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Meng WJ, Li YL, Qu ZL, Zhang YM, Liu B, Liu K, Gao ZW, Dong LN, Sun H. Fungal community structure shifts in litter degradation along forest succession induced by pine wilt disease. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127588. [PMID: 38163390 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fungi play a crucial role in decomposing litter and facilitating the energy flow between aboveground plants and underground soil in forest ecosystems. However, our understanding how the fungal community involved in litter decomposition responds during forest succession, particularly in disease-driven succession, is still limited. This study investigated the activity of degrading enzyme, fungal community, and predicted function in litter after one year of decomposition in different types of forests during a forest succession gradient from coniferous to deciduous forest, induced by pine wilt disease. The results showed that the weight loss of needles/leaves and twigs did not change along the succession process, but twigs degraded faster than needles/leaves in both pure pine forest and mixed forest. In pure pine forest, peak activities of enzymes involved in carbon degradation (β-cellobiosidase, β-glucosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, β-xylosidase), nitrogen degradation (N-acetyl-glucosamidase), and organic phosphorus degradation (phosphatase) were observed in needles, which subsequently declined. The fungal diversity and evenness (Shannon's diversity and Shannon's evenness) dropped in twig from coniferous forest to mixed forest during the succession. The dominant phyla in needle/leaf and twig litters were Ascomycota (46.9%) and Basidiomycota (38.9%), with Lambertella pruni and Chalara hughesii identified as the most abundant indicator species. Gymnopus and Desmazierella showed positively correlations with most measured enzyme activities. Functionally, saprotrophs constituted the main trophic mode (47.65%), followed by Pathotroph-Saprotroph-Symbiotroph (30.95%) and Saprotroph-Symbiotroph (10.57%). The fungal community and predicted functional structures in both litter types shifted among different forest types along the succession. These findings indicate that the fungal community in litter decomposition responds differently to disease-induced succession, leading to significant shifts in both the fungal community structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yi-Lin Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhao-Lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yue-Mei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zi-Wen Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li-Na Dong
- Department of landscape management, Zhongshan Cemetery Administration Bureau, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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Yuan Z, Zeng Z, Liu F. Community structures of mangrove endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria in Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17127. [PMID: 37816825 PMCID: PMC10564911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities play an important role in mangrove ecosystems. In order to gain information on the bacterial communities in mangrove species and rhizospheres grown in Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve, this study collected root, branch, and leaf samples from five mangrove species as well as rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere samples and analyzed the community structure of endophytic bacteria and bacteria in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique. Bacteria in 52 phyla, 64 classes, 152 orders, 295 families, and 794 genera were identified, which mainly belonged to Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Nitrospirota. At each taxonomic level, the community structure of the rhizosphere bacteria varied slightly with mangrove species, but endophytic bacteria differed greatly with plant species. The diversity indices of endophytic bacteria in branch and leaf samples of Acanthus ilicifolius were significantly lower, and endophytic bacteria in the plant tissues had higher abundance in the replication/repair and translation Clusters of Orthologous Genes functional categories but lower abundance in the carbohydrate metabolism category. This study helps to understand the community structure and diversity characteristics of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria in different mangrove plants. Provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the functions of mangrove ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng Yuan
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhihao Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Addison S, Armstrong C, Wigley K, Hartley R, Wakelin S. What matters most? Assessment of within-canopy factors influencing the needle microbiome of the model conifer, Pinus radiata. