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Raihan MK, Baghdady M, Dort H, Bentor J, Xuan X. Fluid Elasticity-Enhanced Insulator-Based Dielectrophoresis for Sheath-Free Particle Focusing in Very Dilute Polymer Solutions. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16013-16020. [PMID: 37856245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Focusing particles into a narrow stream is usually a necessary step in microfluidic flow cytometry and particle sorting. We demonstrate that the addition of a small amount of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer into a buffer solution can reduce by almost 1 order of magnitude the threshold DC electric field for single-line dielectrophoretic focusing of particles in a constricted microchannel. The particle focusing effectiveness of this fluid elasticity-enhanced insulator-based dielectrophoresis (E-iDEP) in very dilute PEO solutions gets enhanced with the increase of the PEO molecular weight and particle size. These two trends are consistent with a theoretical analysis that accounts for the fluid elasticity effects on the electrokinetic and dielectrophoretic particle motions. Surprisingly, the particle-focusing effectiveness of E-iDEP is observed to first increase and then decrease with an increase in the PEO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Kamal Raihan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Micah Baghdady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Heston Dort
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Joseph Bentor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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2
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Farahinia A, Zhang W, Badea I. Recent Developments in Inertial and Centrifugal Microfluidic Systems along with the Involved Forces for Cancer Cell Separation: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115300. [PMID: 37300027 DOI: 10.3390/s23115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of cancers is a significant challenge in the healthcare context today. Spreading circulating tumor cells (CTCs) throughout the body will eventually lead to cancer metastasis and produce new tumors near the healthy tissues. Therefore, separating these invading cells and extracting cues from them is extremely important for determining the rate of cancer progression inside the body and for the development of individualized treatments, especially at the beginning of the metastasis process. The continuous and fast separation of CTCs has recently been achieved using numerous separation techniques, some of which involve multiple high-level operational protocols. Although a simple blood test can detect the presence of CTCs in the blood circulation system, the detection is still restricted due to the scarcity and heterogeneity of CTCs. The development of more reliable and effective techniques is thus highly desired. The technology of microfluidic devices is promising among many other bio-chemical and bio-physical technologies. This paper reviews recent developments in the two types of microfluidic devices, which are based on the size and/or density of cells, for separating cancer cells. The goal of this review is to identify knowledge or technology gaps and to suggest future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farahinia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Ildiko Badea
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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3
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Su X, Wang Z, Liu J, Wu S. Numerical Study on the Unstable Flow Dynamics of Wormlike Micellar Solutions past a Sphere in the Creeping Flow Regime. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102351. [PMID: 37242926 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The flow dynamics of wormlike micellar solutions around a sphere is a fundamental problem in particle-laden complex fluids but is still understood insufficiently. In this study, the flows of the wormlike micellar solution past a sphere in the creeping flow regime are investigated numerically with the two species, micelles scission/reforming, Vasquez-Cook-McKinley (VCM) and the single-species Giesekus constitutive equations. The two constitutive models both exhibit the shear thinning and the extension hardening rheological properties. There exists a region with a high velocity that exceeds the main stream velocity in the wake of the sphere, forming a stretched wake with a large velocity gradient, when the fluids flow past a sphere at very low Reynolds numbers. We found a quasi-periodic fluctuation of the velocity with the time in the wake of the sphere using the Giesekus model, which shows a qualitative similarity with the results found in present and previous numerical simulations with the VCM model. The results indicate that it is the elasticity of the fluid that causes the flow instability at low Reynolds numbers, and the increase in the elasticity enhances the chaos of the velocity fluctuation. This elastic-induced instability might be the reason for the oscillating falling behaviors of a sphere in wormlike micellar solutions in prior experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Su
- School of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- School of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Jialun Liu
- School of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Song Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
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4
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Simulation and experimental validation of the interplay between dielectrophoretic and electroosmotic behavior of conductive and insulator particles for nanofabrication and lab-on-chip applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Agglomeration Regimes of Particles under a Linear Laminar Flow: A Numerical Study. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a combined smoothed particle hydrodynamics and discrete element method (SPH-DEM) model was proposed to model particle agglomeration in a shear flow. The fluid was modeled with the SPH method and the solid particles with DEM. The system was governed by three fundamental dimensionless groups: the Reynolds number Re (1.5 ~ 150), which measured the effect of the hydrodynamics; the adhesion number Ad (6 × 10−5 ~ 6 × 10−3), which measured the inter-particle attraction; and the solid fraction α, which measured the concentration of particles. Based on these three dimensionless groups, several agglomeration regimes were found. Within these regimes, the aggregates could have different sizes and shapes that went from long thread-like structures to compact spheroids. The effect of the particle–particle interaction model was also investigated. The results were combined into ‘agglomeration maps’ that allowed for a quick determination of the agglomerate type once α, Re, Ad were known.
