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Qin J, Liu P, Martin AR, Wang W, Lei Y, Li H. Forest carbon storage and sink estimates under different management scenarios in China from 2020 to 2100. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172076. [PMID: 38575021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through carbon storage and sequestration, though environmental change drivers and management scenarios are likely to influence these contributions across multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we employed three tree growth models-the Richard, Hossfeld, and Korf models-that account for the biological characteristics of trees, alongside national forest inventory (NFI) datasets from 1994 to 2018, to evaluate the carbon sink potential of existing forests and afforested regions in China from 2020 to 2100, assuming multiple afforestation and forest management scenarios. Our results indicate that the Richard, Hossfeld, and Korf models provided a good fit for 26 types of vegetation biomass in both natural and planted Chinese forests. These models estimate that in 2020, carbon stocks in existing Chinese forests are 7.62 ± 0.05 Pg C, equivalent to an average of 44.32 ± 0.32 Mg C/ ha. Our predictions then indicate this total forest carbon stock is expected to increase to 15.51 ± 0.99 Pg C (or 72.26 ± 4.6 Mg C/ha) in 2060, and further to 19.59 ± 1.36 Pg C (or 91.31 ± 6.33 Mg C/ha) in 2100. We also show that plantation management measures, namely tree species replacement, would increase carbon sinks to 0.09 Pg C/ year (contributing 38.9 %) in 2030 and 0.06 Pg C/ year (contributing 32.4 %) in 2060. Afforestation using tree species with strong carbon sink capacity in existing plantations would further significantly increase carbon sinks from 0.02 Pg C/year (contributing 10.3 %) in 2030 to 0.06 Pg C/year (contributing 28.2 %) in 2060. Our results quantify the role plantation management plays in providing a strong increase in forest carbon sequestration at national scales, pointing to afforestation with native tree species with high carbon sequestration as key in achieving China's 2060 carbon neutrality target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghuan Qin
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengju Liu
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, Beijing, China.
| | - Adam R Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, Canada.
| | - Weifeng Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuancai Lei
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, Beijing, China.
| | - Haikui Li
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Key Laboratory of Forest Management and Growth Modelling, Beijing, China.
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Raza S, Irshad A, Margenot A, Zamanian K, Li N, Ullah S, Mehmood K, Ajmal Khan M, Siddique N, Zhou J, Mooney SJ, Kurganova I, Zhao X, Kuzyakov Y. Inorganic carbon is overlooked in global soil carbon research: A bibliometric analysis. Geoderma 2024; 443:116831. [PMID: 38533356 PMCID: PMC10961676 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Soils are a major player in the global carbon (C) cycle and climate change by functioning as a sink or a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The largest terrestrial C reservoir in soils comprises two main pools: organic (SOC) and inorganic C (SIC), each having distinct fates and functions but with a large disparity in global research attention. This study quantified global soil C research trends and the proportional focus on SOC and SIC pools based on a bibliometric analysis and raise the importance of SIC pools fully underrepresented in research, applications, and modeling. Studies on soil C pools started in 1905 and has produced over 47,000 publications (>1.7 million citations). Although the global C stocks down to 2 m depth are nearly the same for SOC and SIC, the research has dominantly examined SOC (>96 % of publications and citations) with a minimal share on SIC (<4%). Approximately 40 % of the soil C research was related to climate change. Despite poor coverage and publications, the climate change-related research impact (citations per document) of SIC studies was higher than that of SOC. Mineral associated organic carbon, machine learning, soil health, and biochar were the recent top trend topics for SOC research (2020-2023), whereas digital soil mapping, soil properties, soil acidification, and calcite were recent top trend topics for SIC. SOC research was contributed by 151 countries compared to 88 for SIC. As assessed by publications, soil C research was mainly concentrated in a few countries, with only 9 countries accounting for 70 % of the research. China and the USA were the major producers (45 %), collaborators (37 %), and funders of soil C research. SIC is a long-lived soil C pool with a turnover rate (leaching and recrystallization) of more than 1000 years in natural ecosystems, but intensive agricultural practices have accelerated SIC losses, making SIC an important player in global C cycle and climate change. The lack of attention and investment towards SIC research could jeopardize the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change impacts to meet the 1.5-2.0 °C targets under the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. This bibliographic study calls to expand the research focus on SIC and including SIC fluxes in C budgets and models, without which the representation of the global C cycle is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Raza
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Annie Irshad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Andrew Margenot
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Kazem Zamanian
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