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37254222 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The assembly and function of the phyllosphere microbiome is important to the overall fitness of plants and, thereby, the ecosystems they inhabit. Presently, model systems for tree phyllosphere microbiome studies are lacking, yet forests resilient to pests, diseases, and climate change are important to support a myriad of ecosystem services impacting from local to global levels. In this study, we extend the development of model microbiome systems for trees species, particularly coniferous gymnosperms, by undertaking a structured approach assessing the phyllosphere microbiome of Pinus radiata. Canopy sampling height was the single most important factor influencing both alpha- and beta-diversity of bacterial and fungal communities (p < 0.005). Bacterial and fungal phyllosphere microbiome richness was lowest in samples from the top of the canopy, subsequently increasing in the middle and then bottom canopy samples. These differences maybe driven by either by (1) exchange of microbiomes with the forest floor and soil with the lower foliage, (2) strong ecological filtering in the upper canopy via environmental exposure (e.g., UV), (3) canopy density, (4) or combinations of factors. Most taxa present in the top canopy were also present lower in tree; as such, sampling strategies focussing on lower canopy sampling should provide good overall phyllosphere microbiome coverage for the tree. The dominant phyllosphere bacteria were Alpha-proteobacteria (Rhizobiales and Sphingomonas) along with Acidobacteria Gp1. However, the P. radiata phyllosphere microbiome samples were fungal dominated. From the top canopy samples, Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes were highly represented, with abundances of Arthoniomycetes then reducing in lower canopy samples whilst abundances of Ascomycota increased. The most abundant fungal taxa were Phaeococcomyces (14.4% of total reads) and Phaeotheca spp. (10.38%). A second-order effect of canopy sampling direction was evident in bacterial community composition (p = 0.01); these directional influences were not evident for fungal communities. However, sterilisation of needles did impact fungal community composition (p = 0.025), indicating potential for community differences in the endosphere versus leaf surface compartments. Needle age was only important in relation to bacterial communities, but was canopy height dependant (interaction p = 0.008). By building an understanding of the primary and secondary factors related to intra-canopy phyllosphere microbiome variation, we provide a sampling framework to either explicitly minimise or capture variation in needle collection to enable ongoing ecological studies targeted at inter-canopy or other experimental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steven Wakelin
- Scion, P.O. Box 29237, Riccarton, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand.
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Zhang W, Wang X, Li Y, Wei P, Sun N, Wen X, Liu Z, Li D, Feng Y, Zhang X. Differences Between Microbial Communities of Pinus Species Having Differing Level of Resistance to the Pine Wood Nematode. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:1245-1255. [PMID: 34757460 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a destructive invasive species that exerts devastating effects on most native pines in invaded regions, while many of the non-native pines have resistance to PWN. Recently, increasingly more research is focused on how microbial communities can improve host resistance against pathogens. However, the relationship between the microbial community structures and varying levels of pathogen resistance observed in different pine tree species remains unclear. Here, the bacterial and fungal communities of introduced resistant pines Pinus elliottii, P. caribaea, and P. taeda and native susceptible pines healthy and wilted P. massoniana infected by PWN were analyzed. The results showed that 6057 bacterial and 3931 fungal OTUs were annotated. The pine samples shared 944 bacterial OTUs primarily in the phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi and 111 fungal OTUs primarily in phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, though different pines had unique OTUs. There were significant differences in microbial community diversity between different pines, especially between the bacterial communities of resistant and susceptible pines, and fungal communities between healthy pines (resistant pines included) and the wilted P. massoniana. Resistant pines had a greater abundance of bacteria in the genera Acidothermus (class unidentified_Actinobacteria) and Prevotellaceae (class Alphaproteobacteria), but a lower abundance of Erwinia (class Gammaproteobacteria). Healthy pines had a higher fungal abundance of Cladosporium (class Dothideomycetes) and class Eurotiomycetes, but a lower abundance of Graphilbum, Sporothrix, Geosmithia (class Sordariomycetes), and Cryptoporus (classes Agaricomycetes and Saccharomycetes). These differences in microbial abundance between resistant and healthy pines might be associated with pathogen resistance of the pines, and the results of this study contribute to the studies exploring microbial-based control of PWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhenkai Liu
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Dongzhen Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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An Y, Li Y, Ma L, Li D, Zhang W, Feng Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Wen X, Zhang X. The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2849. [PMID: 36365304 PMCID: PMC9653782 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. However, the changes at the pine nidus during early nematode invasion have not been well studied, especially the differential metabolites, in Pinus massoniana, the main host of B. xylophilus in China. In this study, we analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-caused wilted pine trees. The results show that 1333 bacterial OTUs and 502 fungal OTUs were annotated from P. massoniana stem samples. The abundance of bacterial communities