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Brazaca LC, Imamura AH, Blasques RV, Camargo JR, Janegitz BC, Carrilho E. The use of biological fluids in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs): Recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115846. [PMID: 38006702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for aiding medical diagnosis is a growing trend in the literature mainly due to their low cost, easy use, simple manufacturing, and great potential for application in low-resource settings. Many important biomarkers (proteins, ions, lipids, hormones, DNA, RNA, drugs, whole cells, and more) and biofluids are available for precise detection and diagnosis. We have reviewed the advances μPADs in medical diagnostics have achieved in the last few years, focusing on the most common human biofluids (whole blood/plasma, sweat, urine, tears, and saliva). The challenges of detecting specific biomarkers in each sample are discussed, along with innovative techniques that overcome such limitations. Finally, the difficulties of commercializing μPADs are considered, and future trends are presented, including wearable devices and integrating multiple steps in a single platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Hikari Imamura
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vieira Blasques
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rocha Camargo
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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2
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Kumari R, Singh A, Azad UP, Chandra P. Insights into the Fabrication and Electrochemical Aspects of Paper Microfluidics-Based Biosensor Module. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:891. [PMID: 37754125 PMCID: PMC10526938 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (micro-PADs) have attracted a lot of attention as a viable analytical platform. It is expanding as a result of advances in manufacturing processes and device integration. Conventional microfluidics approaches have some drawbacks, including high costs, lengthy evaluation times, complicated fabrication, and the necessity of experienced employees. Hence, it is extremely important to construct a detection system that is quick, affordable, portable, and efficient. Nowadays, micro-PADs are frequently employed, particularly in electrochemical analyses, to replicate the classic standard laboratory experiments on a miniature paper chip. It has benefits like rapid assessment, small sample consumption, quick reaction, accuracy, and multiplex function. The goal of this review is to examine modern paper microfluidics-based electrochemical sensing devices for the detection of macromolecules, small molecules, and cells in a variety of real samples. The design and fabrication of micro-PADs using conventional and the latest techniques have also been discussed in detail. Lastly, the limitations and potential of these analytical platforms are examined in order to shed light on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Laboratory of Nanoelectrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India;
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.K.); (A.S.)
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Prakobkij A, Sukapanon S, Chunta S, Jarujamrus P. Mickey mouse-shaped laminated paper-based analytical device in simultaneous total cholesterol and glucose determination in whole blood. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341303. [PMID: 37225342 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) platform is gaining attention as a low-cost, portable, and disposable detection tool. However, the limitations of traditional fabrication methods include poor reproducibility and the use of hydrophobic reagents. In this study, an in-house computer-controlled X-Y knife plotter and pen plotter were used to fabricate μPADs, resulting in a simple, more rapid, reproducible process that consumes less volume of reagents. The μPADs were laminated to increase mechanical strength and reduce sample evaporation during analysis. The resulting laminated paper-based analytical device (LPAD) was used to simultaneously determine glucose and total cholesterol in whole blood using the LF1 membrane as a sample zone. The LF1 membrane selectively separates plasma from whole blood by size exclusion and yields plasma for further enzymatic reaction steps while retaining blood cells and larger proteins. The i1 Pro 3 mini spectrophotometer directly detected color on the LPAD. The results were clinically relevant and in agreement with hospital methods, with a detection limit of 0.16 mmol L⁻1 for glucose and 0.57 mmol L⁻1 for TC. The LPAD retained color intensity after 60 days of storage. The LPAD offers a low-cost, high-performance option for chemical sensing devices and expands the applicability of markers for diagnosing whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akarapong Prakobkij
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand; Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukapanon
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand; Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Suticha Chunta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Purim Jarujamrus
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand; Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand.
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4
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Holman JB, Shi Z, Fadahunsi AA, Li C, Ding W. Advances on microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108093. [PMID: 36603801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the first electrochemical devices on paper substrates, many different reports of microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices (μPEDs), innovative hydrophobic barriers and electrode fabrication processes have allowed the incorporation of diverse materials, resulting in different applications and a boost in performance. These advancements have led to the creation of paper-based devices with comparable performance to many standard conventional devices, with the added benefits of pumpless fluidic transport, component separation and reagent storage that can be exploited to automate and handle sample preprocessing. Herein, we review μPEDs, summarize the characteristics and functionalities of μPEDs, such as separation, fluid flow control and storage, and outline the conventional and emerging fabrication and modification approaches for μPEDs. We also examine the recent application of μPEDs in biomedicine, the environment, and food and water safety, as well as some limitations and challenges that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhengdi Shi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Adeola A Fadahunsi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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5
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Heidari-Bafroui H, Kumar A, Charbaji A, Smith W, Rahmani N, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. A Parametric Study on a Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Valve. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091502. [PMID: 36144125 PMCID: PMC9506191 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The novel paper-based Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) valve allows the autonomous loading and control of multiple fluid reagents which contributes to the accurate operation of paper-based microfluidic devices utilized for biological and chemical sensing applications. In this paper, an extensive parametric study is presented to evaluate the effects of key geometric parameters of the valve, such as paper direction, cantilever width, paper type, tape type, and sample volume, in addition to the effects of relative humidity and temperature on the functionality of the B-MaC and to provide a better understanding of the rate of fluid flow and resulting deflection of the cantilever. Machine direction, cantilever width, paper type, and tape type were found to be important parameters that affect the B-MAC's activation time. It was also observed that the rate of fluid imbibition in the B-MaC is considerably affected by change in humidity for high (55 °C) and low (25 °C) temperatures, while humidity levels have no significant effect during imbibition in the B-MaC at an ambient temperature of 45 °C. It was also found that a minimum distance of 4 mm is required between the B-MaC and the stationary component to prevent accidental activation of the B-MaC prior to sample insertion when relative humidity is higher than 90% and temperature is lower than 35 °C. The rate of fluid imbibition that determines the wetted length of the B-MaC and the final deflection of the cantilever are critical in designing and fabricating point-of-care microfluidic paper-based devices. The B-MaC valve can be utilized in a fluidic circuit to sequentially load several reagents, in addition to the sample to the detection area.