- US Salinity Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Agricultural Water Efficiency and Salinity Research Unit, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Deanship of Library Affairs, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Siddique
- Gad and Birgit Rausing Library, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jianbin Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Kurganova
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo Street, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Raffeld AM, Bradford MA, Jackson RD, Rath D, Sanford GR, Tautges N, Oldfield EE. The importance of accounting method and sampling depth to estimate changes in soil carbon stocks. Carbon Balance Manag 2024; 19:2. [PMID: 38277090 PMCID: PMC10811869 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-024-00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As interest in the voluntary soil carbon market surges, carbon registries have been developing new soil carbon measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols. These protocols are inconsistent in their approaches to measuring soil organic carbon (SOC). Two areas of concern include the type of SOC stock accounting method (fixed-depth (FD) vs. equivalent soil mass (ESM)) and sampling depth requirement. Despite evidence that fixed-depth measurements can result in error because of changes in soil bulk density and that sampling to 30 cm neglects a significant portion of the soil profile's SOC stock, most MRV protocols do not specify which sampling method to use and only require sampling to 30 cm. Using data from UC Davis's Century Experiment ("Century") and UW Madison's Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), we quantify differences in SOC stock changes estimated by FD and ESM over 20 years, investigate how sampling at-depth (> 30 cm) affects SOC stock change estimates, and estimate how crediting outcomes taking an empirical sampling-only crediting approach differ when stocks are calculated using ESM or FD at different depths. RESULTS We find that FD and ESM estimates of stock change can differ by over 100 percent and that, as expected, much of this difference is associated with changes in bulk density in surface soils (e.g., r = 0.90 for Century maize treatments). This led to substantial differences in crediting outcomes between ESM and FD-based stocks, although many treatments did not receive credits due to declines in SOC stocks over time. While increased variability of soils at depth makes it challenging to accurately quantify stocks across the profile, sampling to 60 cm can capture changes in bulk density, potential SOC redistribution, and a larger proportion of the overall SOC stock. CONCLUSIONS ESM accounting and sampling to 60 cm (using multiple depth increments) should be considered best practice when quantifying change in SOC stocks in annual, row crop agroecosystems. For carbon markets, the cost of achieving an accurate estimate of SOC stocks that reflect management impacts on soils at-depth should be reflected in the price of carbon credits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Raffeld
- Environmental Defense Fund, 555 12th Street, Suite 400, Washington, DC, 20004 , USA.
| | - Mark A Bradford
- The Forest School, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, 360 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Randall D Jackson
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Rath
- Natural Resources Defense Council, 1152 15th St NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Gregg R Sanford
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nicole Tautges
- Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, East Troy, WI, PO Box 990, 53120, USA
| | - Emily E Oldfield
- Environmental Defense Fund, 555 12th Street, Suite 400, Washington, DC, 20004 , USA
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Avalos G, Cambronero M, Alvarez-Vergnani C. Divergence in functional traits in seven species of neotropical palms of different forest strata. Oecologia 2023; 203:323-333. [PMID: 37875736 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits are morphological and physiological characteristics that determine growth, reproduction, and survival strategies. The leaf economics spectrum proposes two opposing life history strategies: species with an "acquisitive" strategy grow fast and exploit high-resource environments, while species with a "conservative" strategy emphasize survival and slow growth under low resource conditions. We analyzed intra and interspecific variation in nine functional traits related to biomass allocation and tissue quality in seven Neotropical palm species from understory and canopy strata. We expected that the level of resources of a stratum that a species typically exploits would determine the dominance of either the exploitative or conservative strategy, as well as degree of divergence in functional traits between species. If this is correct, then canopy species will show an acquisitive strategy emphasizing traits targeting a larger size, whereas understory species will show a conservative strategy with traits promoting efficient biomass allocation and survival in the shade. Two principal components (57.22% of the variation) separated palm species into: (a) canopy species whose traits were congruent with the acquisitive strategy and emphasized large size (i.e., diameter, height, carbon content, and leaf area), and (b) understory species whose traits were associated with efficient biomass allocation (i.e., dry mass fraction -DMF- and tissue density). As we unravel the variation in functional traits in palms, which make up a substantial proportion of the tropical flora, we gain a deeper understanding of how plants adapt to environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Avalos
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Ecological Resilience Studies, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 534G, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA.
