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Liao YCZ, Pu HX, Jiao ZW, Palviainen M, Zhou X, Heinonsalo J, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Köster K, Sun H. Enhancing boreal forest resilience: A four-year impact of biochar on soil quality and fungal communities. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127696. [PMID: 38518453 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Boreal forests commonly suffer from nutrient deficiency due to restricted biological activity and decomposition. Biochar has been used as a promising strategy to improve soil quality, yet its impacts on forest soil microbes, particularly in cold environment, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of biochar, produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C and 650 °C) and applied at different amounts (0.5 kg·m-2 and 1.0 kg·m-2), on soil property, soil enzyme activity, and fungal community dynamics in a boreal forest over a span of two to four years. Our results showed that, four-year post-application of biochar produced at 650 °C and applied at 1.0 kg·m-2, significantly increased the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota and enhanced fungal species richness, α-diversity and evenness compared to the control (CK) (P < 0.05). Notably, the abundance of Phialocephala fortinii increased with the application of biochar produced at 500 °C and applied at 0.5 kg·m-2, exhibiting a positively correlation with the carbon cycling-related enzyme β-cellobiosidase. Functionally, distinct fungal gene structures were formed between different biochar pyrolysis temperatures, and between application amounts in four-year post-biochar application (P < 0.05). Additionally, correlation analyses revealed the significance of the duration post-biochar application on the soil properties, soil extracellular enzymes, soil fungal dominant phyla, fungal community and gene structures (P < 0.01). The interaction between biochar pyrolysis temperature and application amount significantly influenced fungal α-diversity (P < 0.01). Overall, these findings provide theoretical insights and practical application for biochar as soil amendment in boreal forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chun-Zi Liao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hong-Xiu Pu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zi-Wen Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P. O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P. O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P. O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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2
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Chen L, Keski-Saari S, Kontunen-Soppela S, Zhu X, Zhou X, Hänninen H, Pumpanen J, Mola-Yudego B, Wu D, Berninger F. Immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost and growing season drought on forest gross primary productivity capacity in the Northern Hemisphere. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:3924-3940. [PMID: 37165918 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forests are increasingly exposed to extreme global warming-induced climatic events. However, the immediate and carry-over effects of extreme events on forests are still poorly understood. Gross primary productivity (GPP) capacity is regarded as a good proxy of the ecosystem's functional stability, reflecting its physiological response to its surroundings. Using eddy covariance data from 34 forest sites in the Northern Hemisphere, we analyzed the immediate and carry-over effects of late-spring frost (LSF) and growing season drought on needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. Path analysis was applied to reveal the plausible reasons behind the varied responses of forests to extreme events. The results show that LSF had clear immediate effects on the GPP capacity of both needle-leaf and broadleaf forests. However, GPP capacity in needle-leaf forests was more sensitive to drought than in broadleaf forests. There was no interaction between LSF and drought in either needle-leaf or broadleaf forests. Drought effects were still visible when LSF and drought coexisted in needle-leaf forests. Path analysis further showed that the response of GPP capacity to drought differed between needle-leaf and broadleaf forests, mainly due to the difference in the sensitivity of canopy conductance. Moreover, LSF had a more severe and long-lasting carry-over effect on forests than drought. These results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of forest response to extreme events across forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hänninen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blas Mola-Yudego
- School of Forest Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu Campus, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Zhang Y, Qu Z, Sietiö O, Zhou X, Heinonsalo J, Köster K, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Sun H. The temporal and spatial response of soil fungal community composition and potential function to wildfire in a permafrost region in Canada. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐mei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in China College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Zhao‐lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in China College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Outi‐Maaria Sietiö
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 Helsinki Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in China College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 Helsinki Finland
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Qu ZL, Li XL, Ge Y, Palviainen M, Zhou X, Heinonsalo J, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Köster K, Sun H. The impact of biochar on wood-inhabiting bacterial community and its function in a boreal pine forest. Environ Microbiome 2022; 17:45. [PMID: 36042528 PMCID: PMC9429645 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is considered to be a possible means of carbon sequestration to alleviate climate change. However, the dynamics of the microbial community during wood decomposition after biochar application remain poorly understood. In this study, the wood-inhabiting bacterial community composition and its potential functions during a two-year decomposition period after the addition of different amounts of biochar (0.5 kg m-2 and 1.0 kg m-2), and at different biochar pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C and 650 °C), in a boreal Scots pine forest, were analyzed using Illumina NovaSeq sequencing combined with Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX). The results showed that the wood decomposition rates increased after biochar addition to the soil surface in the second year. Treatment with biochar produced at high temperatures increased the diversity of wood-inhabiting bacteria more than that produced at low temperatures (P < 0.05). The wood-inhabiting bacterial diversity and species richness decreased with decomposition time. The biochar treatments changed the wood-inhabiting bacterial community structure during the decomposition period. The pyrolysis temperature and the amount of applied biochar had no effect on the bacterial community structure but shifted the abundance of certain bacterial taxa. Similarly, biochar application shifted the wood-inhabiting bacterial community function in the first year, but not in the second year. The wood-inhabiting bacterial community and function were affected by soil pH, soil water content, and soil total nitrogen. The results provide useful information on biochar application for future forest management practices. Long-term monitoring is needed to better understand the effects of biochar application on nutrient cycling in boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Zhou X, Sun H, Heinonsalo J, Pumpanen J, Berninger F. Microbial biodiversity contributes to soil carbon release: A case study on fire disturbed boreal forests. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6617588. [PMID: 35749564 PMCID: PMC9303362 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities often possess enormous diversity, raising questions about whether this diversity drives ecosystem functioning, especially the influence of diversity on soil decomposition and respiration. Although functional redundancy is widely observed in soil microorganisms, evidence that species occupy distinct metabolic niches has also emerged. In this paper, we found that apart from the environmental variables, increases in microbial diversity, notably bacterial diversity, lead to an increase in soil C emissions. This was demonstrated using structural equation modelling (SEM), linking soil respiration with naturally differing levels of soil physio-chemical properties, vegetation coverage, and microbial diversity after fire disturbance. Our SEMs also revealed that models including bacterial diversity explained more variation of soil CO2 emissions (about 45%) than fungal diversity (about 38%). A possible explanation of this discrepancy is that fungi are more multifunctional than bacteria and, therefore, an increase in fungal diversity does not necessarily change soil respiration. Further analysis on functional genes suggested that bacterial and fungal diversities mainly explain the potential decomposition of recalcitrant C than of labile C. Overall, by incorporating microbial diversity and the environmental variables, the predictive power of models on soil C emission was significantly improved, indicating microbial diversity is crucial for predicting ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu campus, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu campus, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu campus, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Zhu X, Chen L, Pumpanen J, Ojala A, Zobitz J, Zhou X, Laudon H, Palviainen M, Neitola K, Berninger F. The role of terrestrial productivity and hydrology in regulating aquatic dissolved organic carbon concentrations in boreal catchments. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2764-2778. [PMID: 35060250 PMCID: PMC9303698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the catchments of the Northern Hemisphere. Increasing terrestrial productivity and changing hydrology may be reasons for the increases in DOC concentration. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of increased terrestrial productivity and changed hydrology following climate change on DOC concentrations. We tested and quantified the effects of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE) and discharge on DOC concentrations in boreal catchments over 3 years. As catchment characteristics can regulate the extent of rising DOC concentrations caused by the regional or global environmental changes, we selected four catchments with different sizes (small, medium and large) and landscapes (forest, mire and forest-mire mixed). We applied multiple models: Wavelet coherence analysis detected the delay-effects of terrestrial productivity and discharge on aquatic DOC variations of boreal catchments; thereafter, the distributed-lag linear models quantified the contributions of each factor on DOC variations. Our results showed that the combined impacts of terrestrial productivity and discharge explained 62% of aquatic DOC variations on average across all sites, whereas discharge, gross primary production (GPP) and RE accounted for 26%, 22% and 3%, respectively. The impact of GPP and discharge on DOC changes was directly related to catchment size: GPP dominated DOC fluctuations in small catchments (<1 km2 ), whereas discharge controlled DOC variations in big catchments (>1 km2 ). The direction of the relation between GPP and discharge on DOC varied. Increasing RE always made a positive contribution to DOC concentration. This study reveals that climate change-induced terrestrial greening and shifting hydrology change the DOC export from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. The work improves our mechanistic understanding of surface water DOC regulation in boreal catchments and confirms the importance of DOC fluxes in regulating ecosystem C budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesJoensuu CampusUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesJoensuu CampusUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesKuopio CampusUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Anne Ojala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE)HelsinkiFinland