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Ruiz RA, Gonzalez JL, Vazquez-Alvarado M, Martinez NW, Martinez AW. Beyond Wax Printing: Fabrication of Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices Using a Thermal Transfer Printer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8833-8837. [PMID: 35694851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices, also known as microPADs, are an emerging analytical platform with the potential to improve point-of-care diagnostics. MicroPADs are fabricated by patterning hydrophobic inks onto sheets of paper to create hydrophilic channels and test zones. One of the main advantages of microPADs is that they are inexpensive and simple to fabricate, making them accessible even to researchers with limited budgets or no prior fabrication expertise. Wax printing, where a solid ink printer is used to pattern wax on paper, has been the most convenient and popular method for fabricating paper-based microfluidic devices. Unfortunately, solid ink printers were discontinued in 2016 and are no longer available commercially. Here we introduce a method for fabricating microPADs using a portable thermal transfer printer that retains the convenience of wax printing. Devices fabricated by thermal transfer printing were comparable to devices fabricated via wax printing and laser printing. The low cost, convenience, and portability of the thermal transfer printer make this approach an exciting prospect for replacing wax printing and facilitating the continued development of paper-based microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Jorge L Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Miguel Vazquez-Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Andres W Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
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7
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Burgos-Flórez F, Rodríguez A, Cervera E, De Ávila M, Sanjuán M, Villalba PJ. Microfluidic Paper-Based Blood Plasma Separation Device as a Potential Tool for Timely Detection of Protein Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050706. [PMID: 35630172 PMCID: PMC9142996 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A current challenge regarding microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPAD) for blood plasma separation (BPS) and electrochemical immunodetection of protein biomarkers is how to achieve a µPAD that yields enough plasma to retain the biomarker for affinity biosensing in a functionalized electrode system. This paper describes the development of a BPS µPAD to detect and quantify the S100B biomarker from peripheral whole blood. The device uses NaCl functionalized VF2 filter paper as a sample collection pad, an MF1 filter paper for plasma retention, and an optimized microfluidic channel geometry. An inverted light microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and image processing software were used for visualizing BPS efficiency. A design of experiments (DOE) assessed the device’s efficacy using an S100B ELISA Kit to measure clinically relevant S100B concentrations in plasma. The BPS device obtained 50 μL of plasma from 300 μL of whole blood after 3.5 min. The statistical correlation of S100B concentrations obtained using plasma from standard centrifugation and the BPS device was 0.98. The BPS device provides a simple manufacturing protocol, short fabrication time, and is capable of S100B detection using ELISA, making one step towards the integration of technologies aimed at low-cost POC testing of clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Burgos-Flórez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
- Health and Technological Innovation, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ingenierías, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Rodríguez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Eliana Cervera
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marcio De Ávila
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Marco Sanjuán
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Villalba
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (E.C.); (M.D.Á.); (P.J.V.)