| | - Milena Cambronero
- The School for Field Studies, Center for Ecological Resilience Studies, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 534G, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA
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5
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Ørberg SB, Duarte CM, Geraldi NR, Sejr MK, Wegeberg S, Hansen JLS, Krause-Jensen D. Prevalent fingerprint of marine macroalgae in arctic surface sediments. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165507. [PMID: 37442464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal forests export much of their production, partly supporting food webs and carbon stocks beyond their habitat, but evidence of their contribution in sediment carbon stocks is poor. We test the hypothesis that macroalgae contribute to carbon stocks in arctic marine sediments. We used environmental DNA (eDNA) fingerprinting on a large-scale set of surface sediment samples from Greenland and Svalbard. We evaluated eDNA results by comparing with traditional survey and tracer methods. The eDNA-based survey identified macroalgae in 94 % of the sediment samples covering shallow nearshore areas to 1460 m depth and 350 km offshore, with highest sequence abundance nearshore and with dominance of brown macroalgae. Overall, the eDNA results reflected the potential source communities of macroalgae and eelgrass assessed by traditional surveys, with the most abundant orders being common among different methods. A stable isotope analysis showed a considerable contribution from macroalgae in sediments although with high uncertainty, highlighting eDNA as a great improvement and supplement for documenting macroalgae as a contributor to sediment carbon stocks. Conclusively, we provide evidence for a prevalent contribution of macroalgal forests in arctic surface sediments, nearshore as well as offshore, identifying brown algae as main contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Ørberg
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center and Computational Bioscience Research Center, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mikael K Sejr
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Susse Wegeberg
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen L S Hansen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Silva LJD, Oliveira DMDS, Nóbrega GN, Barbosa RI, Cordeiro RC. Pyrogenic carbon stocks and its spatial variability in soils from savanna-forest ecotone in amazon. J Environ Manage 2023; 340:117980. [PMID: 37121000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest fragments from Amazon are important long-term carbon (C) reservoirs with an essential role in the global C balance. They are often impacted by understory fires, deforestation, selective logging and livestock. Forest fires convert soil organic matter into pyrogenic carbon (PyC), but little is known about its distribution and accumulation along the soil profile. Thus, the objective of this study is to estimate the refractory carbon stocks derived from PyC accumulated in the soil vertical profile of different seasonal forest fragments in the Amazon. Sixty-nine soil cores (1 m deep) were collected in 12 forest fragments of different sizes considering edge and interior gradients. The mean total organic C (TOC) and PyC contents for the edge and interior gradients were 0.84% and 0.009%, respectively. The PyC/TOC ratio ranged from 0.53% to 1.78%, with an average of 1.32% and increasing in depth, being low when compared with other studies, where the contribution of PyC to TOC ranges from 1 to 9%. PyC stocks on the edge (1.04 ± 0.04 Mg ha-1) differed significantly from the interior (1.46 ± 0.03 Mg ha-1). The analyzed forest fragments presented a weighted PyC stock of 1.37 ± 0.65 Mg ha-1. The vertical distribution of PyC declined in depth with 70% of PyC concentrated in the surface soil layers (0-30 cm). These results indicate that the PyC accumulated in the vertical profile of soils in forest fragments in Amazonia are important, and they need to be considered in Brazilian and global reports on carbon stocks and fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libério Junio da Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal of Viçosa University - Campus Florestal, Road LMG 818 Km 06, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil.