| | - John Zobitz
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer ScienceAugsburg UniversityMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesJoensuu CampusUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural ScienceUmeåSweden
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kimmo Neitola
- Institute for Atmospheric Earth System Research (INAR)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesJoensuu CampusUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
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Palviainen M, Peltomaa E, Laurén A, Kinnunen N, Ojala A, Berninger F, Zhu X, Pumpanen J. Water quality and the biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in drained boreal peatland under different forest harvesting intensities. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150919. [PMID: 34653471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands are major sources of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to downstream aquatic ecosystems, and forest harvesting generally further increases the loading of DOC and nutrients. Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is proposed to be an environmentally more sustainable management option for peatland forests than conventional even-aged clear-cutting. However, the impacts of CCF on water quality, the biodegradability of DOC and consequent CO2 emissions from inland waters are poorly known. We studied the concentrations of N, P and DOC, the quality of DOC, and the mineralization of DOC to CO2 in ground water and ditch water in clear-cut, partially harvested, i.e. CCF, and uncut drained forests in Finland. Groundwater total N, NH4-N and PO4-P concentrations were significantly lower in CCF and uncut forest than in the clear-cut forest. Groundwater DOC concentrations were often highest in the clear-cut forest, where the water table was closer to the soil surface. Ditch water DOC and N concentrations were lowest next to the clear-cut area. DOC aromaticity in ground water was higher in the uncut forest than in the clear-cut and CCF, whereas ditch water aromaticity did not differ between the treatments. The biodegradation of DOC was studied by incubating water (at 15 °C for 24 h) 1, 3, 7 and 21 days after sampling. The results indicated that the majority of the CO2 production took place during the first three days, and CO2 fluxes were considerably higher from the ditch water than from the groundwater. The CO2 emissions were lower in summer than in the other seasons. Ditch water and groundwater CO2 production were generally significantly higher in the clear-cut than in the uncut forest. The results suggest that CCF can decrease the nutrient concentrations as well as CO2 emissions from inland waters compared to conventional clear-cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elina Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Laurén
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Niko Kinnunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Ojala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Qu ZL, Santalahti M, Köster K, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Heinonsalo J, Sun H. Soil Fungal Community Structure in Boreal Pine Forests: From Southern to Subarctic Areas of Finland. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653896. [PMID: 34122368 PMCID: PMC8188478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The boreal forest environment plays an important role in the global C cycle due to its high carbon storage capacity. However, relatively little is known about the forest fungal community at a regional scale in boreal forests. In the present study, we have re-analyzed the data from our previous studies and highlighted the core fungal community composition and potential functional groups in three forests dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Finland, and identified the fungal generalists that appear across geographic locations despite differences in local conditions. The three forests represent subarctic, northern and southern boreal forest, and are all in an un-managed state without human interference or management. The subarctic and northern areas are subject to reindeer grazing. The results showed that the three locations formed distinct fungal community structures (P < 0.05). Compared to the two northern locations, the southern boreal forest harbored a greater abundance of Zygomycota, Lactarius, Mortierella Umbelopsis, and Tylospora, in which aspect there were no differences between the two northern forests. Cortinarius, Piloderma, and Suillus were the core fungal genera in the boreal Scots pine forest. Functionally, the southern boreal forest harbored a greater abundance of saprotroph, endophytes and fungal parasite-lichen, whereas a greater abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi was observed in the northern boreal forests. Moreover, the pathotroph and wood saprotrophs were commonly present in these three regions. The three locations formed two distinct fungal community functional structures, by which the southern forest was clearly separated from the two northern forests, suggesting a distance–decay relationship via geographic location. This study provides useful information for better understanding the common fungal communities and functions in boreal forests in different geographical locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lei Qu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minna Santalahti
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhu X, Chen L, Pumpanen J, Keinänen M, Laudon H, Ojala A, Palviainen M, Kiirikki M, Neitola K, Berninger F. Assessment of a portable UV-Vis spectrophotometer's performance in remote areas: Stream water DOC, Fe content and spectral data. Data Brief 2021; 35:106747. [PMID: 33537378 PMCID: PMC7841307 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents data for the assessment of a portable UV-Vis spectrophotometer's performance on predicting stream water DOC and Fe content. The dataset contains DOC and Fe concentrations by laboratory methods, in-situ and ex-situ spectral absorbances, monitoring environmental indexes such as water depth, temperature, turbidity and voltage. The records in Yli-Nuortti river (Cold station, Finland) took place during the hydrological year 2018-2019 and in Krycklan (C4 and C5, Sweden) during the hydrological years 2016-2019. The data analyses were conducted with 'pls' and 'caret' package in R. The correlation coefficient (R), root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), standard deviation (STD) and bias were used to check the performance of the models. This dataset can be combined with datasets from other regions around the world to build more universal models. For discussion and more information of the dataset creation, please refer to the full-length article "Assessment of a portable UV-Vis spectrophotometer's performance for stream water DOC and Fe content monitoring in remote areas" [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Ojala
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kimmo Neitola
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Rissanen AJ, Saarela T, Jäntti H, Buck M, Peura S, Aalto SL, Ojala A, Pumpanen J, Tiirola M, Elvert M, Nykänen H. Vertical stratification patterns of methanotrophs and their genetic controllers in water columns of oxygen-stratified boreal lakes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiaa252. [PMID: 33316049 PMCID: PMC7840105 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertical structuring of methanotrophic communities and its genetic controllers remain understudied in the water columns of oxygen-stratified lakes. Therefore, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to study the vertical stratification patterns of methanotrophs in two boreal lakes, Lake Kuivajärvi and Lake Lovojärvi. Furthermore, metagenomic analyses were performed to assess the genomic characteristics of methanotrophs in Lovojärvi and the previously studied Lake Alinen Mustajärvi. The methanotroph communities were vertically structured along the oxygen gradient. Alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs preferred oxic water layers, while Methylococcales methanotrophs, consisting of putative novel genera and species, thrived, especially at and below the oxic-anoxic interface and showed distinct depth variation patterns, which were not completely predictable by their taxonomic classification. Instead, genomic differences among Methylococcales methanotrophs explained their variable vertical depth patterns. Genes in clusters of orthologous groups (COG) categories L (replication, recombination and repair) and S (function unknown) were relatively high in metagenome-assembled genomes representing Methylococcales clearly thriving below the oxic-anoxic interface, suggesting genetic adaptations for increased stress tolerance enabling living in the hypoxic/anoxic conditions. By contrast, genes in COG category N (cell motility) were relatively high in metagenome-assembled genomes of Methylococcales thriving at the oxic-anoxic interface, which suggests genetic adaptations for increased motility at the vertically fluctuating oxic-anoxic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Rissanen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Taija Saarela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Jäntti
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Moritz Buck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sari Peura
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, SE-75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anne Ojala