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Yan Y, Zhao D, Li W, Li X, Chang Y, Zhang Q, Liu M. An Origami Paper-Based Analytical Device for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Acrylamide in Foods. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010013. [PMID: 35056178 PMCID: PMC8777769 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of acrylamide in food samples is important for food safety and public health. Here, we describe a disposable origami paper-based analytical device (denoted doPAD) for colorimetric detection of acrylamide. This device uniquely exploits 3D origami folding paper for spatial control of the target recognition and signal readout, thus resulting in a positive correlation between the signals and the analytes. Under optimal conditions, the device achieved the quantitative analysis of acrylamide with a limit of detection of 1.13 μg/L within 120 min (including a derivatization time of 90 min and an assay time of 21 min). Furthermore, our method allowed the rapid and sensitive detection of acrylamide in complex food matrices. We envision that the platform described will find useful applications in the fields of food safety and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Weiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yangyang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Y.Y.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fu E, Wentland L. A survey of 3D printing technology applied to paper microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:9-25. [PMID: 34897346 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Paper microfluidics is a rapidly growing subfield of microfluidics in which paper-like porous materials are used to create analytical devices that are well-suited for use in field applications. 3D printing technology has the potential to positively affect paper microfluidic device development by enabling tools and methods for the creation of devices with well-defined and tunable fluidic networks of porous matrices for high performance signal generation. This critical review focuses on the progress that has been made in using 3D printing technologies to advance the development of paper microfluidic devices. We describe printing work in three general categories: (i) solid support structures for paper microfluidic device components; (ii) channel barrier definition in existing porous materials; and (iii) porous channels for capillary flow, and discuss their value in advancing paper microfluidic device development. Finally, we discuss major areas of focus for highest impact on the next generation of paper microfluidics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elain Fu
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Lael Wentland
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Richardson S, Iles A, Rotchell JM, Charlson T, Hanson A, Lorch M, Pamme N. Citizen-led sampling to monitor phosphate levels in freshwater environments using a simple paper microfluidic device. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260102. [PMID: 34882681 PMCID: PMC8659362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waterways is of increasing concern, with recent studies demonstrating elevated levels of antibiotics, antidepressants, household, agricultural and industrial chemicals in freshwater systems. Thus, there is a growing demand for methods to rapidly and conveniently monitor contaminants in waterways. Here we demonstrate how a combination of paper microfluidic devices and handheld mobile technology can be used by citizen scientists to carry out a sustained water monitoring campaign. We have developed a paper-based analytical device and a 3 minute sampling workflow that requires no more than a container, a test device and a smartphone app. The contaminant measured in these pilots are phosphates, detectable down to 3 mg L-1. Together these allow volunteers to successfully carry out cost-effective, high frequency, phosphate monitoring over an extended geographies and periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Iles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette M. Rotchell
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Charlson
- Pocklington Canal Amenity Society, Pocklington, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Hanson
- East Riding of Yorkshire Council, Beverley, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lorch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Pattanayak P, Singh SK, Gulati M, Vishwas S, Kapoor B, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Gupta G, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Prasher P, Dua K, Dureja H, Kumar D, Kumar V. Microfluidic chips: recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2021; 25:99. [PMID: 34720789 PMCID: PMC8547131 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-021-02502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chip technology is an emerging tool in the field of biomedical application. Microfluidic chip includes a set of groves or microchannels that are engraved on different materials (glass, silicon, or polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS, polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA). The microchannels forming the microfluidic chip are interconnected with each other for desired results. This organization of microchannels trapped into the microfluidic chip is associated with the outside by inputs and outputs penetrating through the chip, as an interface between the macro- and miniature world. With the help of a pump and a chip, microfluidic chip helps to determine the behavioral change of the microfluids. Inside the chip, there are microfluidic channels that permit the processing of the fluid, for example, blending and physicochemical responses. Microfluidic chip has numerous points of interest including lesser time and reagent utilization and alongside this, it can execute numerous activities simultaneously. The miniatured size of the chip fastens the reaction as the surface area increases. It is utilized in different biomedical applications such as food safety sensing, peptide analysis, tissue engineering, medical diagnosis, DNA purification, PCR activity, pregnancy, and glucose estimation. In the present study, the design of various microfluidic chips has been discussed along with their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Pattanayak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Plot no. 32-34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007 India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 12401 India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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Escobar A, Chiu P, Qu J, Zhang Y, Xu CQ. Integrated Microfluidic-Based Platforms for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Pathogens: Towards On-Site Medical Translation of SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1079. [PMID: 34577722 PMCID: PMC8470930 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid detection and quantification of infectious pathogens is an essential component to the control of potentially lethal outbreaks among human populations worldwide. Several of these highly infectious pathogens, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been cemented in human history as causing epidemics or pandemics due to their lethality and contagiousness. SARS-CoV-2 is an example of these highly infectious pathogens that have recently become one of the leading causes of globally reported deaths, creating one of the worst economic downturns and health crises in the last century. As a result, the necessity for highly accurate and increasingly rapid on-site diagnostic platforms for highly infectious pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, has grown dramatically over the last two years. Current conventional non-microfluidic diagnostic techniques have limitations in their effectiveness as on-site devices due to their large turnaround times, operational costs and the need for laboratory equipment. In this review, we first present criteria, both novel and previously determined, as a foundation for the development of effective and viable on-site microfluidic diagnostic platforms for several notable pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. This list of criteria includes standards that were set out by the WHO, as well as our own "seven pillars" for effective microfluidic integration. We then evaluate the use of microfluidic integration to improve upon currently, and previously, existing platforms for the detection of infectious pathogens. Finally, we discuss a stage-wise means to translate our findings into a fundamental framework towards the development of more effective on-site SARS-CoV-2 microfluidic-integrated platforms that may facilitate future pandemic diagnostic and research endeavors. Through microfluidic integration, many limitations in currently existing infectious pathogen diagnostic platforms can be eliminated or improved upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Escobar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.E.); (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Phyllis Chiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Jianxi Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.E.); (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yushan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.E.); (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chang-qing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.E.); (J.Q.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