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6
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Su X, Xu Z, Wang Z, Jin H, Wu S, Lu Y. Data-driven closure model for the drag coefficient of the creeping flow past a translating sphere in a shear-thinning viscoelastic fluid. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Bordhan P, Razavi Bazaz S, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Advances and enabling technologies for phase-specific cell cycle synchronisation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:445-462. [PMID: 35076046 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00724f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle synchronisation is the process of isolating cell populations at specific phases of the cell cycle from heterogeneous, asynchronous cell cultures. The process has important implications in targeted gene-editing and drug efficacy of cells and in studying cell cycle events and regulatory mechanisms involved in the cell cycle progression of multiple cell species. Ideally, cell cycle synchrony techniques should be applicable for all cell types, maintain synchrony across multiple cell cycle events, maintain cell viability and be robust against metabolic and physiological perturbations. In this review, we categorize cell cycle synchronisation approaches and discuss their operational principles and performance efficiencies. We highlight the advances and technological development trends from conventional methods to the more recent microfluidics-based systems. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges for implementing high throughput cell synchronisation and provide future perspectives on synchronisation platforms, specifically hybrid cell synchrony modalities, to allow the highest level of phase-specific synchrony possible with minimal alterations in diverse types of cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bordhan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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8
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Wang Y, Zhou W, Ma T. Design and Fabrication of Double-Layer Crossed Si Microchannel Structure. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121557. [PMID: 34945407 PMCID: PMC8706412 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A four-step etching method is used to prepare the double-layer cross Si microchannel structure. In the first etching step, a <100> V-groove structure is etched on (100) silicon, and the top channel is formed after thermal oxidation with the depth of the channel and the slope of its sidewall being modulated by the etching time. The second etching step is to form a sinking substrate, and then the third step is to etch the bottom channel at 90° (<100> direction) and 45° (<110> direction) with the top channel, respectively. Hence, the bottom channel on the sink substrate is half-buried into the top channel. Undercut characteristic of 25% TMAH is used to perform the fourth step, etching through the overlapping part of the two layers of channels to form a double-layer microchannel structure. Different from the traditional single-layer microchannels, the double-layer crossed microchannels are prepared by the four-step etching method intersect in space but are not connected, which has structural advantages. Finally, when the angle between the top and bottom is 90°, the root cutting time at the intersection is up to 6 h, making the width of the bottom channel 4–5 times that of the top channel. When the angle between the top and bottom is 45°, the root cutting time at the intersection is only 4 h, and due to the corrosion along (111), the corrosion speed of the sidewall is very slow and the consistency of the width of the upper and lower channels is better than 90° after the end. Compared with the same-plane cross channel structure, the semiburied microchannel structure avoids the V-shaped path at the intersection, and the fluid can pass through the bottom channel in a straight line and cross with the top channel without overlapping, which has a structural advantage. If applied to microfluidic technology, high-efficiency delivery of two substances can be carried out independently in the same area; if applied to microchannel heat dissipation technology, the heat conduction area of the fluid can be doubled under the same heat dissipation area, thereby increasing the heat dissipation efficiency.
