao Zhang
- Stomatology College of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Huiyan Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Ruiz-Hitzky E, Ruiz-Garcia C. MXenes vs. clays: emerging and traditional 2D layered nanoarchitectonics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18959-18979. [PMID: 37937945 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03037g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Although MXene materials are considered an emerging research topic, they are receiving considerable interest because, like metals and graphene, they are good electronic conductors but with the particularity that they have a marked hydrophilic character. Having a structural organization and properties close to those of clay minerals (natural silicates typically with a lamellar morphology), they are sometimes referred to as "conducting clays" and exhibit colloidal, surface and intercalation properties also similar to those of clay minerals. The present contribution aims to inform and discuss the nature of MXenes in comparison with clay phyllosilicates, taking into account their structural analogies, outstanding surface properties and advanced applications. The current in-depth understanding of clay minerals may represent a basis for the future development of MXene-derived nanoarchitectures. Comparative examples of the preparation, and studies on the properties and applications of various nanoarchitectures based on clays and MXenes have been included in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Garcia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Enoch K, Sundaram A, Ponraj SS, Palaniyappan S, George SDB, Manavalan RK. Enhancement of MXene optical properties towards medical applications via metal oxide incorporation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16874-16889. [PMID: 37853782 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02527f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
MXenes have garnered research attention in the field of biomedical applications due to their unique properties, such as a large surface area, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and stability. Their optical behavior makes them versatile for a wide range of biomedical applications, from diagnostics to therapeutics. Nonetheless, MXenes have some minor limitations, including issues with restacking, susceptibility to oxidation, and a non-semiconducting nature. These limitations have prompted researchers to explore the incorporation of metal oxides into MXene structures. Metal oxides possess advantageous properties such as a high surface area, biocompatibility, intriguing redox behavior, catalytic activity, semiconducting properties, and enhanced stability. Incorporating metal oxides into MXenes can significantly improve their conductivity, surface area, and mechanical strength. In this review, we emphasize the importance of incorporating metal oxides into MXenes for light-influenced biomedical applications. We also provide insights into various preparation methods for incorporating metal oxides into MXene structures. Furthermore, we discuss how the incorporation of metal oxides enhances the optical behavior of MXenes. Finally, we offer a glimpse into the future potential of metal oxide-incorporated MXenes for diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolinekersin Enoch
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Aaivalayam - Dynamic Integrated Research Academy and Corporations (A-DIRAC), Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Aravindkumar Sundaram
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Aaivalayam - Dynamic Integrated Research Academy and Corporations (A-DIRAC), Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Stephen Selvamani Ponraj
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Aaivalayam - Dynamic Integrated Research Academy and Corporations (A-DIRAC), Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Sathya Palaniyappan
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Aaivalayam - Dynamic Integrated Research Academy and Corporations (A-DIRAC), Coimbatore 641046, India
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar Manavalan
- Institute of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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5
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Dar MS, Tabish TA, Thorat ND, Swati G, Sahu NK. Photothermal therapy using graphene quantum dots. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031502. [PMID: 37614868 PMCID: PMC10444203 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of powerful anti-oncology medicines have been possible because of advances in nanomedicine. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a type of treatment wherein nanomaterials absorb the laser energy and convert it into localized heat, thereby causing apoptosis and tumor eradication. PTT is more precise, less hazardous, and easy-to-control in comparison to other interventions such as chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiation therapy. Over the past decade, various nanomaterials for PTT applications have been reviewed; however, a comprehensive study of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) has been scantly reported. GQDs have received huge attention in healthcare technologies owing to their various excellent properties, such as high water solubility, chemical stability, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Motivated by the fascinating scientific discoveries and promising contributions of GQDs to the field of biomedicine, we present a comprehensive overview of recent progress in GQDs for PTT. This review summarizes the properties and synthesis strategies of GQDs including top-down and bottom-up approaches followed by their applications in PTT (alone and in combination with other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy). Furthermore, we also focus on the systematic study of in vitro and in vivo toxicities of GQDs triggered by PTT. Moreover, an overview of PTT along with the synergetic application used with GQDs for tumor eradication are discussed in detail. Finally, directions, possibilities, and limitations are described to encourage more research, which will lead to new treatments and better health care and bring people closer to the peak of human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Nanasaheb D. Thorat