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hannu Nykänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
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Zhu X, Chen L, Pumpanen J, Keinänen M, Laudon H, Ojala A, Palviainen M, Kiirikki M, Neitola K, Berninger F. Assessment of a portable UV-Vis spectrophotometer's performance for stream water DOC and Fe content monitoring in remote areas. Talanta 2020; 224:121919. [PMID: 33379120 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe) in surface waters is critical for understanding the water quality dynamics, brownification and carbon balance in the northern hemisphere. Especially in the remote areas, sampling and laboratory analysis of DOC and Fe content at a sufficient temporal frequency is difficult. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a promising tool for water quality monitoring to increase the sampling frequency and applications in remote regions. The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the performance of an in-situ UV-Vis spectrophotometer for detecting spectral absorbances in comparison with a laboratory benchtop instrument; (2) to analyse the stability of DOC and Fe estimates from UV-Vis spectrophotometers among different rivers using multivariate methods; (3) to compare site-specific calibration of models to pooled models and investigate the extrapolation of DOC and Fe predictions from one catchment to another. This study indicates that absorbances that were measured by UV-Vis sensor explained 96% of the absorbance data from the laboratory benchtop instrument. Among the three tested multivariate methods, multiple stepwise regression (MSR) was the best model for both DOC and Fe predictions. Accurate and unbiased models for multiple watersheds for DOC were built successfully, and these models could be extrapolated from one watershed to another even without site-specific calibration for DOC. However, for Fe the combination of different datasets was not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Ojala
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Kiirikki
- Luode Consulting Sinimäentie 10 B, 02630, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kimmo Neitola
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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12
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Ribeiro-Kumara C, Pumpanen J, Heinonsalo J, Metslaid M, Orumaa A, Jõgiste K, Berninger F, Köster K. Long-term effects of forest fires on soil greenhouse gas emissions and extracellular enzyme activities in a hemiboreal forest. Sci Total Environ 2020; 718:135291. [PMID: 31843307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fire is the most important natural disturbance in boreal forests, and it has a major role regulating the carbon (C) budget of these systems. With the expected increase in fire frequency, the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget of boreal forest soils may change. In order to understand the long-term nature of the soil-atmosphere GHG exchange after fire, we established a fire chronosequence representing successional stages at 8, 19, 34, 65, 76 and 179 years following stand-replacing fires in hemiboreal Scots pine forests in Estonia. Changes in extracellular activity, litter decomposition, vegetation biomass, and soil physicochemical properties were assessed in relation to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Soil temperature was highest 8 years after fire, whereas soil moisture varied through the fire chronosequences without a consistent pattern. Litter decomposition and CO2 efflux were still lower 8 years after fire compared with pre-fire levels (179 years after fire). Both returned to pre-fire levels before vegetation re-established, and CO2 efflux was only strongly responsive to temperature from 19 years after fire onward. Recovery of CO2 efflux in the long term was associated with a moderate effect of fire on enzyme activity, the input of above- and below-ground litter carbon, and the re-establishment of vegetation. Soil acted as a CH4 sink and N2O source similarly in all successional stages. Compared with soil moisture and time after fire, soil temperature was the most important predictor for both GHGs. The re-establishment of overstorey and vegetation cover (mosses and lichens) might have caused an increase in CH4 and N2O effluxes in the studied areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ribeiro-Kumara
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forests Sciences, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PL 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forests Sciences, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Argo Orumaa
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalev Jõgiste
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frank Berninger
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forests Sciences, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang-Turpeinen H, Kivimäenpää M, Aaltonen H, Berninger F, Köster E, Köster K, Menyailo O, Prokushkin A, Pumpanen J. Wildfire effects on BVOC emissions from boreal forest floor on permafrost soil in Siberia. Sci Total Environ 2020; 711:134851. [PMID: 32000328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the effects of climate change on boreal forest will be more frequent forest wildfires and permafrost thawing. These will increase the availability of soil organic matter (SOM) for microorganisms, change the ground vegetation composition and ultimately affect the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which impact atmospheric chemistry and climate. BVOC emissions from boreal forest floor have been little characterized in southern boreal region, and even less so in permafrost soil, which underlies most of the northern boreal region. Here, we report the long-term effects of wildfire on forest floor BVOC emission rates along a wildfire chronosequence in a Larix gmelinii forest in central Siberia. We determined forest floor BVOC emissions from forests exposed to wildfire 1, 23 and > 100 years ago. We studied how forest wildfires and the subsequent succession of ground vegetation, as well as changes in the availability of SOM along with the deepened and recovered active layer, influence BVOC emission rates. The forest floor acted as source of a large number of BVOCs in all forest age classes. Monoterpenes were the most abundant BVOC group in all age classes. The total BVOC emission rates measured from the 23- and >100-year-old areas were ca. 2.6 times higher than the emissions from the 1-year-old area. Lower emissions were related to a decrease in plant coverage and microbial decomposition of SOM after wildfire. Our results showed that forest wildfires play an important indirect role in regulating the amount and composition of BVOC emissions from post-fire originated boreal forest floor. This could have a substantial effect on BVOC emissions if the frequency of forest wildfires increases in the future as a result of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Zhang-Turpeinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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Saarela T, Rissanen AJ, Ojala A, Pumpanen J, Aalto SL, Tiirola M, Vesala T, Jäntti H. CH 4 oxidation in a boreal lake during the development of hypolimnetic hypoxia. Aquat Sci 2019; 82:19. [PMID: 32362734 PMCID: PMC7181431 DOI: 10.1007/s00027-019-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems represent a significant natural source of methane (CH4). CH4 produced through anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (OM) in lake sediment and water column can be either oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) by methanotrophic microbes or emitted to the atmosphere. While the role of CH4 oxidation as a CH4 sink is widely accepted, neither the magnitude nor the drivers behind CH4 oxidation are well constrained. In this study, we aimed to gain more specific insight into CH4 oxidation in the water column of a seasonally stratified, typical boreal lake, particularly under hypoxic conditions. We used 13CH4 incubations to determine the active CH4 oxidation sites and the potential CH4 oxidation rates in the water column, and we measured environmental variables that could explain CH4 oxidation in the water column. During hypolimnetic hypoxia, 91% of available CH4 was oxidized in the active CH4 oxidation zone, where the potential CH4 oxidation rates gradually increased from the oxycline to the hypolimnion. Our results showed that in warm springs, which become more frequent, early thermal stratification with cold well-oxygenated hypolimnion delays the period of hypolimnetic hypoxia and limits CH4 production. Thus, the delayed development of hypolimnetic hypoxia may partially counteract the expected increase in the lacustrine CH4 emissions caused by the increasing organic carbon load from forested catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Saarela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J. Rissanen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Ojala
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanni L. Aalto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Jäntti
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Aaltonen H, Palviainen M, Zhou X, Köster E, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Köster K. Temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition after forest fire in Canadian permafrost region. J Environ Manage 2019; 241:637-644. [PMID: 30962006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming in arctic/subarctic ecosystems will result in increased frequency of forest fires, elevated soil temperatures and thawing of permafrost, which have implications for soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition rates, the CO2 emissions and globally significant soil C stocks in this region. It is still unclear how decomposability and temperature sensitivity of SOM varies in different depths and different stages of succession following forest fire in permafrost regions and studies on long term effects of forest fires in these areas are lacking. To study this question, we took soil samples from 5, 10 and 30 cm depths from forest stands in Northwest Canada, underlain by permafrost, that were burnt by wildfire 3, 25 and over 100 years ago. We measured heterotrophic soil respiration at 1, 7, 13 and 19 °C. Fire had a significant effect on the active layer depth, and it increased the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of respiration in the surface (5 cm) and in the deepest soil layer (30 cm) in the 3-year-old area compared to the 25- and more than 100-year-old areas. Also the metabolic quotient (qCO2) of soil microbes was increased after fire. Though fires may facilitate the SOM decomposition by increasing active layer depth, they also decreased SOM quality, which may limit the rate of decomposition. After fire all of these changes reverted back to original levels with forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), Fi-00014, Finland.
| | - Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), Fi-00014, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), Fi-00014, Finland
| | - Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), Fi-00014, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PL 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PL 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), Fi-00014, Finland
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Köster E, Köster K, Berninger F, Prokushkin A, Aaltonen H, Zhou X, Pumpanen J. Changes in fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane caused by fire in Siberian boreal forest with continuous permafrost. J Environ Manage 2018; 228:405-415. [PMID: 30243076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising air temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in boreal ecosystems are changing the fire occurrence regimes (intervals, severity, intensity, etc.). The main impacts of fires are reported to be changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics, vegetation stress, degradation of permafrost, and increased depth of the active layer. Changes in these characteristics influence the dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes. We have studied the changes in CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the soil in boreal forest areas in central Siberia underlain by continuous permafrost and the possible impacts of the aforementioned environmental factors on the emissions of these greenhouse gases. We have used a fire chronosequence of areas, with the last fire occurring 1, 23, 56, and more than 100 years ago. The soils in our study acted as a source of CO2. Emissions of CO2 were lowest at the most recently burned area and increased with forest age throughout the fire chronosequence. The CO2 flux was influenced by the pH of the top 5 cm of the soil, the biomass of the birch (Betula) and alder (Duschekia) trees, and by the biomass of vascular plants in the ground vegetation. Soils were found to be a CH4 sink in all our study areas. The uptake of CH4 was highest in the most recently burned area (forest fire one year ago) and the lowest in the area burned 56 years ago, but the difference between fire chronosequence areas was not significant. According to the linear mixed effect model, none of the tested factors explained the CH4 flux. The results confirm that the impact of a forest fire on CO2 flux is long-lasting in Siberian boreal forests, continuing for more than 50 years, but the impact of forest fire on CH4 flux is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anatoly Prokushkin
- V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Nummi
- Department of Forest Sciences; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Mia Vehkaoja
- Department of Forest Sciences; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 27 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental Science; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Anne Ojala
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences; Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme; University of Helsinki; Niemenkatu 73 15140 Lahti Finland, and
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research; Forest Sciences; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Abaker WE, Berninger F, Saiz G, Pumpanen J, Starr M. Linkages between soil carbon, soil fertility and nitrogen fixation in Acacia senegal plantations of varying age in Sudan. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5232. [PMID: 30018862 PMCID: PMC6044267 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decades sub-Saharan Africa has experienced severe land degradation and food security challenges linked to loss of soil fertility and soil organic matter (SOM), recurrent drought and increasing population. Although primary production in drylands is strictly limited by water availability, nutrient deficiencies, particularly of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are also considered limiting factors for plant growth. It is known that SOM (often measured as soil organic carbon (SOC)) is a key indicator of soil fertility, therefore, management practices that increase SOM contents, such as increasing tree cover, can be expected to improve soil fertility. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Acacia senegal (Senegalia senegal) trees on soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (K) in relation to SOC, the potential of A. senegal for N2 fixation, and to identify possible N and P ecosystem limitations. Methods Soil nutrient (total N, P, K and available P and exchangeable K) concentrations and stocks were determined for the 0–10, 10–20,20–30 and 30–50 cm layers of A. senegal plantations of varying age (ranging from 7 to 24-years-old) and adjacent grasslands (reference) at two sites in semi-arid areas of Sudan. At both sites, three plots were established in each grassland and plantation. The potential of A. senegal for N2 fixation in relation to plantations age was assessed using δ15N isotopic abundances and nutrient limitations assessed using C:N:P stoichiometry. Results Soil concentrations of all studied nutrients were relatively low but were significantly and directly correlated to SOC concentrations. SOC and nutrient concentrations were the highest in the topsoil (0–10 cm) and increased with plantations age. Acacia foliage δ15N values were >6‰ and varied little with plantations age. Soil C:N and C:P ratios did not differ between grassland and plantations and only 0–10 cm layer N:P ratios showed significant differences between grassland and plantations. Discussion The results indicated that soil fertility in the Sahel region is strongly related to SOM contents and therefore highlighting the importance of trees in the landscape. The higher mineral nutrient concentrations in the topsoil of the plantations may be an indication of ‘nutrient uplift’ by the deeper roots. The high foliar δ15N values indicated that N2 fixation was not an important contributor to soil N contents in the plantations. The accretion of soil N cannot be explained by deposition but may be related to inputs of excreted N brought into the area annually by grazing and browsing animals. The soil C:N:P stoichiometry indicated that the plantations may be limited by P and the grasslands limited by N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa E Abaker
- Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gustavo Saiz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry/Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mike Starr
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Köster E, Köster K, Berninger F, Aaltonen H, Zhou X, Pumpanen J. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a fire chronosequence in subarctic boreal forests of Canada. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:895-905. [PMID: 28582735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are one of the most important natural disturbances in boreal forests, and their occurrence and severity are expected to increase as a result of climate warming. A combination of factors induced by fire leads to a thawing of the near-surface permafrost layer in subarctic boreal forest. Earlier studies reported that an increase in the active layer thickness results in higher carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions. We studied changes in CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in this study, and the significance of several environmental factors that influence the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes at three forest sites that last had fires in 2012, 1990 and 1969, and we compared these to a control area that had no fire for at least 100years. The soils in our study acted as sources of CO2 and N2O and sinks for CH4. The elapsed time since the last forest fire was the only factor that significantly influenced all studied GHG fluxes. Soil temperature affected the uptake of CH4, and the N2O fluxes were significantly influenced by nitrogen and carbon content of the soil, and by the active layer depth. Results of our study confirm that the impacts of a forest fire on GHGs last for a rather long period of time in boreal forests, and are influenced by the fire induced changes in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PL 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Gavazov K, Ingrisch J, Hasibeder R, Mills RTE, Buttler A, Gleixner G, Pumpanen J, Bahn M. Winter ecology of a subalpine grassland: Effects of snow removal on soil respiration, microbial structure and function. Sci Total Environ 2017; 590-591:316-324. [PMID: 28279534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal snow cover provides essential insulation for mountain ecosystems, but expected changes in precipitation patterns and snow cover duration due to global warming can influence the activity of soil microbial communities. In turn, these changes have the potential to create new dynamics of soil organic matter cycling. To assess the effects of experimental snow removal and advanced spring conditions on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics, and on the biomass and structure of soil microbial communities, we performed an in situ study in a subalpine grassland in the Austrian Alps, in conjunction with soil incubations under controlled conditions. We found substantial winter C-mineralisation and high accumulation of inorganic and organic N in the topsoil, peaking at snowmelt. Soil microbial biomass doubled under the snow, paralleled by a fivefold increase in its C:N ratio, but no apparent change in its bacteria-dominated community structure. Snow removal led to a series of mild freeze-thaw cycles, which had minor effects on in situ soil CO2 production and N mineralisation. Incubated soil under advanced spring conditions, however, revealed an impaired microbial metabolism shortly after snow removal, characterised by a limited capacity for C-mineralisation of both fresh plant-derived substrates and existing soil organic matter (SOM), leading to reduced priming effects. This effect was transient and the observed recovery in microbial respiration and SOM priming towards the end of the winter season indicated microbial resilience to short-lived freeze-thaw disturbance under field conditions. Bacteria showed a higher potential for uptake of plant-derived C substrates during this recovery phase. The observed temporary loss in microbial C-mineralisation capacity and the promotion of bacteria over fungi can likely impede winter SOM cycling in mountain grasslands under recurrent winter climate change events, with plausible implications for soil nutrient availability and plant-soil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Gavazov
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 98107 Abisko, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert T E Mills
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Buttler