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9
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Tan Z. A review of enrichment methods for circulating tumor cells: from single modality to hybrid modality. Analyst 2021; 146:7048-7069. [PMID: 34709247 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis as a liquid biopsy can be used for early diagnosis of cancer, evaluating cancer progression, and assessing treatment efficacy. The enrichment of CTCs from patient blood is important for CTC analysis due to the extreme rarity of CTCs. This paper updates recent advances in CTC enrichment methods. We first review single-modality methods, including biophysical and biochemical methods. Hybrid-modality methods, combining at least two single-modality methods, are gaining increasing popularity for their improved performance. Then this paper reviews hybrid-modality methods, which are categorized into integrated and sequenced hybrid-modality methods. The state of the art indicates that the CTC capture efficiencies of integrated hybrid-modality methods can reach 85% or higher by taking advantage of the superimposed and enhanced capture effects from multiple single-modality methods. Moreover, a hybrid method integrating biophysical with biochemical methods is characterized by both high processing rate and high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Yifu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
| | - Zhongchao Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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10
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Narayana Iyengar S, Kumar T, Mårtensson G, Russom A. High resolution and rapid separation of bacteria from blood using elasto-inertial microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2538-2551. [PMID: 34510466 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Improved sample preparation has the potential to address unmet needs for fast turnaround sepsis tests. In this work, we report elasto-inertial based rapid bacteria separation from diluted blood at high separation efficiency. In viscoelastic flows, we demonstrate novel findings where blood cells prepositioned at the outer wall entering a spiral device remain fully focused throughout the channel length while smaller bacteria migrate to the opposite wall. Initially, using microparticles, we show that particles above a certain size cut-off remain fully focused at the outer wall while smaller particles differentially migrate toward the inner wall. We demonstrate particle separation at 1 μm resolution at a total throughput of 1 mL/min. For blood-based experiments, a minimum of 1:2 dilution was necessary to fully focus blood cells at the outer wall. Finally, Escherichia coli spiked in diluted blood were continuously separated at a total flow rate of 1 mL/min, with efficiencies between 82 and 90% depending on the blood dilution. Using a single spiral, it takes 40 min to process 1 mL of blood at a separation efficiency of 82%. The label-free, passive, and rapid bacteria isolation method has a great potential for speeding up downstream phenotypic and genotypic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Narayana Iyengar
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.,AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tharagan Kumar
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.,AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Mårtensson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.,AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Liu G, Lei J, Cheng F, Li K, Ji X, Huang Z, Guo Z. Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation in Glass Capillaries: A Concise Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:876. [PMID: 34442498 PMCID: PMC8398087 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic particle manipulation (UPM), a non-contact and label-free method that uses ultrasonic waves to manipulate micro- or nano-scale particles, has recently gained significant attention in the microfluidics community. Moreover, glass is optically transparent and has dimensional stability, distinct acoustic impedance to water and a high acoustic quality factor, making it an excellent material for constructing chambers for ultrasonic resonators. Over the past several decades, glass capillaries are increasingly designed for a variety of UPMs, e.g., patterning, focusing, trapping and transporting of micron or submicron particles. Herein, we review established and emerging glass capillary-transducer devices, describing their underlying mechanisms of operation, with special emphasis on the application of glass capillaries with fluid channels of various cross-sections (i.e., rectangular, square and circular) on UPM. We believe that this review will provide a superior guidance for the design of glass capillary-based UPM devices for acoustic tweezers-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kemin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhigang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Raihan MK, Jagdale PP, Wu S, Shao X, Bostwick JB, Pan X, Xuan X. Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in a Single-Cavity Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:836. [PMID: 34357246 PMCID: PMC8306080 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Having a basic understanding of non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous media, which usually consist of series of expansions and contractions, is of importance for enhanced oil recovery, groundwater remediation, microfluidic particle manipulation, etc. The flow in contraction and/or expansion microchannel is unbounded in the primary direction and has been widely studied before. In contrast, there has been very little work on the understanding of such flow in an expansion-contraction microchannel with a confined cavity. We investigate the flow of five types of non-Newtonian fluids with distinct rheological properties and water through a planar single-cavity microchannel. All fluids are tested in a similarly wide range of flow rates, from which the observed flow regimes and vortex development are summarized in the same dimensionless parameter spaces for a unified understanding of the effects of fluid inertia, shear thinning, and elasticity as well as confinement. Our results indicate that fluid inertia is responsible for developing vortices in the expansion flow, which is trivially affected by the confinement. Fluid shear thinning causes flow separations on the contraction walls, and the interplay between the effects of shear thinning and inertia is dictated by the confinement. Fluid elasticity introduces instability and asymmetry to the contraction flow of polymers with long chains while suppressing the fluid inertia-induced expansion flow vortices. However, the formation and fluctuation of such elasto-inertial fluid vortices exhibit strong digressions from the unconfined flow pattern in a contraction-expansion microchannel of similar dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Kamal Raihan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA; (M.K.R.); (P.P.J.); (S.W.); (J.B.B.)