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13
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Kitchawengkul N, Prakobkij A, Anutrasakda W, Yodsin N, Jungsuttiwong S, Chunta S, Amatatongchai M, Jarujamrus P. Mimicking Peroxidase-Like Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots (N-CDs) Coupled with a Laminated Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (Laminated 3D-μPAD) for Smart Sensing of Total Cholesterol from Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6989-6999. [PMID: 33909416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a simple hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs), fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD), and their joint application for colorimetric determination of total cholesterol (TC) in human blood. The N-CDs were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and the optical and electronic properties of computational models were studied using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The characterization results confirmed the successful doping of nitrogen on the surface of carbon dots. The N-CDs exhibited high affinity toward 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt (ABTS) with the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 0.018 mM in a test for their peroxidase-like activity. Particularly, since hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the oxidative product of cholesterol in the presence of cholesterol oxidase, a sensitive and selective method of cholesterol detection was developed. Overall, the obtained results from TD-DFT confirm the strong adsorption of H2O2 on the graphitic N positions of the N-CDs. The laminated three-dimensional (3D)-μPAD featuring a 6 mm circular detection zone was fabricated using a simple wax screen printing technique. Classification of TC according to the clinically relevant criteria (healthy, <5.2 mM; borderline, 5.2-6.2 mM; and high risk, >6.2 mM) could be determined by the naked eye within 10 min by simple comparison using a color chart. Overall, the proposed colorimetric device serves as a low-cost, rapid, simple, sensitive, and selective alternative for TC detection in whole blood samples that is friendly to unskilled end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattasa Kitchawengkul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science Ubon, Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Akarapong Prakobkij
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science Ubon, Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Wipark Anutrasakda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuttapon Yodsin
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Center for Organic Electronic and Alternative Energy, Department of Chemistry, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Jungsuttiwong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Center for Organic Electronic and Alternative Energy, Department of Chemistry, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Suticha Chunta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Maliwan Amatatongchai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science Ubon, Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Purim Jarujamrus
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.,Nanomaterials Science, Sensors & Catalysis for Problem-Based Projects, Faculty of Science Ubon, Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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14
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Dabbagh SR, Becher E, Ghaderinezhad F, Havlucu H, Ozcan O, Ozkan M, Yetisen AK, Tasoglu S. Increasing the packing density of assays in paper-based microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011502. [PMID: 33569089 PMCID: PMC7864678 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based devices have a wide range of applications in point-of-care diagnostics, environmental analysis, and food monitoring. Paper-based devices can be deployed to resource-limited countries and remote settings in developed countries. Paper-based point-of-care devices can provide access to diagnostic assays without significant user training to perform the tests accurately and timely. The market penetration of paper-based assays requires decreased device fabrication costs, including larger packing density of assays (i.e., closely packed features) and minimization of assay reagents. In this review, we discuss fabrication methods that allow for increasing packing density and generating closely packed features in paper-based devices. To ensure that the paper-based device is low-cost, advanced fabrication methods have been developed for the mass production of closely packed assays. These emerging methods will enable minimizing the volume of required samples (e.g., liquid biopsies) and reagents in paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaina Becher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Fariba Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Hayati Havlucu
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ozcan
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Mehmed Ozkan
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Browne C, Garnier G, Batchelor W. Moulding of micropatterned nanocellulose films and their application in fluid handling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:162-172. [PMID: 33360889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Well-controlled micropatterned nanocellulose films are able to be fabricated via spray coating onto a micropatterned impermeable moulded surface. The micropattern size is able control the directionality of wicking fluid flow. EXPERIMENTS Using photolithography and etching techniques, silicon moulds with channel widths of 5-500 µm and depths of 6, 12 and 18 µm were fabricated. Micropatterned nanocellulose sheets were formed by spray coating nanofibre suspensions onto the moulds. We also investigate the effect the dimensions of these micropatterned nanocellulose films have on wicking fluids. FINDINGS Micropatterns were imparted on the surface of nanocellulose films which resulted in three well-defined regimes of conformation with the moulds: full, partial and no conformation. These regimes were driven by the aspect ratio (channel depth/width) of the moulds. Achieved channel widths and depths were compared to those possible with other micropattern fabrication techniques. The directionality of the wicking water droplets can be controlled with the micropatterned channel. Channels within the full conformation regime resulted in increased directionality of fluid flow compared with those not within this regime. This research demonstrates the industrially scalable process of spray coating has potential to serve as the foundation for a new generation of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Browne
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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16
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Baek SH, Park C, Jeon J, Park S. Three-Dimensional Paper-Based Microfluidic Analysis Device for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Biomarkers with a Smartphone. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110187. [PMID: 33233440 PMCID: PMC7700338 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic analysis devices (μPADs) have attracted attention as a cost-effective platform for point-of-care testing (POCT), food safety, and environmental monitoring. Recently, three-dimensional (3D)-μPADs have been developed to improve the performance of μPADs. For accurate diagnosis of diseases, however, 3D-μPADs need to be developed to simultaneously detect multiple biomarkers. Here, we report a 3D-μPADs platform for the detection of multiple biomarkers that can be analyzed and diagnosed with a smartphone. The 3D-μPADs were fabricated using a 3D digital light processing printer and consisted of a sample reservoir (300 µL) connected to 24 detection zones (of 4 mm in diameter) through eight microchannels (of 2 mm in width). With the smartphone application, eight different biomarkers related to various diseases were detectable in concentrations ranging from normal to abnormal conditions: glucose (0–20 mmol/L), cholesterol (0–10 mmol/L), albumin (0–7 g/dL), alkaline phosphatase (0–800 U/L), creatinine (0–500 µmol/L), aspartate aminotransferase (0–800 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (0–1000 U/L), and urea nitrogen (0–7.2 mmol/L). These results suggest that 3D-µPADs can be used as a POCT platform for simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Baek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.H.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Chanyong Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Jaehyung Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.H.B.); (J.J.)