| | - Dener Márcio da Silva Oliveira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal of Viçosa University - Campus Florestal, Road LMG 818 Km 06, Florestal, MG, 35690-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nuto Nóbrega
- Department of Soil Sciences (DSC), College of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, CE, 60356-001, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Imbrózio Barbosa
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, Roraima Office (NPRR), National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), Rua Coronel Pinto 315, 69301-150, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
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Murdiyarso D, Krisnawati H, Adinugroho WC, Sasmito SD. Deriving emission factors for mangrove blue carbon ecosystem in Indonesia. Carbon Balance Manag 2023; 18:12. [PMID: 37439912 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-023-00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using 'higher-tier' emission factors in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is essential to improve quality and accuracy when reporting carbon emissions and removals. Here we systematically reviewed 736 data across 249 sites (published 2003-2020) to derive emission factors associated with land-use change in Indonesian mangroves blue carbon ecosystems. RESULTS Four management regimes-aquaculture, degraded mangrove, regenerated mangrove and undisturbed mangrove-gave mean total ecosystem carbon stocks of 579, 717, 890, and 1061 Mg C ha-1 respectively. The largest biomass carbon stocks were found in undisturbed mangrove; followed by regenerated mangrove, degraded mangrove, and aquaculture. Top 100-cm soil carbon stocks were similar across regimes, ranging between 216 and 296 Mg C ha-1. Carbon stocks between 0 and 300 cm varied significantly; the highest values were found in undisturbed mangrove (916 Mg C ha-1), followed by regenerated mangrove (803 Mg C ha-1), degraded mangrove 666 Mg C ha-1), and aquaculture (562 Mg C ha-1). CONCLUSIONS Using deep layer (e.g., 300 cm) soil carbon stocks would compensate for the underestimation of surface soil carbon removed from areas where aquaculture is widely practised. From a project perspective, deep layer data could secure permanence or buffer potential leakages. From a national GHG accounting perspective, it also provides a safeguard in the MRV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research - World Agroforestry, Jl. CIFOR, Situgede, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia.
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Haruni Krisnawati
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu C Adinugroho
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sigit D Sasmito
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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Shen G, Lan T, Deng S, Wang Y, Xu W, Xie Z. Giant panda-focused conservation has limited value in maintaining biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Sci Total Environ 2023; 880:163186. [PMID: 37028677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity and climate are interconnected through carbon. Drivers of climate change and biodiversity loss interact in complex ways to produce outcomes that may be synergistic, and biodiversity loss and climate change reinforce each other. Prioritizing the conservation of flagship and umbrella species is often used as a surrogate strategy for broader conservation goals, but it is unclear whether these efforts truly benefit biodiversity and carbon stocks. Conservation of the giant panda offers a paradigm to test these assumptions. Here, using the benchmark estimates of ecosystem carbon stocks and species richness, we investigated the relationships among the giant panda, biodiversity, and carbon stocks and assessed the implications of giant panda conservation for biodiversity and carbon-focused conservation efforts. We found that giant panda density and species richness were significantly positively correlated, while no correlation was found between giant panda density and soil carbon or total carbon density. The established nature reserves protect 26 % of the giant panda conservation region, but these areas contain <21 % of the ranges of other species and <21 % of total carbon stocks. More seriously, giant panda habitats are still facing high risks of habitat fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation is negatively correlated with giant panda density, species richness, and total carbon density. The ongoing giant panda habitat fragmentation is likely to cause an additional 12.24 Tg C of carbon emissions over 30 years. Thus, giant panda-focused conservation efforts have effectively prevented giant panda extinction but have been less effective in maintaining biodiversity