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC, Laboratory of Ecological Systems ECOS, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Site Lausanne, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 16 route de Gray, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Hari P, Aakala T, Aalto J, Bäck J, Hollmén J, Jõgiste K, Koupaei KK, Kähkönen MA, Korpela M, Kulmala L, Nikinmaa E, Pumpanen J, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Schiestl-Aalto P, Simojoki A, Havimo M. Newtonian boreal forest ecology: The Scots pine ecosystem as an example. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177927. [PMID: 28614351 PMCID: PMC5470667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isaac Newton's approach to developing theories in his book Principia Mathematica proceeds in four steps. First, he defines various concepts, second, he formulates axioms utilising the concepts, third, he mathematically analyses the behaviour of the system defined by the concepts and axioms obtaining predictions and fourth, he tests the predictions with measurements. In this study, we formulated our theory of boreal forest ecosystems, called NewtonForest, following the four steps introduced by Newton. The forest ecosystem is a complicated entity and hence we needed altogether 27 concepts to describe the material and energy flows in the metabolism of trees, ground vegetation and microbes in the soil, and to describe the regularities in tree structure. Thirtyfour axioms described the most important features in the behaviour of the forest ecosystem. We utilised numerical simulations in the analysis of the behaviour of the system resulting in clear predictions that could be tested with field data. We collected retrospective time series of diameters and heights for test material from 6 stands in southern Finland and five stands in Estonia. The numerical simulations succeeded to predict the measured diameters and heights, providing clear corroboration with our theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pertti Hari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Hyytiäläntie 124, Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hollmén
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, FI Aalto, Finland
| | - Kalev Jõgiste
- Department of Forest Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kourosh Kabiri Koupaei
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika A. Kähkönen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University Of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Korpela
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, FI Aalto, Finland
| | - Liisa Kulmala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University Of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Hyytiäläntie 124, Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Asko Simojoki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University Of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Havimo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI University of Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, Cescatti A, Wohlfahrt G, Buchmann N, Zhu J, Chen G, Moyano F, Pumpanen J, Hirano T, Takagi K, Merbold L. Effect of climate warming on the annual terrestrial net ecosystem CO 2 exchange globally in the boreal and temperate regions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3108. [PMID: 28596613 PMCID: PMC5465071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The net ecosystem CO2 exchange is the result of the imbalance between the assimilation process (gross primary production, GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE). The aim of this study was to investigate temperature sensitivities of these processes and the effect of climate warming on the annual terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange globally in the boreal and temperate regions. A database of 403 site-years of ecosystem flux data at 101 sites in the world was collected and analyzed. Temperature sensitivities of rates of RE and GPP were quantified with Q 10, defined as the increase of RE (or GPP) rates with a temperature rise of 10 °C. Results showed that on the annual time scale, the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of GPP (Q 10sG ) was higher than or equivalent to the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of RE (Q 10sR ). Q 10sG was negatively correlated to the mean annual temperature (MAT), whereas Q 10sR was independent of MAT. The analysis of the current temperature sensitivities and net ecosystem production suggested that temperature rise might enhance the CO2 sink of terrestrial ecosystems both in the boreal and temperate regions. In addition, ecosystems in these regions with different plant functional types should sequester more CO2 with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Renduo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- Directorate for Sustainable Resources, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, I-21027, Italy
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Juan Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Guanhong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fernando Moyano
- Department of Bioclimatology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takagi
- Northern Forestry and Development Office, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Horonobe, 098-2943, Japan
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitaetsstrasse 2, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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Aaltonen H, Lindén A, Heinonsalo J, Biasi C, Pumpanen J. Effects of prolonged drought stress on Scots pine seedling carbon allocation. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:418-427. [PMID: 27974653 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the number of drought occurrences has been predicted to increase with increasing temperatures, it is believed that boreal forests will become particularly vulnerable to decreased growth and increased tree mortality caused by the hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and vulnerability to pests following these. Although drought-affected trees are known to have stunted growth, as well as increased allocation of carbon to roots, still not enough is known about the ways in which trees can acclimate to drought. We studied how drought stress affects belowground and aboveground carbon dynamics, as well as nitrogen uptake, in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings exposed to prolonged drought. Overall 40 Scots pine seedlings were divided into control and drought treatments over two growing seasons. Seedlings were pulse-labelled with 13CO2 and litter bags containing 15N-labelled root biomass, and these were used to follow nutrient uptake of trees. We determined photosynthesis, biomass distribution, root and rhizosphere respiration, water potential, leaf osmolalities and carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in both treatments. The photosynthetic rate of the drought-induced seedlings did not decrease compared to the control group, the maximum leaf specific photosynthetic rate being 0.058 and 0.045 µmol g-1 s-1 for the drought and control treatments, respectively. The effects of drought were, however, observed as lower water potentials, increased osmolalities as well as decreased growth and greater fine root-to-shoot ratio in the drought-treated seedlings. We also observed improved uptake of labelled nitrogen from soil to needles in the drought-treated seedlings. The results indicate acclimation of seedlings to long-term drought by aiming to retain sufficient water uptake with adequate allocation to roots and root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. The plants seem to control water potential with osmolysis, for which sufficient photosynthetic capability is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Lindén
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Palviainen M, Pumpanen J, Berninger F, Ritala K, Duan B, Heinonsalo J, Sun H, Köster E, Köster K. Nitrogen balance along a northern boreal forest fire chronosequence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174720. [PMID: 28358884 PMCID: PMC5373610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire is a major natural disturbance factor in boreal forests, and the frequency of forest fires is predicted to increase due to climate change. Nitrogen (N) is a key determinant of carbon sequestration in boreal forests because the shortage of N limits tree growth. We studied changes in N pools and fluxes, and the overall N balance across a 155-year non stand-replacing fire chronosequence in sub-arctic Pinus sylvestris forests in Finland. Two years after the fire, total ecosystem N pool was 622 kg ha-1 of which 16% was in the vegetation, 8% in the dead biomass and 76% in the soil. 155 years after the fire, total N pool was 960 kg ha-1, with 27% in the vegetation, 3% in the dead biomass and 69% in the soil. This implies an annual accumulation rate of 2.28 kg ha-1 which was distributed equally between soil and biomass. The observed changes in N pools were consistent with the computed N balance +2.11 kg ha-1 yr-1 over the 155-year post-fire period. Nitrogen deposition was an important component of the N balance. The biological N fixation increased with succession and constituted 9% of the total N input during the 155 post-fire years. N2O fluxes were negligible (≤ 0.01 kg ha-1 yr-1) and did not differ among post-fire age classes. The number and intensity of microbial genes involved in N cycling were lower at the site 60 years after fire compared to the youngest and the oldest sites indicating potential differences in soil N cycling processes. The results suggest that in sub-arctic pine forests, the non-stand-replacing, intermediate-severity fires decrease considerably N pools in biomass but changes in soil and total ecosystem N pools are slight. Current fire-return interval does not seem to pose a great threat to ecosystem productivity and N status in these sub-arctic forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Palviainen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Ritala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Baoli Duan
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chengdu, China
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vanguelova EI, Bonifacio E, De Vos B, Hoosbeek MR, Berger TW, Vesterdal L, Armolaitis K, Celi L, Dinca L, Kjønaas OJ, Pavlenda P, Pumpanen J, Püttsepp Ü, Reidy B, Simončič P, Tobin B, Zhiyanski M. Sources of errors and uncertainties in the assessment of forest soil carbon stocks at different scales-review and recommendations. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:630. [PMID: 27770347 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatially explicit knowledge of recent and past soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests will improve our understanding of the effect of human- and non-human-induced changes on forest C fluxes. For SOC accounting, a minimum detectable difference must be defined in order to adequately determine temporal changes and spatial differences in SOC. This requires sufficiently detailed data to predict SOC stocks at appropriate scales within the required accuracy so that only significant changes are accounted for. When designing sampling campaigns, taking into account factors influencing SOC spatial and temporal distribution (such as soil type, topography, climate and vegetation) are needed to optimise sampling depths and numbers of samples, thereby ensuring that samples accurately reflect the distribution of SOC at a site. Furthermore, the appropriate scales related to the research question need to be defined: profile, plot, forests, catchment, national or wider. Scaling up SOC stocks from point sample to landscape unit is challenging, and thus requires reliable baseline data. Knowledge of the associated uncertainties related to SOC measures at each particular scale and how to reduce them is crucial for assessing SOC stocks with the highest possible accuracy at each scale. This review identifies where potential sources of errors and uncertainties related to forest SOC stock estimation occur at five different scales-sample, profile, plot, landscape/regional and European. Recommendations are also provided on how to reduce forest SOC uncertainties and increase efficiency of SOC assessment at each scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Vanguelova
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, GU10 4LH, UK.