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.H.B.); (J.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7431; Fax: +82-31-290-5889
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17
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Detection of doxycycline hyclate and oxymetazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations via spectrophotometry and microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs). Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1136:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for Histidine Determination. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:812-821. [PMID: 32592084 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A laminated paper-based analytical device (LPAD) for histidine detection was fabricated from a chromatography filtration paper and laminate films. Histidine recognition was effected by histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS), and its detection was signaled colorimetrically based on the molybdenum blue reaction. The analytical conditions and detectable concentration range of histidine were examined. The method provided selective quantification from 1 to 100 μM histidine. LPAD fabrication is considerably simple, involving only the craft-cutting of the chromatography filtration paper and laminate film, and is cost-effective.
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19
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Amin R, Ghaderinezhad F, Bridge C, Temirel M, Jones S, Toloueinia P, Tasoglu S. Pushing the Limits of Spatial Assay Resolution for Paper-Based Microfluidics Using Low-Cost and High-Throughput Pen Plotter Approach. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E611. [PMID: 32599882 PMCID: PMC7344671 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To transform from reactive to proactive healthcare, there is an increasing need for low-cost and portable assays to continuously perform health measurements. The paper-based analytical devices could be a potential fit for this need. To miniaturize the multiplex paper-based microfluidic analytical devices and minimize reagent use, a fabrication method with high resolution along with low fabrication cost should be developed. Here, we present an approach that uses a desktop pen plotter and a high-resolution technical pen for plotting high-resolution patterns to fabricate miniaturized paper-based microfluidic devices with hundreds of detection zones to conduct different assays. In order to create a functional multiplex paper-based analytical device, the hydrophobic solution is patterned on the cellulose paper and the reagents are deposited in the patterned detection zones using the technical pens. We demonstrated the effect of paper substrate thickness on the resolution of patterns by investigating the resolution of patterns on a chromatography paper with altered effective thickness. As the characteristics of the cellulose paper substrate such as thickness, resolution, and homogeneity of pore structure affect the obtained patterning resolution, we used regenerated cellulose paper to fabricate detection zones with a diameter as small as 0.8 mm. Moreover, in order to fabricate a miniaturized multiplex paper-based device, we optimized packing of the detection zones. We also showed the capability of the presented method for fabrication of 3D paper-based microfluidic devices with hundreds of detection zones for conducting colorimetric assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (R.A.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (S.J.)
- UConn School of Engineering Professional Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Fariba Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (R.A.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Caleb Bridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (R.A.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Mikail Temirel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Scott Jones
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (R.A.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Panteha Toloueinia
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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20
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Ng JS, Hashimoto M. Fabrication of paper microfluidic devices using a toner laser printer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29797-29807. [PMID: 35518222 PMCID: PMC9056319 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a method to fabricate microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using a toner laser printer. Multiple methods have been reported for the fabrication of μPADs for point-of-care diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Despite successful demonstrations, however, existing fabrication methods depend on particular printers, in-house instruments, and synthetic materials. In particular, recent discontinuation of the solid wax printer has made it difficult to fabricate μPADs with readily available instruments. Herein we reported the fabrication of μPADs using the most widely available type of printer: a toner laser printer. Heating of printed toner at 200 °C allowed the printed toner to reflow, and the spreading of the hydrophobic polymer through the filter paper was characterized. Using the developed μPADs, we conducted model colorimetric assays for glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that heating of filter paper at 200 °C for 60 min caused the pyrolysis of cellulose in the paper. The pyrolysis resulted in the formation of aldehydes that could interfere with molecular assays involving redox reactions. To overcome this problem, we confirmed that the removal of the aldehyde could be readily achieved by washing the μPADs with aqueous bleach. Overall, the developed fabrication method should be compatible with most toner laser printers and will make μPADs accessible in resource-limited circumstances. We developed a method to fabricate microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using a toner laser printer. We addressed a potential problem of pyrolysis that resulted from long duration of heating required for the penetration of the toner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Ng
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre
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21
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Mahmud MA, Blondeel EJM, MacDonald BD. Counting-based microfluidic paper-based devices capable of analyzing submicroliter sample volumes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:014107. [PMID: 31966347 PMCID: PMC6954107 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the development of semiquantitative counting-based lateral flow assay (LFA)-type microfluidic paper-based analytical devices ( μ PADs) to analyze samples at submicroliter volumes. The ability to use submicroliter sample volumes is a significant advantage for μ PADs since it enables enhanced multiplexing, reduces cost, and increases user-friendliness since small sample volumes can be collected using methods that do not require trained personnel, such as finger pricking and microneedles. The challenge of accomplishing a semiquantitative test readout using submicroliter sample volumes was overcome with a counting-based approach. In order to use submicroliter sample volumes, we developed a flow strategy with a running liquid to facilitate flow through the assay. The efficacy of the devices was confirmed with glucose and total human immunoglobulin E (IgE) tests using 0.5 μ l and 1 μ l of sample solutions, respectively. Semiquantitative results were generated to predict glucose concentrations in the range of 0-12 mmol/l and IgE concentrations in the range of 0-400 ng/ml. The counting-based approach correlates the number of dots that exhibited a color change to the concentration of the analyte, which provides a more user-friendly method as compared with interpreting the intensity of a color change. The devices reported herein are the first counting-based LFA-type μ PADs capable of semiquantitative testing using submicroliter sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Almostasim Mahmud