| | - Purva P. Jagdale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA; (M.K.R.); (P.P.J.); (S.W.); (J.B.B.)
| | - Sen Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA; (M.K.R.); (P.P.J.); (S.W.); (J.B.B.)
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
| | - Xingchen Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Joshua B. Bostwick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA; (M.K.R.); (P.P.J.); (S.W.); (J.B.B.)
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
- Maritime College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA; (M.K.R.); (P.P.J.); (S.W.); (J.B.B.)
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13
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Xuan X. Review of nonlinear electrokinetic flows in insulator-based dielectrophoresis: From induced charge to Joule heating effects. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:167-189. [PMID: 33991344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been increasingly used for particle manipulation in various microfluidic applications. It exploits insulating structures to constrict and/or curve electric field lines to generate field gradients for particle dielectrophoresis. However, the presence of these insulators, especially those with sharp edges, causes two nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which, if sufficiently strong, may disturb the otherwise linear electrokinetic motion of particles and affect the iDEP performance. One is induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) flow because of the polarization of the insulators, and the other is electrothermal flow because of the amplified Joule heating in the fluid around the insulators. Both flows vary nonlinearly with the applied electric field (either DC or AC) and exhibit in the form of fluid vortices, which have been utilized to promote some applications while being suppressed in others. The effectiveness of iDEP benefits from a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which is complicated by the involvement of the entire iDEP device into electric polarization and thermal diffusion. This article is aimed to review the works on both the fundamentals and applications of ICEO and electrothermal flows in iDEP microdevices. A personal perspective of some future research directions in the field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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14
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Kim B, Lee SS, Yoo TH, Kim JM. Viscoelastic particle focusing in human biofluids. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:2238-2245. [PMID: 33314214 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Saliva and blood plasma are non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids that play essential roles in the transport of particulate matters (e.g., food and blood cells). However, whether the viscoelasticity of such biofluids alters the dynamics of suspended particles is still unknown. In this study, we report that under pressure-driven microflows of both human saliva and blood plasma, spherical particles laterally migrate and form a focused stream along the channel centerline by their viscoelastic properties. We observed that the particle focusing varied among samples on the basis of sampling times/donors, thereby demonstrating that the viscoelasticity of the human biofluids can be affected by their compositions. We showed that the particle focusing, observed in bovine submaxillary mucin solutions, intensified with the increase in mucin concentration. We expect that the findings from this study will contribute to the understanding of the physiological roles of viscoelasticity of human biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bookun Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Min Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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15
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A density-based threshold model for evaluating the separation of particles in heterogeneous mixtures with curvilinear microfluidic channels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18984. [PMID: 33149169 PMCID: PMC7643107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle separation techniques play an important role in biomedical research. Inertial focusing based microfluidics using nonlinear channels is one of the promising label-free technologies for biological applications. The particle separation is achieved as a result of the combination of inertial lift force (FL) and Dean drag force (FD). Although the mathematical expressions of FL and FD have been well derived in prior studies, they are still complicated, which limits their popularity in practice. Recent studies modified these expressions through experiments and proposed a threshold model, which assumes that only particles larger than the threshold will be well focused. Although this threshold model has been used in recent studies, two varying versions of the threshold model (TM1 and TM2) prevents standardisation in practice. In addition, both models were developed with regular low-density particles and may not be applicable to samples with higher density or samples with irregular shapes. Here, we evaluated the threshold models with samples of different densities. Based on these evaluations, we derived a modified model (TM4), which additionally considers the factor of particle density to improve the accuracy of existing models. Our results demonstrated that TM4 could more reliably predict the sorting efficiency of samples within a wider density range.