| | - E Bonifacio
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, University of Torino, Via P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - B De Vos
- Environment & Climate Unit, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - M R Hoosbeek
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T W Berger
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K Armolaitis
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu 1, Girionys, LT-53101 Kaunas distr, Lithuania
| | - L Celi
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, University of Torino, Via P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - L Dinca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", Brasov, Romania
| | - O J Kjønaas
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Pb 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - P Pavlenda
- National Forest Centre - Forest Research Institute, T.G. Masaryka 22, 962 92, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - J Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ü Püttsepp
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - B Reidy
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Simončič
- Forest Ecology Department, Slovenian Foresty Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Tobin
- UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Zhiyanski
- Forest Research Institute - BAS 132, "Kl. Ohridski" Blvd., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
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26
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Pumpanen J, Ohashi M, Endo I, Hari P, Bäck J, Kulmala M, Ohte N. (137)Cs distributions in soil and trees in forest ecosystems after the radioactive fallout - Comparison study between southern Finland and Fukushima, Japan. J Environ Radioact 2016; 161:73-81. [PMID: 27158060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima released large amounts of (137)Cs radionuclides into the atmosphere which spread over large forest areas. We compared the (137)Cs concentration distribution in different parts of two coniferous forest ecosystems (needle litter, stems and at different depths in the soil) over short and long term periods in Finland and Japan. We also estimated the change in (137)Cs activity concentrations in needle and soil between 1995 and 2013 in Southern Finland based on the back-calculated (137)Cs activity concentrations. We hypothesized that if the (137)Cs activity concentrations measured in 1995 and 2013 showed a similar decline in concentration, the (137)Cs activity concentration in the ecosystem was already stable in 1995. But if not, the (137)Cs activity concentrations were still changing in 2013. Our results showed that the vertical distribution of the (137)Cs fallout in the soil was similar in Hyytiälä and Fukushima. The highest (137)Cs concentrations were observed in the uppermost surface layers of the soil, and they decreased exponentially deeper in the soil. We also observed that (137)Cs activity concentrations estimated from the samples in 1995 and 2013 in Finland showed different behavior in the surface soil layers compared to the deep soil layer. These results suggested that the (137)Cs nuclei were still mobile in the surface soil layers 27 years after the accident. Our results further indicated that, in the aboveground parts of the trees, the (137)Cs concentrations were much closer to steady-state when compared to those of the surface soil layers based on the estimated declining rates of (137)Cs concentration activity in needles which were similar in 1995 and 2013. Despite its mobility and active role in the metabolism of trees, the (137)Cs remains in the structure of the trees for decades, and there is not much exchange of (137)Cs between the heartwood and surface layers of the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Pumpanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mizue Ohashi
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji City, Hyogo, 670-0092, Japan.
| | - Izuki Endo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Pertti Hari
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Jaana Bäck
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Markku Kulmala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2a, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Nobuhito Ohte
- Biosphere Informatics Laboratory, Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Sun H, Santalahti M, Pumpanen J, Köster K, Berninger F, Raffaello T, Asiegbu FO, Heinonsalo J. Bacterial community structure and function shift across a northern boreal forest fire chronosequence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32411. [PMID: 27573440 PMCID: PMC5004109 DOI: 10.1038/srep32411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microbial responses to fire are likely to change over the course of forest recovery. Investigations on long-term changes in bacterial dynamics following fire are rare. We characterized the soil bacterial communities across three different times post fire in a 2 to 152-year fire chronosequence by Illumina MiSeq sequencing, coupled with a functional gene array (GeoChip). The results showed that the bacterial diversity did not differ between the recently and older burned areas, suggesting a concomitant recovery in the bacterial diversity after fire. The differences in bacterial communities over time were mainly driven by the rare operational taxonomic units (OTUs < 0.1%). Proteobacteria (39%), Acidobacteria (34%) and Actinobacteria (17%) were the most abundant phyla across all sites. Genes involved in C and N cycling pathways were present in all sites showing high redundancy in the gene profiles. However, hierarchical cluster analysis using gene signal intensity revealed that the sites with different fire histories formed separate clusters, suggesting potential differences in maintaining essential biogeochemical soil processes. Soil temperature, pH and water contents were the most important factors in shaping the bacterial community structures and function. This study provides functional insight on the impact of fire disturbance on soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Minna Santalahti
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland.,Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Tommaso Raffaello
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
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Machacova K, Bäck J, Vanhatalo A, Halmeenmäki E, Kolari P, Mammarella I, Pumpanen J, Acosta M, Urban O, Pihlatie M. Pinus sylvestris as a missing source of nitrous oxide and methane in boreal forest. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23410. [PMID: 26997421 PMCID: PMC4800674 DOI: 10.1038/srep23410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boreal forests comprise 73% of the world's coniferous forests. Based on forest floor measurements, they have been considered a significant natural sink of methane (CH4) and a natural source of nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which are important greenhouse gases. However, the role of trees, especially conifers, in ecosystem N2O and CH4 exchange is only poorly understood. We show for the first time that mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees consistently emit N2O and CH4 from both stems and shoots. The shoot fluxes of N2O and CH4 exceeded the stem flux rates by 16 and 41 times, respectively. Moreover, higher stem N2O and CH4 fluxes were observed from wet than from dry areas of the forest. The N2O release from boreal pine forests may thus be underestimated and the uptake of CH4 may be overestimated when ecosystem flux calculations are based solely on forest floor measurements. The contribution of pine trees to the N2O and CH4 exchange of the boreal pine forest seems to increase considerably under high soil water content, thus highlighting the urgent need to include tree-emissions in greenhouse gas emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Machacova
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Elisa Halmeenmäki
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
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Heinonsalo J, Sun H, Santalahti M, Bäcklund K, Hari P, Pumpanen J. Evidences on the Ability of Mycorrhizal Genus Piloderma to Use Organic Nitrogen and Deliver It to Scots Pine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131561. [PMID: 26132469 PMCID: PMC4489387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis has been proposed to link plant photosynthesis and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition through the production of fungal enzymes which promote SOM degradation and nitrogen (N) uptake. However, laboratory and field evidence for the existence of these processes are rare. Piloderma sp., a common ECM genus in boreal forest soil, was chosen as model mycorrhiza for this study. The abundance of Piloderma sp. was studied in root tips and soil over one growing season and in winter. Protease production was measured from ectomycorrhiza and soil solution in the field and pure fungal cultures. We also tested the effect of Piloderma olivaceum on host plant organic N nutrition in the laboratory. The results showed that Piloderma sp. was highly abundant in the field and produced extracellular proteases, which correlated positively with the gross primary production, temperature and soil respiration. In the laboratory, Piloderma olivaceum could improve the ability of Pinus sylvestris L. to utilize N from extragenous proteins. We suggest that ECM fungi, although potentially retaining N in their hyphae, are important in forest C and N cycling due to their ability to access proteinaeous N. As Piloderma sp. abundance appeared to be seasonally highly variable, recycling of fungal-bound N after hyphal death may therefore be of primary importance for the N cycling in boreal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Santalahti