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Eric J M Blondeel
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Suite A, Waterloo, Ontario N2J 2Z7, Canada
| | - Brendan D MacDonald
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
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22
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Soum V, Park S, Brilian AI, Kwon OS, Shin K. Programmable Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices for Biomarker Detections. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E516. [PMID: 31382502 PMCID: PMC6722603 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advanced paper-based microfluidic devices provide an alternative technology for the detection of biomarkers by using affordable and portable devices for point-of-care testing (POCT). Programmable paper-based microfluidic devices enable a wide range of biomarker detection with high sensitivity and automation for single- and multi-step assays because they provide better control for manipulating fluid samples. In this review, we examine the advances in programmable microfluidics, i.e., paper-based continuous-flow microfluidic (p-CMF) devices and paper-based digital microfluidic (p-DMF) devices, for biomarker detection. First, we discuss the methods used to fabricate these two types of paper-based microfluidic devices and the strategies for programming fluid delivery and for droplet manipulation. Next, we discuss the use of these programmable paper-based devices for the single- and multi-step detection of biomarkers. Finally, we present the current limitations of paper-based microfluidics for biomarker detection and the outlook for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Soum
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Sooyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Albertus Ivan Brilian
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Oh-Sun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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23
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Fabrication of Miniaturized Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices (MicroPADs). Sci Rep 2019; 9:7. [PMID: 30626903 PMCID: PMC6327054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are emerging as cost-effective and portable platforms for point-of-care assays. A fundamental limitation of microPAD fabrication is the imprecise nature of most methods for patterning paper. The present work demonstrates that paper patterned via wax printing can be miniaturized by treating it with periodate to produce higher-resolution, high-fidelity microPADs. The optimal miniaturization parameters were determined by immersing microPADs in various concentrations of aqueous sodium periodate (NaIO4) for varying lengths of time. This treatment miniaturized microPADs by up to 80% in surface area, depending on the concentration of periodate and length of the reaction time. By immersing microPADs in 0.5-M NaIO4 for 48 hours, devices were miniaturized by 78% in surface area, and this treatment allowed for the fabrication of functional channels with widths as small as 301 µm and hydrophobic barriers with widths as small as 387 µm. The miniaturized devices were shown to be compatible with redox-based colorimetric assays and enzymatic reactions. This miniaturization technique provides a new option for fabricating sub-millimeter-sized features in paper-based fluidic devices without requiring specialized equipment and could enable new capabilities and applications for microPADs.
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24
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Paper-Based Microfluidics for Point-of-Care Medical Diagnostics. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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25
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Fu E. Paper Microfluidics for POC Testing in Low-Resource Settings. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Tenda K, van Gerven B, Arts R, Hiruta Y, Merkx M, Citterio D. Paper‐Based Antibody Detection Devices Using Bioluminescent BRET‐Switching Sensor Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tenda
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
| | - Benice van Gerven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Remco Arts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
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27
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Kamali B, Asiaei S, Beigzadeh B, Ali Ebadi A. Micro-lithography on paper, surface process modifications for biomedical performance enhancement. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Tenda K, van Gerven B, Arts R, Hiruta Y, Merkx M, Citterio D. Paper-Based Antibody Detection Devices Using Bioluminescent BRET-Switching Sensor Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15369-15373. [PMID: 30168634 PMCID: PMC6282528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on fully integrated “sample‐in‐signal‐out” microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET‐based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume‐independent and fully reagent‐free operation, including on‐device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti‐HIV1, anti‐HA, and anti‐DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user‐friendly point‐of‐care testing in low‐resource environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tenda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Benice van Gerven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Arts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
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29
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Yamada K, Citterio D, Henry CS. "Dip-and-read" paper-based analytical devices using distance-based detection with color screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1485-1493. [PMID: 29693672 PMCID: PMC5975359 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An improved paper-based analytical device (PAD) using color screening to enhance device performance is described. Current detection methods for PADs relying on the distance-based signalling motif can be slow due to the assay time being limited by capillary flow rates that wick fluid through the detection zone. For traditional distance-based detection motifs, analysis can take up to 45 min for a channel length of 5 cm. By using a color screening method, quantification with a distance-based PAD can be achieved in minutes through a "dip-and-read" approach. A colorimetric indicator line deposited onto a paper substrate using inkjet-printing undergoes a concentration-dependent colorimetric response for a given analyte. This color intensity-based response has been converted to a distance-based signal by overlaying a color filter with a continuous color intensity gradient matching the color of the developed indicator line. As a proof-of-concept, Ni quantification in welding fume was performed as a model assay. The results of multiple independent user testing gave mean absolute percentage error and average relative standard deviations of 10.5% and 11.2% respectively, which were an improvement over analysis based on simple visual color comparison with a read guide (12.2%, 14.9%). In addition to the analytical performance comparison, an interference study and a shelf life investigation were performed to further demonstrate practical utility. The developed system demonstrates an alternative detection approach for distance-based PADs enabling fast (∼10 min), quantitative, and straightforward assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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30