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Çağlayan Z, Demircan Yalçın Y, Külah H. A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E990. [PMID: 33153069 PMCID: PMC7693018 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çağlayan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
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17
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Kale A, Malekanfard A, Xuan X. Analytical Guidelines for Designing Curvature-Induced Dielectrophoretic Particle Manipulation Systems. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E707. [PMID: 32708326 PMCID: PMC7407939 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Curvature-induced dielectrophoresis (C-iDEP) is an established method of applying electrical energy gradients across curved microchannels to obtain a label-free manipulation of particles and cells. This method offers several advantages over the other DEP-based methods, such as increased chip area utilisation, simple fabrication, reduced susceptibility to Joule heating and reduced risk of electrolysis in the active region. Although C-iDEP systems have been extensively demonstrated to achieve focusing and separation of particles, a detailed mathematical analysis of the particle dynamics has not been reported yet. This work computationally confirms a fully analytical dimensionless study of the electric field-induced particle motion inside a circular arc microchannel, the simplest design of a C-iDEP system. Specifically, the analysis reveals that the design of a circular arc microchannel geometry for manipulating particles using an applied voltage is fully determined by three dimensionless parameters. Simple equations are established and numerically confirmed to predict the mutual relationships of the parameters for a comprehensive range of their practically relevant values, while ensuring design for safety. This work aims to serve as a starting point for microfluidics engineers and researchers to have a simple calculator-based guideline to develop C-iDEP particle manipulation systems specific to their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kale
- Electrical Engineering Division, CAPE Building, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Amirreza Malekanfard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (A.M.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (A.M.); (X.X.)
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18
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Kleiber A, Ramoji A, Mayer G, Neugebauer U, Popp J, Henkel T. 3-Step flow focusing enables multidirectional imaging of bioparticles for imaging flow cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1676-1686. [PMID: 32282005 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidirectional imaging flow cytometry (mIFC) extends conventional imaging flow cytometry (IFC) for the image-based measurement of 3D-geometrical features of particles. The innovative core is a flow rotation unit in which a vertical sample lamella is incrementally rotated by 90 degrees into a horizontal lamella. The required multidirectional views are generated by guiding all particles at a controllable shear flow position of the parabolic velocity profile of the capillary slit detection chamber. All particles pass the detection chamber in a two-dimensional sheet under controlled rotation while each particle is imaged multiple times. This generates new options for automated particle analysis. In an experimental application, we used our system for the accurate classification of 15 species of pollen based on 3D-morphological information. We demonstrate how the combination of multi directional imaging with advanced machine learning algorithms can improve the accuracy of automated bio-particle classification. As an additional benefit, we significantly decrease the number of false positives in the classification of foreign particles, i.e. those elements which do not belong to one of the trained classes by the 3D-extension of the classification algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kleiber
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany. and Center of Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany. and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Center of Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany. and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Center of Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Henkel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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19
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Passive Dielectrophoretic Focusing of Particles and Cells in Ratchet Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050451. [PMID: 32344887 PMCID: PMC7281238 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Focusing particles into a tight stream is critical for many microfluidic particle-handling devices such as flow cytometers and particle sorters. This work presents a fundamental study of the passive focusing of polystyrene particles in ratchet microchannels via direct current dielectrophoresis (DC DEP). We demonstrate using both experiments and simulation that particles achieve better focusing in a symmetric ratchet microchannel than in an asymmetric one, regardless of the particle movement direction in the latter. The particle focusing ratio, which is defined as the microchannel width over the particle stream width, is found to increase with an increase in particle size or electric field in the symmetric ratchet microchannel. Moreover, it exhibits an almost linear correlation with the number of ratchets, which can be explained by a theoretical formula that is obtained from a scaling analysis. In addition, we have demonstrated a DC dielectrophoretic focusing of yeast cells in the symmetric ratchet microchannel with minimal impact on the cell viability.