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Bäcklund
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Hari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Du B, Kang H, Pumpanen J, Zhu P, Yin S, Zou Q, Wang Z, Kong F, Liu C. Soil organic carbon stock and chemical composition along an altitude gradient in the Lushan Mountain, subtropical China. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-014-1135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Linkosalo T, Kolari P, Pumpanen J. New decomposition rate functions based on volumetric soil water content for the ROMUL soil organic matter dynamics model. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yvon-Durocher G, Caffrey JM, Cescatti A, Dossena M, Giorgio PD, Gasol JM, Montoya JM, Pumpanen J, Staehr PA, Trimmer M, Woodward G, Allen AP. Reconciling the temperature dependence of respiration across timescales and ecosystem types. Nature 2012; 487:472-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pumpanen J, Heinonsalo J, Rasilo T, Villemot J, Ilvesniemi H. The effects of soil and air temperature on CO2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:724-736. [PMID: 22345325 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil temperature is proposed to affect the photosynthetic rate and carbon allocation in boreal trees through sink limitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on CO(2) exchange, biomass partitioning and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi of boreal tree species. We measured carbon allocation, above- and below-ground CO(2) exchange and the species composition of associated ECM fungi in the rhizosphere of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies K.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings grown in soil maintained at 7-12, 12-15 and 16-22 °C. We found increased root biomass and photosynthetic rate at higher soil temperatures, but simultaneously with photosynthesis rate, higher temperature generally increased soil respiration as well as shoot, and root and rhizosphere respiration. The net CO(2) exchange and seedling biomass did not increase significantly with increasing temperature due to a concomitant increase in carbon assimilation and respiration rates. The 2-month-long growth period in different soil temperatures did not alter the ECM fungi species composition and the below-ground carbon sink strength did not seem to be directly related to ECM biomass and species composition in any of the tree species. Ectomycorrhizal species composition and number of mycorrhiza did not explain the CO(2) exchange results at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Epron D, Bahn M, Derrien D, Lattanzi FA, Pumpanen J, Gessler A, Högberg P, Maillard P, Dannoura M, Gérant D, Buchmann N. Pulse-labelling trees to study carbon allocation dynamics: a review of methods, current knowledge and future prospects. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:776-98. [PMID: 22700544 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulse-labelling of trees with stable or radioactive carbon (C) isotopes offers the unique opportunity to trace the fate of labelled CO(2) into the tree and its release to the soil and the atmosphere. Thus, pulse-labelling enables the quantification of C partitioning in forests and the assessment of the role of partitioning in tree growth, resource acquisition and C sequestration. However, this is associated with challenges as regards the choice of a tracer, the methods of tracing labelled C in tree and soil compartments and the quantitative analysis of C dynamics. Based on data from 47 studies, the rate of transfer differs between broadleaved and coniferous species and decreases as temperature and soil water content decrease. Labelled C is rapidly transferred belowground-within a few days or less-and this transfer is slowed down by drought. Half-lives of labelled C in phloem sap (transfer pool) and in mature leaves (source organs) are short, while those of sink organs (growing tissues, seasonal storage) are longer. (13)C measurements in respiratory efflux at high temporal resolution provide the best estimate of the mean residence times of C in respiratory substrate pools, and the best basis for compartmental modelling. Seasonal C dynamics and allocation patterns indicate that sink strength variations are important drivers for C fluxes. We propose a conceptual model for temperate and boreal trees, which considers the use of recently assimilated C versus stored C. We recommend best practices for designing and analysing pulse-labelling experiments, and identify several topics which we consider of prime importance for future research on C allocation in trees: (i) whole-tree C source-sink relations, (ii) C allocation to secondary metabolism, (iii) responses to environmental change, (iv) effects of seasonality versus phenology in and across biomes, and (v) carbon-nitrogen interactions. Substantial progress is expected from emerging technologies, but the largest challenge remains to carry out in situ whole-tree labelling experiments on mature trees to improve our understanding of the environmental and physiological controls on C allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Epron
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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Vargas R, Baldocchi DD, Bahn M, Hanson PJ, Hosman KP, Kulmala L, Pumpanen J, Yang B. On the multi-temporal correlation between photosynthesis and soil CO2 efflux: reconciling lags and observations. New Phytol 2011; 191:1006-1017. [PMID: 21609333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence of the temporal correlation between photosynthesis and soil CO(2) efflux, no study has so far tested its generality across the growing season at multiple study sites and across several time scales. Here, we used continuous (hourly) data and applied time series analysis (wavelet coherence analysis) to identify temporal correlations and time lags between photosynthesis and soil CO(2) efflux for three forests from different climates and a grassland. Results showed the existence of multi-temporal correlations at time periods that varied between 1 and 16 d during the growing seasons at all study sites. Temporal correlations were strongest at the 1 d time period, with longer time lags for forests relative to the grassland. The multi-temporal correlations were not continuous throughout the growing season, and were weakened when the effect of variations in soil temperature and CO(2) diffusivity on soil CO(2) efflux was taken into account. Multi-temporal correlations between photosynthesis and soil CO(2) efflux exist, and suggest that multiple biophysical drivers (i.e. photosynthesis, soil CO(2) diffusion, temperature) are likely to coexist for the regulation of allocation and transport speed of carbon during a growing season. Future studies should consider the multi-temporal influence of these biophysical drivers to investigate their effect on the transport of carbon through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vargas
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, Mexico
| | - Dennis D Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kevin P Hosman
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Liisa Kulmala