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Mahmud MA, Blondeel EJM, Kaddoura M, MacDonald BD. Features in Microfluidic Paper-Based Devices Made by Laser Cutting: How Small Can They Be? MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E220. [PMID: 30424153 PMCID: PMC6187457 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we determine the smallest feature size that enables fluid flow in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) fabricated by laser cutting. The smallest feature sizes fabricated from five commercially available paper types: Whatman filter paper grade 50 (FP-50), Whatman 3MM Chr chromatography paper (3MM Chr), Whatman 1 Chr chromatography paper (1 Chr), Whatman regenerated cellulose membrane 55 (RC-55) and Amershan Protran 0.45 nitrocellulose membrane (NC), were 139 ± 8 µm, 130 ± 11 µm, 103 ± 12 µm, 45 ± 6 µm, and 24 ± 3 µm, respectively, as determined experimentally by successful fluid flow. We found that the fiber width of the paper correlates with the smallest feature size that has the capacity for fluid flow. We also investigated the flow speed of Allura red dye solution through small-scale channels fabricated from different paper types. We found that the flow speed is significantly slower through microscale features and confirmed the similar trends that were reported previously for millimeter-scale channels, namely that wider channels enable quicker flow speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Almostasim Mahmud
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Eric J M Blondeel
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Suite A, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7, Canada.
| | - Moufeed Kaddoura
- ExVivo Labs Inc., 3 Regina Street North, Suite A, Waterloo, ON N2J 2Z7, Canada.
| | - Brendan D MacDonald
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
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31
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Fratzl M, Chang BS, Oyola-Reynoso S, Blaire G, Delshadi S, Devillers T, Ward T, Dempsey NM, Bloch JF, Thuo MM. Magnetic Two-Way Valves for Paper-Based Capillary-Driven Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2049-2057. [PMID: 31458514 PMCID: PMC6641529 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a magnetically actuated two-way, three-position (+, 0, -), paper-based microfluidic valve that includes a neutral position (0)-the first of its kind. The system is highly robust, customizable, and fully automated. The advent of a neutral position and the ability to precisely control switching frequencies establish a new platform for highly controlled fluid flows in paper-based wicking microfluidic devices. The potential utility of these valves is demonstrated in automated, programmed, patterning of dyed liquids in a wicking device akin to a colorimetric assay but with a programmed fluid/reagent delivery. These valves are fabricated using facile methods and thus remain cost-effective for adoption into affordable point-of-care/bioanalytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fratzl
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Boyce S. Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Stephanie Oyola-Reynoso
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Guillaume Blaire
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Delshadi
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering,
G2Elab, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inserm, IAB, 38000
Grenoble, France Site Santé—Allée
des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thibaut Devillers
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Ward
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nora M. Dempsey
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, Institut
Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Francis Bloch
- Univ. Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institute of Engineering, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- E-mail: (J.-F.B.)
| | - Martin M. Thuo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- E-mail: (M.M.T.)
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32
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Shibata H, Henares TG, Yamada K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Implementation of a plasticized PVC-based cation-selective optode system into a paper-based analytical device for colorimetric sodium detection. Analyst 2018; 143:678-686. [PMID: 29299546 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
On the example of a colorimetric sodium assay, this work demonstrates the implementation of a classical cation-exchange optode relying on an ionophore-doped plasticized PVC membrane into a paper-based analytical device (PAD). An ion-selective optode (ISO) system has been arranged into a vertically-assembled PAD (vPAD) integrating a pH-buffering function. Capillary force-driven sample liquid transportation through the paper matrix enabled pH-adjustment prior to the optical detection of the analyte cation. Functionalized paper layers with inkjet-deposited ISO membranes were combined with whole device lamination to attain a stable ion-exchange equilibrium required for the theoretical behavior of ISOs. Whole device lamination limited rapid evaporation of sample liquid on vPADs to avoid an increase of target concentration. Sigmoidal response curves between 10-5 and 1 M of Na+ at pH 5.0-7.0 have been confirmed on vPADs, following the theory defined by the cation-exchange equilibrium reaction. Finally, the influence of the cellulosic paper substrate matrix acting as a cation-exchanger on the optode response behavior has been evaluated and compared with conventional plastic film optodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Terence G Henares
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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33
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Liu N, Phan DT, Lew WS. An Enclosed Paper Microfluidic Chip as a Sample Preconcentrator Based on Ion Concentration Polarization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1392-1399. [PMID: 28792905 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2727064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity is an essential consideration for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) when these devices are used for low concentration sample detection. Very recently, ion concentration polarization (ICP)-based μPADs are emerging as novel tools for bio-sample preconcentration. In this study, we develop an enclosed paper-based microfluidic platform as a preconcentrator based on the ICP effect. This paper chip is fabricated by a Parafilm embedding technique and holds many advantages over traditional open-channel μPADs, which usually suffer from sample contamination and evaporation problems. The enclosed structure minimizes sample evaporation, reduces contamination risk, and increases the mechanical strength of the paper channel. The experiment results show that more than 100-fold concentration enhancement can be achieved in the enclosed paper device, which is comparable with most reported paper-based ICP devices. Additionally, other improved ICP performance has been observed on the enclosed device, including better concentration plug profile, increased concentration durability.