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Science Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - G. Swati
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sahu
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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Abstract
MXenes with their unique electronic, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties have shown great promise in soft robotics. MXene-based soft actuators have been designed to display ultrafast actuations and recovery speeds as well as angle-independent structural colors in response to vapor. Several studies have developed soft actuators by combining MXenes with other materials to mimic the movement of natural organisms. Thus, MXene-based soft actuators have the potential to revolutionize the field of soft robotics and flexible electronics (e.g., wearable devices and artificial muscles). MXene-based artificial muscles have been explored for use in kinetic soft robotics as actuators in microsystems requiring exceptional compliance. MXene-based sensors and actuators have already been developed for human-like sensors and photodetection. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed in such applications, such as the design of stretchable and compliant robotic skins with a high-level functional integration for soft robotics. The integration of various devices, such as power sources, sensors, and actuators, into soft robotics is another crucial challenge. Despite the excellent stretchability and tensile strength of MXene-based composites, there is a vital need to develop their mechanical and electrochemical features and grant them multi-functionalities. Herein, recent developments pertaining to the applications of MXenes and their composites in soft robotics are discussed with a focus on the important challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
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Kumbhakar P, Jayan JS, Sreedevi Madhavikutty A, Sreeram P, Saritha A, Ito T, Tiwary CS. Prospective applications of two-dimensional materials beyond laboratory frontiers: A review. iScience 2023; 26:106671. [PMID: 37168568 PMCID: PMC10165413 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has been advancing for decades and gained acceleration in the 21st century. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are widely available, giving them a wide range of material platforms for technological study and the advancement of atomic-level applications. The design and application of 2D materials are discussed in this review. In order to evaluate the performance of 2D materials, which might lead to greater applications benefiting the electrical and electronics sectors as well as society, the future paradigm of 2D materials needs to be visualized. The development of 2D hybrid materials with better characteristics that will help industry and society at large is anticipated to result from intensive research in 2D materials. This enhanced evaluation might open new opportunities for the synthesis of 2D materials and the creation of devices that are more effective than traditional ones in various sectors of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Kumbhakar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
- Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Jitha S. Jayan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | | | - P.R. Sreeram
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Taichi Ito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
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Mohajer F, Mirhosseini-Eshkevari B, Ahmadi S, Ghasemzadeh MA, Mohammadi Ziarani G, Badiei A, Farshidfar N, Varma RS, Rabiee N, Iravani S. Advanced Nanosystems for Cancer Therapeutics: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:7123-7149. [DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | | | - Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14179-35840, Iran
| | - Nima Farshidfar
- Orthodontic Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
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9
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Zarepour A, Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Zarrabi A, Iravani S. Self-Healing MXene- and Graphene-Based Composites: Properties and Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:100. [PMID: 37052734 PMCID: PMC10102289 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Today, self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites have attracted researchers due to the increase in durability as well as the cost reduction in long-time applications. Different studies have focused on designing novel self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites with enhanced sensitivity, stretchability, and flexibility as well as improved electrical conductivity, healing efficacy, mechanical properties, and energy conversion efficacy. These composites with self-healing properties can be employed in the field of wearable sensors, supercapacitors, anticorrosive coatings, electromagnetic interference shielding, electronic-skin, soft robotics, etc. However, it appears that more explorations are still needed to achieve composites with excellent arbitrary shape adaptability, suitable adhesiveness, ideal durability, high stretchability, immediate self-healing responsibility, and outstanding electromagnetic features. Besides, optimizing reaction/synthesis conditions and finding suitable strategies for functionalization/modification are crucial aspects that should be comprehensively investigated. MXenes and graphene exhibited superior electrochemical properties with abundant surface terminations and great surface area, which are important to evolve biomedical and sensing applications. However, flexibility and stretchability are important criteria that need to be improved for their future applications. Herein, the most recent advancements pertaining to the applications and properties of self-healing graphene- and MXene-based composites are deliberated, focusing on crucial challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahān, 81746-73461, Iran.