in pine trees varies more following infection by B. xylophilus, but the abundance changes of fungal communities are less visible. There were significant differences in endophytic microbial diversity between wilted and healthy P. massoniana. In wilted pine trees, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia were differential indicators of bacterial communities, whereas, in healthy pine trees, Rhizobiales in the Proteobacteria phylum were the major markers of bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the differential markers of fungal communities in healthy pines are Malasseziales, Tremellales, Sordariales, and Fusarium, whereas Pleosporaceae is the key marker of fungal communities in wilted pines. Our study examines the effect of changes in the endophytic microbial community on the health of pine trees that may be caused by B. xylophilus infection. In parallel, a non-targeted metabolomic study based on liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was conducted on pine trees inoculated with pine nematodes and healthy pine trees with a view to identifying key compounds affecting early pine lesions. Ultimately, 307 distinctly different metabolites were identified. Among them, the riboflavin metabolic pathway in pine trees may play a key role in the early pathogenesis of pine wood nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo An
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dongzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhenkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Qu ZL, Li XL, Ge Y, Palviainen M, Zhou X, Heinonsalo J, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Köster K, Sun H. The impact of biochar on wood-inhabiting bacterial community and its function in a boreal pine forest. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:45. [PMID: 36042528 PMCID: PMC9429645 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is considered to be a possible means of carbon sequestration to alleviate climate change. However, the dynamics of the microbial community during wood decomposition after biochar application remain poorly understood. In this study, the wood-inhabiting bacterial community composition and its potential functions during a two-year decomposition period after the addition of different amounts of biochar (0.5 kg m-2 and 1.0 kg m-2), and at different biochar pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C and 650 °C), in a boreal Scots pine forest, were analyzed using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing combined with Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX). The results showed that the wood decomposition rates increased after biochar addition to the soil surface in the second year. Treatment with biochar produced at high temperatures increased the diversity of wood-inhabiting bacteria more than that produced at low temperatures (P < 0.05). The wood-inhabiting bacterial diversity and species richness decreased with decomposition time. The biochar treatments changed the wood-inhabiting bacterial community structure during the decomposition period. The pyrolysis temperature and the amount of applied biochar had no effect on the bacterial community structure but shifted the abundance of certain bacterial taxa. Similarly, biochar application shifted the wood-inhabiting bacterial community function in the first year, but not in the second year. The wood-inhabiting bacterial community and function were affected by soil pH, soil water content, and soil total nitrogen. The results provide useful information on biochar application for future forest management practices. Long-term monitoring is needed to better understand the effects of biochar application on nutrient cycling in boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Deng J, Yu D, Zhou W, Zhou L, Zhu W. Variations of Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities of Pinus koraiensis Infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:285-301. [PMID: 34487211 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, as one of the greatest threats to pine trees, is spreading all over the world. Plant microorganisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of nematodes. The phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy Pinus koraiensis (PKa) and P. koraiensis infected by B. xylophilus at the early (PKb) and last (PKc) stages were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that pine wood nematode (PWD) could increase the phyllosphere bacterial Pielou_e, Shannon, and Simpson index; phyllosphere fungal Chao 1 index, as well as rhizosphere bacterial Pielou_e, Shannon, and Simpson index; and rhizosphere fungal Pielou_e, Shannon, and Simpson index. What's more, slight shifts of the microbial diversity were observed at the early stage of infection, and the microbial diversity increased significantly as the symptoms of infection worsened. With the infection of B. xylophilus in P. koraiensis, Bradyrhizobium (rhizosphere bacteria), Massilia (phyllosphere bacteria), and Phaeosphaeriaceae (phyllosphere fungi) were the major contributors to the differences in community compositions among different treatments. With the infection of PWD, most of the bacterial groups tended to be co-excluding rather than co-occurring. These changes would correlate with microbial ability to suppress plant pathogen, enhancing the understanding of disease development and providing guidelines to pave the way for its possible management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dapao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wangming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Wenxu Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Hao