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34
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Ota R, Yamada K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Quantitative evaluation of analyte transport on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Analyst 2017; 143:643-653. [PMID: 29185559 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transport efficiency during capillary flow-driven sample transport on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) made from filter paper has been investigated for a selection of model analytes (Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, PO43-, bovine serum albumin, sulforhodamine B, amaranth) representing metal cations, complex anions, proteins and anionic molecules. For the first time, the transport of the analytical target compounds rather than the sample liquid, has been quantitatively evaluated by means of colorimetry and absorption spectrometry-based methods. The experiments have revealed that small paperfluidic channel dimensions, additional user operation steps (e.g. control of sample volume, sample dilution, washing step) as well as the introduction of sample liquid wicking areas allow to increase analyte transport efficiency. It is also shown that the interaction of analytes with the negatively charged cellulosic paper substrate surface is strongly influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the model analyte and can in some cases (Cu2+) result in nearly complete analyte depletion during sample transport. The quantitative information gained through these experiments is expected to contribute to the development of more sensitive μPADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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35
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Rahbar M, Nesterenko PN, Paull B, Macka M. Geometrical Alignment of Multiple Fabrication Steps for Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11918-11923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahbar
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Mirek Macka
- School of Physical Sciences and Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
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36
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Ruecha N, Chailapakul O, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Fully Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Potentiometric Ion-Sensing Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10608-10616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nipapan Ruecha
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry
and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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37
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Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices for colorimetric detection of toxic ions: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Altundemir S, Uguz AK, Ulgen K. A review on wax printed microfluidic paper-based devices for international health. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:041501. [PMID: 28936274 PMCID: PMC5577007 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics has attracted attention for the last ten years due to its advantages such as low sample volume requirement, ease of use, portability, high sensitivity, and no necessity to well-equipped laboratory equipment and well-trained manpower. These characteristics have made paper platforms a promising alternative for a variety of applications such as clinical diagnosis and quantitative analysis of chemical and biological substances. Among the wide range of fabrication methods for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), the wax printing method is suitable for high throughput production and requires only a commercial printer and a heating source to fabricate complex two or three-dimensional structures for multipurpose systems. μPADs can be used by anyone for in situ diagnosis and analysis; therefore, wax printed μPADs are promising especially in resource limited environments where people cannot get sensitive and fast diagnosis of their serious health problems and where food, water, and related products are not able to be screened for toxic elements. This review paper is focused on the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices fabricated by the wax printing technique and used for international health. Besides presenting the current limitations and advantages, the future directions of this technology including the commercial aspects are discussed. As a conclusion, the wax printing technology continues to overcome the current limitations and to be one of the promising fabrication techniques. In the near future, with the increase of the current interest of the industrial companies on the paper-based technology, the wax-printed paper-based platforms are expected to take place especially in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altundemir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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39
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Paper-Based Analytical Device for Zinc Ion Quantification in Water Samples with Power-Free Analyte Concentration. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189703 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Yamada K, Shibata H, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Toward practical application of paper-based microfluidics for medical diagnostics: state-of-the-art and challenges. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1206-1249. [PMID: 28251200 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01577h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have emerged as a promising diagnostic platform a decade ago. In contrast to highly active academic developments, their entry into real-life applications is still very limited. This discrepancy is attributed to the gap between research developments and their practical utility, particularly in the aspects of operational simplicity, long-term stability of devices, and associated equipment. On the basis of these backgrounds, this review attempts to: 1) identify the reasons for success of paper-based devices already in the market, 2) describe the current status and remaining issues of μPADs in terms of operational complexity, signal interpretation approaches, and storage stability, and 3) discuss the possibility of mass production based on established manufacturing technologies. Finally, the state-of-the-art in commercialisation of μPADs is discussed, and the "upgrades" required from a laboratory-based prototype to an end user device are demonstrated on a specific example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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41
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Li K, Liu JK, Chen WS, Zhang L. Comparative Influences of Fluid and Shell on Modeled Ejection Performance of a Piezoelectric Micro-Jet. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190355 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; or (K.L.); (W.-s.C.)
| | - Jun-kao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; or (K.L.); (W.-s.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-8641-6119
| | - Wei-shan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; or (K.L.); (W.-s.C.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC), Harbin Dongan Engine Corporation Limited, Harbin 150001, China;
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42
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Tokeshi M, Sato K. Micro/Nano Devices for Chemical Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E164. [PMID: 30404336 PMCID: PMC6190470 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the concept of micro total analysis systems (µ-TAS) has been advocated, various kinds of micro/nano devices have been developed by researchers in many fields, such as in chemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electric engineering, biology, and medicine, among others.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
- ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kiichi Sato
- Division of Molecular Science, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
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