and high‑carbon ecosystems. It is urgent for China to contribute to the development of an effective and representative national park system that integrates climate change issues into national biodiversity strategies and vice versa in dealing with the dual environmental challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change under a post-2020 framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Tang D, Liu X, Xia Z, Hou J, Yang X, Li P, Yuan X. Sources of organic matter and carbon stocks in two mangrove sediment cores and surface sediment samples from Qinglan Bay, China. Sci Total Environ 2023:164897. [PMID: 37329915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbon stocks (Corg stocks) in mangrove sediments and the distribution and source changes of sedimented organic matter in Qinglan Bay are not understood as the mangrove forests decrease. In this paper, we collected two sediment cores in the interior mangrove and 37 surface sediment samples from mangrove-fringe, tidal flat and subtidal habitats and then analysed the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and the stable organic carbon isotope (δ13C) and nitrogen isotope (δ15N) in the sediment samples to obtain the organic matter sources and carbon stocks in two different mangrove sediment cores from Qinglan Bay. The δ13C and TOC/TN values showed that mangrove plants and algae were the main sources of organic matter. Relatively high contributions of mangrove plants (>50 %) were distributed in the mangrove areas in Wenchang estuary, the northern region of Bamen Bay and the eastern side of the Qinglan tidal inlet. The enriched δ15N values might be related to anthropogenic nutrient inputs, including increased aquaculture wastewater, human sewage and ship wastewater. The Corg stocks in cores Z02 and Z03 were 357.79 Mg C ha-1 and 265.78 Mg C ha-1, respectively. This Corg stock difference might have been related to the salinity and the benthos activities. The high Corg stock values measured in Qinglan Bay were caused by the mangrove maturity and stand age. The total Corg storage of the mangrove ecosystem in Qinglan Bay was estimated to be approximately 263.93 Gg C. This study contributes to organic carbon stocks and sources of sedimented organic matter in global mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Tang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, 511458, China; National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Marine Environmental Engineering Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhen Xia
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jianmei Hou
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Pingyuan Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 511458, China; National Engineering Research Center of Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou 511458, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
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Begy RC, Savin CF, Ruskál A. Recent carbon sequestration dynamics in four temperate SE European peatlands using 210Pb dating. J Environ Radioact 2023; 264:107208. [PMID: 37245402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The last two centuries' anthropogenically-accelerated climatic changes and elevated atmospheric levels of CO2 are influencing the recent carbon sequestration dynamics of peatlands, resulting in high variations of growth rates, and a general ascending trend in apparent carbon accumulation rates. In the present work, 210Pb high-resolution chronologies and 137Cs alternative markers were employed to study the recent carbon-related peat properties and their evolution throughout the last two centuries in four Sphagnum-dominated bogs in SE Europe (Romania). The results revealed a recent apparent carbon accumulation rate ranging from 9.5 to 437.5 g C m-2 yr-1, with a mean value of 144 ± 90.1 g C m-2 yr-1, that yielded an average increase of 18.25% of the rate from 1950 to the present period, suggesting an enhanced contemporaneous C uptake and storage in the peatlands. The mean C storage per unit area was 17.6 ± 7.6 kg C m-2. The periods of decreased peat growth rates were identified and attributed to significant drought events at the regional scale. The results found in the present study confirm the observations and trends remarked by other researchers in the literature, and further reinforce the relevance of studying recent carbon dynamics in peatland ecosystems. The obtained 210Pb chronologies were validated by 137Cs markers, highlighting the suitability of this technique for peat profile dating.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Cs Begy
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania; Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, 400271, Romania
| | - C-F Savin
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania.