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20
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Fluid Rheological Effects on the Flow of Polymer Solutions in a Contraction-Expansion Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030278. [PMID: 32182650 PMCID: PMC7142930 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the flow of polymer solutions through the pore spaces of porous media is relevant and significant to enhanced oil recovery and groundwater remediation. We present in this work an experimental study of the fluid rheological effects on non-Newtonian flows in a simple laboratory model of the real-world pores—a rectangular sudden contraction–expansion microchannel. We test four different polymer solutions with varying rheological properties, including xanthan gum (XG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polyacrylamide (PAA). We compare their flows against that of pure water at the Reynolds (Re) and Weissenburg (Wi) numbers that each span several orders of magnitude. We use particle streakline imaging to visualize the flow at the contraction–expansion region for a comprehensive investigation of both the sole and the combined effects of fluid shear thinning, elasticity and inertia. The observed flow regimes and vortex development in each of the tested fluids are summarized in the dimensionless Wi−Re and χL−Re parameter spaces, respectively, where χL is the normalized vortex length. We find that fluid inertia draws symmetric vortices downstream at the expansion part of the microchannel. Fluid shear thinning causes symmetric vortices upstream at the contraction part. The effect of fluid elasticity is, however, complicated to analyze because of perhaps the strong impact of polymer chemistry such as rigidity and length. Interestingly, we find that the downstream vortices in the flow of Newtonian water, shear-thinning XG and elastic PVP solutions collapse into one curve in the χL−Re space.
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21
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Lombodorj B, Tseng HC, Chang HY, Lu YW, Tumurpurev N, Lee CW, Ganbat B, Wu RG, Tseng FG. High-Throughput White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Enrichment from Whole Blood Using Hydrodynamic and Inertial Forces. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030275. [PMID: 32155862 PMCID: PMC7143169 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip, which can separate and enrich leukocytes from whole blood, is proposed. The chip has 10 switchback curve channels, which are connected by straight channels. The straight channels are designed to permit the inertial migration effect and to concentrate the blood cells, while the curve channels allow the Dean flow to further classify the blood cells based on the cell sizes. Hydrodynamic suction is also utilized to remove smaller blood cells (e.g., red blood cell (RBC)) in the curve channels for higher separation purity. By employing the inertial migration, Dean flow force, and hydrodynamic suction in a continuous flow system, our chip successfully separates large white blood cells (WBCs) from the whole blood with the processing rates as high as 1 × 108 cells/sec at a high recovery rate at 93.2% and very few RBCs (~0.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Batzorig Lombodorj
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Horas Cendana Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Namnan Tumurpurev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Batdemberel Ganbat
- Department of Physics, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
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22
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Dincau B, Dressaire E, Sauret A. Pulsatile Flow in Microfluidic Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1904032. [PMID: 31657131 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the current knowledge and applications of pulsatile flow in microfluidic systems. Elements of fluid dynamics at low Reynolds number are first described in the context of pulsatile flow. Then the practical applications in microfluidic processes are presented: the methods to generate a pulsatile flow, the generation of emulsion droplets through harmonic flow rate perturbation, the applications in mixing and particle separation, and the benefits of pulsatile flow for clog mitigation. The second part of the review is devoted to pulsatile flow in biological applications. Pulsatile flows can be used for mimicking physiological systems, to alter or enhance cell cultures, and for bioassay automation. Pulsatile flows offer unique advantages over a steady flow, especially in microfluidic systems, but also require some new physical insights and more rigorous investigation to fully benefit future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dincau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Emilie Dressaire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Alban Sauret
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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23
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Zhu S, Jiang F, Han Y, Xiang N, Ni Z. Microfluidics for label-free sorting of rare circulating tumor cells. Analyst 2020; 145:7103-7124. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A review discussing the working principles and performances of label-free CTC sorting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- China
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24