X, Liu X, Chen J, Wang B, Li Y, Ye Y, Ma W, Ma L. Effects on community composition and function Pinus massoniana infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:157. [PMID: 35690728 PMCID: PMC9188149 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a worldwide forest disease caused by pine wood nematode (PWN). In this article, we investigated the composition, organization, correlation, and function of the endophytic microbial community in Pinus massoniana field with and without PWN. Samples were taken from branches, upper, middle, and lower trunks, as well as soil, from both healthy and infected trees. The results showed that the fungal diversity of healthy pines is around 1.1 times that of infected pines, while the bacterial diversity is about 0.75 times that of infected pines at the OTUs level. An increase of the abundance of pathogenic fungus such as Saitozyma, Graphilbum, Diplodia, Candida, Pseudoxanthomonas, Dyella and Pantoea was witnessed in infected pines according to the result of LEfSe. Furthermore, Ophiostoma and saprophytic fungus such as Entomocorticium, ganoderma, tomentella, entomocorticium were exclusively prominent in infected pines, which were substantially and highly connected with other species (p < 0.05), indicating the trees' vulnerability and making the wood blue. In healthy pines, the top three functional guilds are parasites, plant pathogens, and saprotrophs. Parasites (36.52%) are primarily found in the branches, plant pathogens (29.12%) are primarily found in the lower trunk, and saprotrophs (67.88%) are primarily found in the upper trunk of disease trees. Pines' immunity is being eroded due to an increase in the quantity and types of diseases. PICRUSt2 research revealed that NADH or NADPH, as well as carbon-nitrogen bonds, were more abundant in healthy pines, but acid anhydrides and transferring phosphorus-containing groups were more abundant in infected pines. The shift in resin secretion lowers the tree's potential and encourages pine wilt and mortality. In total, PWN may have disrupted the microbiological ecology and worked with the community to hasten the demise of pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Yang Li
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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Leitão F, Pinto G, Amaral J, Monteiro P, Henriques I. New insights into the role of constitutive bacterial rhizobiome and phenolic compounds in two Pinus spp. with contrasting susceptibility to pine pitch canker. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:600-615. [PMID: 34508603 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rhizobiome is being increasingly acknowledged as a key player in plant health and breeding strategies. The pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, affects pine species with varying susceptibility degrees. Our aims were to explore the bacterial rhizobiome of a susceptible (Pinus radiata) and a resistant (Pinus pinea) species together with other physiological traits, and to analyze shifts upon F. circinatum inoculation. Pinus seedlings were stem inoculated with F. circinatum spores and needle gas exchange and antioxidant-related parameters were analyzed in non-inoculated and inoculated plants. Rhizobiome structure was evaluated through 16S rRNA gene massive parallel sequencing. Species (non-inoculated plants) harbored distinct rhizobiomes (<40% similarity), where P. pinea displayed a rhizobiome with increased abundance of taxa described in suppressive soils, displaying plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and/or anti-fungal activity. Plants of this species also displayed higher levels of phenolic compounds. F. circinatum induced slight changes in the rhizobiome of both species and a negative impact in photosynthetic-related parameters in P. radiata. We concluded that the rhizobiome of each pine species is distinct and higher abundance of bacterial taxa associated to disease protection was registered for the PPC-resistant species. Furthermore, differences in the rhizobiome are paralleled by a distinct content in phenolic compounds, which are also linked to plants' resistance against PPC. This study unveils a species-specific rhizobiome and provides insights to exploit the rhizobiome for plant selection in nurseries and for rhizobiome-based plant-growth-promoting strategies, boosting environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Leitão
- Biology Department, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Glória Pinto
- Biology Department, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Amaral
- Biology Department, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Monteiro