| | - A Ruskál
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania; Department of Geology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania
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11
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Righi CA, de Oliveira Risante AP, Packer AP, do Couto HTZ. Biodiversity and biomass relationships in a cerrado stricto sensu in Southeastern Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:492. [PMID: 36943528 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation accounts for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. In Brazil, deforestation represents ~ 70% of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions. Among the main deforested vegetation, Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) occupies a prominent position as it is the second biggest biome in Brazil. Despite its importance, there are still few estimates of above and belowground biomass of Cerrado vegetation encompassing its structural and spatial complexity. Also, Cerrado holds a specific biodiversity that is normally undervalued and which is being lost in the fires of agricultural fronts. In this context, this study aimed to verify the relationship of the existing flora biodiversity in a cerrado stricto sensu with its aboveground biomass and carbon stocks. The possibility of a relationship between fine root mass and soil organic carbon content was also verified. The study area presented a total of 67 species and 798 trees (average: 1596 trees ha-1). The mean total aboveground biomass and carbon stocks were 77.08 Mg ha-1 and 38.54 Mg ha-1 respectively. Soil organic carbon stock (0-30 cm) was 8.51 Mg ha-1 whereas fine roots were 1.637 Mg ha-1. Total aboveground biomass presented a highly significant asymptotic relationship with biodiversity demonstrating its importance in reaching high biomass accumulation. A significant relationship between soil organic carbon content and fine root biomass was found making easier belowground biomass estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Abbud Righi
- Department of Forestry Science, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz,", University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, P. O. Box 09, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira Risante
- Department of Forestry Science, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz,", University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, P. O. Box 09, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Packer
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Meio-Ambiente, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Rodovia SP-340 - Km 127.5Tanquinho Velho, P. O. Box 69, CEP 13820-000, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto
- Department of Forestry Science, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz,", University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, P. O. Box 09, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Xu M, Sun C, Du Z, Zhu X. Impacts of aquaculture on the area and soil carbon stocks of mangrove: A machine learning study in China. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160173. [PMID: 36400303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove is an important carbon sink, as it can achieve climate regulation by sequestering carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, 50 % of mangrove species are threatened with extinction in China, and the carbon stocks in vegetation has also dropped by 53.1 %. Here, we couple remote sensing data with Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, and XGBoost to analyse mangroves in mainland China from 1986 to 2019. We find that aquaculture has crucial impacts on mangroves and prediction error. Future predictions indicate that the changes of mangroves in different cities range from -5.09E+06 m2 to 2.30E+06 m2, and soil carbon(C) stocks is "-1.90E+05 Mg ~ 8.57E+04 Mg". To protect mangroves, exploring the balance between aquaculture and mangroves and paying attention to the sustainable transformation of aquaculture are urgently required. In this way, mangroves can fully play the role of carbon sequestration and contribute to China's dual carbon goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Chuanwang Sun
- China Center for Energy Economics Research, School of Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China; Laboratory of Smart Energy and Green Economy, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhili Du
- School of Management, China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Xudong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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13
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Wang S, Wang Z, Heinonsalo J, Zhang Y, Liu G. Soil organic carbon stocks and dynamics in a mollisol region: A 1980s-2010s study. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150910. [PMID: 34653449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mollisols are globally distributed in grain-producing regions, and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in mollisol regions are closely related to food security. Regional climate, land use and cover, and field management practice have massively changed since the 1980s in mollisol region in Northeast China, however, the dynamics of topsoil and profile SOC stocks and their distribution have not updated. To explore the dynamics of SOC stocks and their horizontal and vertical distributions in the 1980s-2010s, we took the mollisol region in Northeast China as an example location to conduct profile-scale soil surveys. The in situ surveys indicated that the topsoil SOC stock (0-20 cm) remained relatively stable throughout the 1980s, 2000s, and 2010s, and was 57.3 ± 5.5, 58.2 ± 3.3, and 57.4 ± 4.4 t C ha-1, respectively. The average profile SOC stock (1 m) increased from 148.9 ± 18.5 t C ha-1 in the 1980s to 162.0 ± 14.0 t C ha-1 in the 2010s. A slowdown in land reclamation and implementation of conservation tillage helped maintain and restore SOC stocks. Although the overall SOC stock tended to accumulate, the study area suffered an increasingly unbalanced redistribution of SOC related to severe soil erosion. Soil particles and SOC at erosional positions such as backslope were stripped from the soil surface, leading to attenuated soil thickness and SOC stock; SOC-rich sediment accumulated and was buried at depositional positions, especially at the foot-slope, increasing the soil thickness and SOC stock. These results confirmed that not only the total SOC stock, but also changes in SOC spatial distribution deserve great attention. This study provides a platform to examine and modify the simulation effectiveness of carbon-cycling models, as well as solid foundations for optimal global mollisols management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichu Wang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuanxia Zhang