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Xuan X. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Particle Manipulations Using Magnetic Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E744. [PMID: 31683660 PMCID: PMC6915689 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field-induced particle manipulation is simple and economic as compared to other techniques (e.g., electric, acoustic, and optical) for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, traditional magnetic controls require the particles to be manipulated being magnetizable, which renders it necessary to magnetically label particles that are almost exclusively diamagnetic in nature. In the past decade, magnetic fluids including paramagnetic solutions and ferrofluids have been increasingly used in microfluidic devices to implement label-free manipulations of various types of particles (both synthetic and biological). We review herein the recent advances in this field with focus upon the continuous-flow particle manipulations. Specifically, we review the reported studies on the negative magnetophoresis-induced deflection, focusing, enrichment, separation, and medium exchange of diamagnetic particles in the continuous flow of magnetic fluids through microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
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25
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Xuan X. Recent advances in direct current electrokinetic manipulation of particles for microfluidic applications. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2484-2513. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stoecklein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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27
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Lee DJ, Mai J, Huang TJ. Microfluidic approaches for cell-based molecular diagnosis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:051501. [PMID: 30271515 PMCID: PMC6138474 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for next-generation biomarkers has enabled cell-based diagnostics in a number of disciplines ranging from oncology to pharmacogenetics. However, cell-based diagnostics are still far from clinical reality due to the complex assays and associated protocols which typically require cell isolation, lysis, DNA extraction, amplification, and detection steps. Leveraging recent advances in microfluidics, many biochemical assays have been translated onto microfluidic platforms. We have compared and summarized recent advances in modular approaches toward the realization of fully-integrated, cell-based molecular diagnostics for clinical and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - John Mai
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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28
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Liu Z, Li D, Saffarian M, Tzeng T, Song Y, Pan X, Xuan X. Revisit of wall‐induced lateral migration in particle electrophoresis through a straight rectangular microchannel: Effects of particle zeta potential. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:955-960. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- College of Marine Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Di Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Maryam Saffarian
- Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Tzuen‐Rong Tzeng
- Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA
| | - Yongxin Song
- College of Marine Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xinxiang Pan
- College of Marine Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA
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29
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Ye H, Shen Z, Yu L, Wei M, Li Y. Manipulating nanoparticle transport within blood flow through external forces: an exemplar of mechanics in nanomedicine. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20170845. [PMID: 29662344 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nanoparticles (NPs) have been raised for diverse biomedical applications and some of them have shown great potential in treatment and imaging of diseases. Design of NPs is essential for delivery efficacy due to a number of biophysical barriers, which prevents the circulation of NPs in vascular flow and their accumulation at tumour sites. The physiochemical properties of NPs, so-called '4S' parameters, such as size, shape, stiffness and surface functionalization, play crucial roles in their life journey to be delivered to tumour sites. NPs can be modified in various ways to extend their blood circulation time and avoid their clearance by phagocytosis, and efficiently diffuse into tumour cells. However, it is difficult to overcome these barriers simultaneously by a simple combination of '4S' parameters for NPs. At this moment, external triggerings are necessary to guide the movement of NPs, which include light, ultrasound, magnetic field, electrical field and chemical interaction. The delivery system can be constructed to be sensitive to these external stimuli which can reduce the non-specific toxicity and improve the efficacy of the drug-delivery system. From a mechanics point of view, we discuss how different forces play their roles in the margination of NPs in blood flow and tumour microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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30
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Kale A, Patel S, Xuan X. Three-Dimensional Reservoir-Based Dielectrophoresis (rDEP) for Enhanced Particle Enrichment. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E123. [PMID: 30424057 PMCID: PMC6187384 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective enrichment of target species is crucial for a wide variety of engineering systems for improved performance of subsequent processes. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a powerful electrokinetic method that can be used to focus, trap, concentrate, and separate a variety of species in a label-free manner. The commonly employed methods for DEP suffer from limitations such as electrode fouling and high susceptibility to Joule heating effects. Recently, our group has demonstrated DEP-based manipulations of particles and cells using a novel method of reservoir-based dielectrophoresis (rDEP) which exploits the naturally produced electric field gradients at the reservoir-microchannel junction. Although this method reasonably addresses the limitations mentioned above while maintaining a high simplicity of fabrication, all of our demonstrations so far have used a two-dimensional rDEP, which limits the performance of the devices. This work aims to improve their performance further by making the DEP three-dimensional. Through detailed experimental and numerical analysis, we demonstrate a six-fold increase in the enrichment performance of latex beads and a significant reduction in the power consumption for the new devices, which would allow a more reliable integration of the same into micro-total analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Saurin Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
| | - Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
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31
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Yuan D, Zhao Q, Yan S, Tang SY, Alici G, Zhang J, Li W. Recent progress of particle migration in viscoelastic fluids. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:551-567. [PMID: 29340388 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, research on particle migration in non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids has gained considerable attention. In a viscoelastic fluid, three dimensional (3D) particle focusing can be easily realized in simple channels without the need for any external force fields or complex microchannel structures compared with that in a Newtonian fluid. Due to its promising properties for particle precise focusing and manipulation, this field has been developed rapidly, and research on the field has been shifted from fundamentals to applications. This review will elaborate the recent progress of particle migration in viscoelastic fluids, especially on the aspect of applications. The hydrodynamic forces on the micro/nano particles in viscoelastic fluids are discussed. Next, we elaborate the basic particle migration in viscoelasticity-dominant fluids and elasto-inertial fluids in straight channels. After that, a comprehensive review on the applications of viscoelasticity-induced particle migration (particle separation, cell deformability measurement and alignment, particle solution exchange, rheometry-on-a-chip and others) is presented; finally, we thrash out some perspectives on the future directions of particle migration in viscoelastic fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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32
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Chen Y, Li D, Li Y, Wan J, Li J, Chen H. Margination of Stiffened Red Blood Cells Regulated By Vessel Geometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15253. [PMID: 29127352 PMCID: PMC5681636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Margination of stiffened red blood cells has been implicated in many vascular diseases. Here, we report the margination of stiffened RBCs in vivo, and reveal the crucial role of the vessel geometry in the margination by calculations when the blood is seen as viscoelastic fluid. The vessel-geometry-regulated margination is then confirmed by in vitro experiments in microfluidic devices, and it establishes new insights to cell sorting technology and artificial blood vessel fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Donghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiandi Wan
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Tan SH, Xi HD, Li W. Editorial for the Special Issue on the Insights and Advancements in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E254. [PMID: 30400442 PMCID: PMC6189998 DOI: 10.3390/mi8080254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a total of 19 articles in this special issue of Micromachines entitled, "Insights and Advancements in Microfluidics."[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Hwa Tan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Heng-Dong Xi
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Rd., Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Jin CE, Lee TY, Koo B, Choi KC, Chang S, Park SY, Kim JY, Kim SH, Shin Y. Use of Dimethyl Pimelimidate with Microfluidic System for Nucleic Acids Extraction without Electricity. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28633525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of nucleic acids in the lab on a chip is crucial to achieve the maximal effectiveness of point-of-care testing for detection in clinical applications. Here, we report on the use of a simple and versatile single-channel microfluidic platform that combines dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) for nucleic acids (both RNA and DNA) extraction without electricity using a thin-film system. The system is based on the adaption of DMP into nonchaotropic-based nucleic acids and the capture of reagents into a low-cost thin-film platform for use as a microfluidic total analysis system, which can be utilized for sample processing in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, we assessed the use of the DMP system for the extraction of nucleic acids from various samples, including mammalian cells, bacterial cells, and viruses from human disease, and we also confirmed that the quality and quantity of the nucleic acids extracted were sufficient to allow for the robust detection of biomarkers and/or pathogens in downstream analysis. Furthermore, this DMP system does not require any instruments and electricity, and has improved time efficiency, portability, and affordability. Thus, we believe that the DMP system may change the paradigm of sample processing in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Eun Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center , 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Lee
- Department of Technology Education and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center , 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yoon Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine , Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center , 88 Olympicro-43gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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