- Biology Department, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences and CESAM, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu Y, Qu ZL, Liu B, Ma Y, Xu J, Shen WX, Sun H. The Impact of Pine Wood Nematode Infection on the Host Fungal Community. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050896. [PMID: 33922224 PMCID: PMC8146488 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is globally one of the most destructive diseases of pine forests, especially in China. However, little is known about the effect of PWD on the host microbiome. In this study, the fungal community and functional structures in the needles, roots, and soil of and around Pinus thunbergii naturally infected by PWN were investigated by using high-throughput sequencing coupled with the functional prediction (FUNGuild). The results showed that fungal richness, diversity, and evenness in the needles of diseased trees were significantly lower than those of healthy ones (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were found in the roots and soil. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the fungal community and functional structures significantly differed only in the needles of diseased and healthy trees, but not in the soil and roots. Functionally, the saprotrophs had a higher abundance in the needles of diseased trees, whereas symbiotrophs abundance was higher in the needles of healthy trees (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 2.0, p < 0.05). These results indicated that PWN infection primarily affected the fungal community and functional structures in the needles of P. thunbergii, but not the roots and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhao-Lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Bing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Yang Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jie Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Wen-Xiao Shen
- School of Foreign Language, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210046, China;
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (Z.-L.Q.); (B.L.); (Y.M.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13-851-724-350
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Zhang W, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Z, Li D, Wen X, Feng Y, Zhang X. Pinewood Nematode Alters the Endophytic and Rhizospheric Microbial Communities of Pinus massoniana. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:807-817. [PMID: 33051738 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the greatest threats to pine trees and is spreading all over the world. During the nematode's pathogenesis, plant microorganisms play important roles. However, many microbial communities, such as that in Pinus massoniana, a major host of B. xylophilus that is widely distributed in China, are not well studied, especially the fungal communities. Here, the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-infected P. massoniana were analyzed. The results showed that 7639 bacterial and 3108 fungal OTUs were annotated from samples of P. massoniana, the rhizosphere, and B. xylophilus. There were significant diversity differences of endophytic microbes between healthy and infected P. massoniana. The abundances of endophytic bacteria Paenibacillus, unidentified_Burkholderiaceae, Serratia, Erwinia, and Pseudoxanthomonas and fungi Penicillifer, Zygoascus, Kirschsteiniothelia, Cyberlindnera, and Sporothrix in infected pines were greater than those in healthy pines, suggesting an association of particular microbial abundances with the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus in pines. Meanwhile, the abundances of microbes of unidentified_Burkholderiaceae, Saitozyma, and Pestalotiopsis were greater and Acidothermus and Trichoderma were lower in the rhizosphere under infected pines than those under healthy pines and the differences might be caused by B. xylophilus-induced weakening of the health of pines. Our study explored the endophytic and rhizospheric microbial community changes potentially caused by B. xylophilus infection of pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Zhenkai Liu
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Dongzhen Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, l00091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Su T, Liu H, Zhang C, Shang D, Wang C, Qiu L. Taisui TS-2007S, a Large Microbial Mat Discovered in Soil in China. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:592034. [PMID: 33281790 PMCID: PMC7690426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.592034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Taisui TS-2007S, a previously unidentified biological object discovered in soil in China, was identified. TS-2007S was shown to contain abundant carbohydrates but a scarcity of protein, fat, and minerals. The exopolymers of TS-2007S showed FT-IR spectra that were similar to those of xanthan gum (XG) but that were dissimilar to those of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The NMR spectra of TS-2007S exopolymers in D2O were similar to those of PVA but differed from those of xanthan gum. Unlike PVA, TS-2007S exopolymers and xanthan gum were not soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, the exopolymers contained many monosaccharide components, including fucose, rhamnose, mannose, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 87.90:7.49:4.45:0.15. The exopolymers also included traces of glucuronic acid, galactose, and xylose. Taken together, these results suggest that the exopolymers are microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The microbial community structure in TS-2007S showed that the predominant bacterial, archaeal, and fungal phyla were Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Ascomycota at high relative abundances of 90.77, 97.15, and 87.43%, respectively, different from those observed in water and soil environments. Based on these results, we strongly propose that TS-2007S should be defined as a microbial mat formed in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfu Su
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Di Shang
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaojiang Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Chaojiang Wang,
| | - Liyou Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Liyou Qiu,
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