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bai Yang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Bomberg M, Münster U, Pumpanen J, Ilvesniemi H, Heinonsalo J. Archaeal communities in boreal forest tree rhizospheres respond to changing soil temperatures. Microb Ecol 2011; 62:205-217. [PMID: 21394607 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has generally great effects on both the activity and composition of microbial communities in different soils. We tested the impact of soil temperature and three different boreal forest tree species on the archaeal populations in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and mycorrhizosphere. Scots pine, silver birch, and Norway spruce seedlings were grown in forest humus microcosms at three different temperatures, 7-11.5°C (night-day temperature), 12-16°C, and 16-22°C, of which 12-16°C represents the typical mid-summer soil temperature in Finnish forests. RNA and DNA were extracted from indigenous ectomycorrhiza, non-mycorrhizal long roots, and boreal forest humus and tested for the presence of archaea by nested PCR of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling and sequencing. Methanogenic Euryarchaeota belonging to Methanolobus sp. and Methanosaeta sp. were detected on the roots and mycorrhiza. The most commonly detected archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences belonged to group I.1c Crenarchaeota, which are typically found in boreal and alpine forest soils. Interestingly, also one sequence belonging to group I.1b Crenarchaeota was detected from Scots pine mycorrhiza although sequences of this group are usually found in agricultural and forest soils in temperate areas. Tree- and temperature-related shifts in the archaeal population structure were observed. A clear decrease in crenarchaeotal DGGE band number was seen with increasing temperature, and correspondingly, the number of euryarchaeotal DGGE bands, mostly methanogens, increased. The greatest diversity of archaeal DGGE bands was detected in Scots pine roots and mycorrhizas. No archaea were detected from humus samples from microcosms without tree seedling, indicating that the archaea found in the mycorrhizosphere and root systems were dependent on the plant host. The detection of archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences from both RNA and DNA extractions show that the archaeal populations were living and that they may have significant contribution to the methane cycle in boreal forest soil, especially when soil temperatures rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Bomberg
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Vargas R, Baldocchi DD, Allen MF, Bahn M, Black TA, Collins SL, Yuste JC, Hirano T, Jassal RS, Pumpanen J, Tang J. Looking deeper into the soil: biophysical controls and seasonal lags of soil CO2 production and efflux. Ecol Appl 2010; 20:1569-1582. [PMID: 20945760 DOI: 10.1890/09-0693.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We seek to understand how biophysical factors such as soil temperature (Ts), soil moisture (theta), and gross primary production (GPP) influence CO2 fluxes across terrestrial ecosystems. Recent advancements in automated measurements and remote-sensing approaches have provided time series in which lags and relationships among variables can be explored. The purpose of this study is to present new applications of continuous measurements of soil CO2 efflux (F0) and soil CO2 concentrations measurements. Here we explore how variation in Ts, theta, and GPP (derived from NASA's moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer [MODIS]) influence F0 and soil CO2 production (Ps). We focused on seasonal variation and used continuous measurements at a daily timescale across four vegetation types at 13 study sites to quantify: (1) differences in seasonal lags between soil CO2 fluxes and Ts, theta, and GPP and (2) interactions and relationships between CO2 fluxes with Ts, theta, and GPP. Mean annual Ts did not explain annual F0 and Ps among vegetation types, but GPP explained 73% and 30% of the variation, respectively. We found evidence that lags between soil CO2 fluxes and Ts or GPP provide insights into the role of plant phenology and information relevant about possible timing of controls of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes. The influences of biophysical factors that regulate daily F0 and Ps are different among vegetation types, but GPP is a dominant variable for explaining soil CO2 fluxes. The emergence of long-term automated soil CO2 flux measurement networks provides a unique opportunity for extended investigations into F0 and Ps processes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 137 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Rutter N, Essery R, Pomeroy J, Altimir N, Andreadis K, Baker I, Barr A, Bartlett P, Boone A, Deng H, Douville H, Dutra E, Elder K, Ellis C, Feng X, Gelfan A, Goodbody A, Gusev Y, Gustafsson D, Hellström R, Hirabayashi Y, Hirota T, Jonas T, Koren V, Kuragina A, Lettenmaier D, Li WP, Luce C, Martin E, Nasonova O, Pumpanen J, Pyles RD, Samuelsson P, Sandells M, Schädler G, Shmakin A, Smirnova TG, Stähli M, Stöckli R, Strasser U, Su H, Suzuki K, Takata K, Tanaka K, Thompson E, Vesala T, Viterbo P, Wiltshire A, Xia K, Xue Y, Yamazaki T. Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duursma RA, Kolari P, Perämäki M, Nikinmaa E, Hari P, Delzon S, Loustau D, Ilvesniemi H, Pumpanen J, Mäkelä A. Predicting the decline in daily maximum transpiration rate of two pine stands during drought based on constant minimum leaf water potential and plant hydraulic conductance. Tree Physiol 2008; 28:265-276. [PMID: 18055437 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/28.2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of drought on forest water use is often estimated with models, but comprehensive models require many parameters, and simple models may not be sufficiently flexible. Many tree species, Pinus species in particular, have been shown to maintain a constant minimum leaf water potential above the critical threshold for xylem embolism during drought. In such cases, prediction of the relative decline in daily maximum transpiration rate with decreasing soil water content is relatively straightforward. We constructed a soil-plant water flow model assuming constant plant conductance and daily minimum leaf water potential, but variable conductance from soil to root. We tested this model against independent data from two sites: automatic shoot chamber data and sap flow measurements from a boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand; and sap flow measurements from a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stand. To focus on soil limitations to water uptake, we expressed daily maximum transpiration rate relative to the rate that would be obtained in wet soil with similar environmental variables. The comparison was successful, although the maritime pine stand showed carry-over effects of the drought that we could not explain. For the boreal Scots pine stand, daily maximum transpiration was best predicted by water content of soil deeper than 5 cm. A sensitivity analysis revealed that model predictions were relatively insensitive to the minimum leaf water potential, which can be accounted for by the importance of soil resistance of drying soil. We conclude that a model with constant plant conductance and minimum leaf water potential can accurately predict the decline in daily maximum transpiration rate during drought for these two pine stands, and that including further detail about plant compartments would add little predictive power, except in predicting recovery from severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Duursma
- Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Sevanto S, Suni T, Pumpanen J, Grönholm T, Kolari P, Nikinmaa E, Hari P, Vesala T. Wintertime photosynthesis and water uptake in a boreal forest. Tree Physiol 2006; 26:749-57. [PMID: 16510390 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/26.6.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Warm air in combination with frozen soil is a major cause of wintertime drought damage in evergreen plants in subalpine and boreal environments. We analyzed diurnal tree stem diameter variation (SDV), which reflects soil water uptake, canopy-level water vapor flux (Fw), stand photosynthesis (Ps), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil and air temperatures (Ts and T air, respectively) and soil liquid water content (theta) to determine under what conditions photosynthesis is possible in wintertime and how crucial water uptake from soil is for photosynthesis. Measurements were made under field conditions in a Scots pine forest in southern Finland during winter 2002-2003. We found four wintertime periods when there was measurable Ps and SDV, the latter always starting 2-7 days after photosynthesis and both usually ending on the same day. Stand photosynthesis began when T air reached 3-4 degrees C and ended when T air dropped below -7 degrees C. The trees appeared to rely on stored stem water first and started taking up water from the soil a few days later, when the transpirational demand became strong enough. The more difficult it was to access soil water because of low Ts or low theta, the longer the trees used water stored in their stems. Even partial stem freezing did not prevent photosynthesis or soil water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sevanto
- Department of Physical Sciences, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Pumpanen J, Ilvesniemi H, Keronen P, Nissinen A, Pohja T, Vesala T, Hari P. An open chamber system for measuring soil surface CO2efflux: Analysis of error sources related to the chamber system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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