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10
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Zhang Z, Qi Z, Kong W, Zhang R, Yao C. Applications of MXene and its modified materials in skin wound repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1154301. [PMID: 36994359 PMCID: PMC10042448 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1154301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid healing and repair of skin wounds has been receiving much clinical attention. Covering the wound with wound dressing to promote wound healing is currently the main treatment for skin wound repair. However, the performance of wound dressing prepared by a single material is limited and cannot meet the requirements of complex conditions for wound healing. MXene is a new two-dimensional material with electrical conductivity, antibacterial and photothermal properties and other physical and biological properties, which has a wide range of applications in the field of biomedicine. Based on the pathophysiological process of wound healing and the properties of ideal wound dressing, this review will introduce the preparation and modification methods of MXene, systematically summarize and review the application status and mechanism of MXene in skin wound healing, and provide guidance for subsequent researchers to further apply MXene in the design of skin wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiping Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weijian Kong
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renfeng Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Yao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Chunli Yao,
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11
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Pang Q, Jiang Z, Wu K, Hou R, Zhu Y. Nanomaterials-Based Wound Dressing for Advanced Management of Infected Wound. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020351. [PMID: 36830262 PMCID: PMC9952012 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective prevention and treatment of bacterial infections is imperative to wound repair and the improvement of patient outcomes. In recent years, nanomaterials have been extensively applied in infection control and wound healing due to their special physiochemical and biological properties. Incorporating antibacterial nanomaterials into wound dressing has been associated with improved biosafety and enhanced treatment outcomes compared to naked nanomaterials. In this review, we discuss progress in the application of nanomaterial-based wound dressings for advanced management of infected wounds. Focus is given to antibacterial therapy as well as the all-in-one detection and treatment of bacterial infections. Notably, we highlight progress in the use of nanoparticles with intrinsic antibacterial performances, such as metals and metal oxide nanoparticles that are capable of killing bacteria and reducing the drug-resistance of bacteria through multiple antimicrobial mechanisms. In addition, we discuss nanomaterials that have been proven to be ideal drug carriers for the delivery and release of antimicrobials either in passive or in stimuli-responsive manners. Focus is given to nanomaterials with the ability to kill bacteria based on the photo-triggered heat (photothermal therapy) or ROS (photodynamic therapy), due to their unparalleled advantages in infection control. Moreover, we highlight examples of intelligent nanomaterial-based wound dressings that can detect bacterial infections in-situ while providing timely antibacterial therapy for enhanced management of infected wounds. Finally, we highlight challenges associated with the current nanomaterial-based wound dressings and provide further perspectives for future improvement of wound healing.
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12
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Mohajer F, Ziarani GM, Badiei A, Iravani S, Varma RS. MXene-Carbon Nanotube Composites: Properties and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:345. [PMID: 36678099 PMCID: PMC9867311 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Today, MXenes and their composites have shown attractive capabilities in numerous fields of electronics, co-catalysis/photocatalysis, sensing/imaging, batteries/supercapacitors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, and soft robotics. In this aspect, MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have been widely constructed with improved environmental stability, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust mechanical properties, providing great opportunities for designing modern and intelligent systems with diagnostic/therapeutic, electronic, and environmental applications. MXenes with unique architectures, large specific surface areas, ease of functionalization, and high electrical conductivity have been employed for hybridization with CNTs with superb heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, and fascinating mechanical features. However, most of the studies have centered around their electronic, EMI shielding, catalytic, and sensing applications; thus, the need for research on biomedical and diagnostic/therapeutic applications of these materials ought to be given more attention. The photothermal conversion efficiency, selectivity/sensitivity, environmental stability/recyclability, biocompatibility/toxicity, long-term biosafety, stimuli-responsiveness features, and clinical translation studies are among the most crucial research aspects that still need to be comprehensively investigated. Although limited explorations have focused on MXene-CNT composites, future studies should be planned on the optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions, surface functionalization, and toxicological evaluations. Herein, most recent advancements pertaining to the applications of MXene-CNT composites in sensing, catalysis, supercapacitors/batteries, EMI shielding, water treatment/pollutants removal are highlighted, focusing on current trends, challenges, and future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | - Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14179-35840, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
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Siwal SS, Kaur H, Chauhan G, Thakur VK. MXene‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Healthier Substitute Materials for the Future. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry M.M. Engineering College Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana-Ambala Haryana 133207 India
| | - Harjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry M.M. Engineering College Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana-Ambala Haryana 133207 India
| | - Gunjan Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry M.M. Engineering College Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University) Mullana-Ambala Haryana 133207 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center Scotland's Rural College (SRUC) Kings Buildings, West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JG UK
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES) Dehradun Uttarakhand 248007 India
- Centre for Research & Development Chandigarh University Mohali Punjab 140413 India
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14
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Mohajer F, Ziarani GM, Badiei A, Iravani S, Varma RS. Advanced MXene-Based Micro- and Nanosystems for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101773. [PMID: 36296126 PMCID: PMC9606889 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MXenes with unique mechanical, optical, electronic, and thermal properties along with a specific large surface area for surface functionalization/modification, high electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have been explored as attractive candidates for the targeted delivery of drugs in cancer therapy. These two-dimensional materials have garnered much attention in the field of cancer therapy since they have shown suitable photothermal effects, biocompatibility, and luminescence properties. However, outstanding challenging issues regarding their pharmacokinetics, biosafety, targeting properties, optimized functionalization, synthesis/reaction conditions, and clinical translational studies still need to be addressed. Herein, recent advances and upcoming challenges in the design of advanced targeted drug delivery micro- and nanosystems in cancer therapy using MXenes have been discussed to motivate researchers to further investigate this field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
| | - Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938-93973, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.M.Z.); (R.S.V.)
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (G.M.Z.); (R.S.V.)
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Iravani S, Varma RS. MXene-Based Photocatalysts in Degradation of Organic and Pharmaceutical Pollutants. Molecules 2022; 27:6939. [PMID: 36296531 PMCID: PMC9606916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, explorations have focused on designing two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with useful (photo)catalytic and environmental applications. Among them, MXene-based composites have garnered great attention owing to their unique optical, mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electronic properties. Various MXene-based photocatalysts have been inventively constructed for a variety of photocatalytic applications ranging from pollutant degradation to hydrogen evolution. They can be applied as co-catalysts in combination with assorted common photocatalysts such as metal sulfide, metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, graphene, and graphitic carbon nitride to enhance the function of photocatalytic removal of organic/pharmaceutical pollutants, nitrogen fixation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and carbon dioxide conversion, among others. High electrical conductivity, robust photothermal effects, large surface area, hydrophilicity, and abundant surface functional groups of MXenes render them as attractive candidates for photocatalytic removal of pollutants as well as improvement of photocatalytic performance of semiconductor catalysts. Herein, the most recent developments in photocatalytic degradation of organic and pharmaceutical pollutants using MXene-based composites are deliberated, with a focus on important challenges and future perspectives; techniques for fabrication of these photocatalysts are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Iravani S, Varma RS. MXenes in Cancer Nanotheranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193360. [PMID: 36234487 PMCID: PMC9565327 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MXenes encompass attractive properties such as a large surface area, unique chemical structures, stability, elastic mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and ease of surface functionalization/modifications, which make them one of the broadly explored two-dimensional materials in the world. MXene-based micro- and nanocomposites/systems with special optical, mechanical, electronic, and excellent targeting/selectivity features have been explored for cancer nanotheranostics. These materials exhibit great diagnostic and therapeutic potential and offer opportunities for cancer photoacoustic imaging along with photodynamic and photothermal therapy. They can be applied to targeted anticancer drug delivery while being deployed for the imaging/diagnosis of tumors/cancers and malignancies. MXene-based systems functionalized with suitable biocompatible or bioactive agents have suitable cellular uptake features with transferring potential from vascular endothelial cells and specific localization, high stability, and auto-fluorescence benefits at different emission-excitation wavelengths, permitting post-transport examination and tracking. The surface engineering of MXenes can improve their biocompatibility, targeting, bioavailability, and biodegradability along with their optical, mechanical, and electrochemical features to develop multifunctional systems with cancer theranostic applications. However, challenges still persist in terms of their environmentally benign fabrication, up-scalability, functionality improvement, optimization conditions, surface functionalization, biocompatibility, biodegradability, clinical translational studies, and pharmacokinetics. This manuscript delineates the recent advancements, opportunities, and important challenges pertaining to the cancer nanotheranostic potential of MXenes and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (R.S.V.)
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (R.S.V.)
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