- Linyi Baishabu Middle School, Wenhua Road, Linyi 276035, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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Betemariyam M, Kefalew T. Carbon stock estimation of mixed-age date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) farms in northeastern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08844. [PMID: 35128115 PMCID: PMC8810365 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a fruit tree that grows from 392 to 1500 m above sea level. In addition to their socioeconomic, traditional, and religious value, it is a tree that tolerates high temperatures, drought, and salinity better than many other fruit crop plant species and plays an important role in the balancing and sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Date palm has been cultivated by agro pastoralists in Northeastern Ethiopia since ancient times, but no research has been done on the carbon stock of date palm farms (DPF) in the region. Therefore, the focus of the current study was to examine the carbon storage capacity in the biomass and soil of a DPF in the Aysaita and Afambo Districts of Northeastern Ethiopia. The ages of recorded date palm on the plot were classified into three age classes using information collected from the farm owners: 1st age class (for plantations less than 10 years), 2nd age class (for plantations between 10 and 20 years), and 3rd age class (for plantations older than 20 years). In the DPF, 45 main plots (20 m × 20 m) were established for tree species inventory. In the main plots, three 1 m × 1 m subplots were set up to collect soil samples. A total of 360 soil samples were collected; 180 for soil organic carbon fraction analysis and 180 for bulk density determination. The total carbon stock was calculated by adding the carbon stocks in biomass and soil (0–60 cm depth). Date palm trees accounted for 98.79% of total biomass carbon stocks in the date palm farm. The average aboveground biomass carbon stock of date palm trees older than 20 years was 1.55 and 1.36 times higher than the first and second age classes, respectively. Date palm trees between the ages of 5 and 20 years contributed 69.45% of total biomass carbon stocks (Mg C ha−1). Soil organic carbon made for 32.9% of total carbon stocks. Our research found that the date palm farm of this study would contribute to emission reduction and carbon sink enhancement, as well as improving local livelihoods in the study area. The highest numbers of date palm trees were found in the 10–20 age class among the available date palms. Date palm trees older than 20 years had a mean aboveground biomass carbon stock of 159.50 kg/plant. The SOC was accounted for 32.9% of total carbon stocks. The total carbon stock of the DPF was 82.3 Mg C ha−1.
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Kayo C, Kalt G, Tsunetsugu Y, Hashimoto S, Komata H, Noda R, Oka H. The default methods in the 2019 Refinement drastically reduce estimates of global carbon sinks of harvested wood products. Carbon Balance Manag 2021; 16:37. [PMID: 34897551 PMCID: PMC8666044 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stock dynamics of harvested wood products (HWPs) are a relevant component of anthropogenic carbon cycles. Generally, HWP stock increases are treated as carbon removals from the atmosphere, while stock decreases are considered emissions. Among the different approaches suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for accounting HWPs in national greenhouse gas inventories, the production approach has been established as the common approach under the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. However, the 24th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided that alternative approaches can also be used. The IPCC has published guidelines for estimating HWP carbon stocks and default parameters for the various approaches in the 2006 Guidelines, 2013 Guidance, and 2019 Refinement. Although there are significant differences among the default methods in the three IPCC guidelines, no studies have systematically quantified or compared the results from the different guidelines on a global scale. This study quantifies the HWP stock dynamics and corresponding carbon removals/emissions under each approach based on the default methods presented in each guideline for 235 individual countries/regions. RESULTS We identified relatively good consistency in carbon stocks/removals between the stock-change and the atmospheric flow approaches at a global level. Under both approaches, the methodological and parameter updates in the 2019 Refinement (e.g., considered HWPs, starting year for carbon stocks, and conversion factors) resulted in one-third reduction in carbon removals compared to the 2006 Guidelines. The production approach leads to a systematic underestimation of global carbon stocks and removals because it confines accounting to products derived from domestic harvests and uses the share of domestic feedstock for accounting. The 2013 Guidance and the 2019 Refinement reduce the estimated global carbon removals under the production approach by 15% and 45% (2018), respectively, compared to the 2006 Guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Gradual refinements in the IPCC default methods have a considerably higher impact on global estimates of HWP carbon stocks and removals than the differences in accounting approaches. The methodological improvements in the 2019 Refinement halve the global HWP carbon removals estimated in the former version, the 2006 Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kayo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Gerald Kalt
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuko Tsunetsugu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Seiji Hashimoto
- College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Komata
- Forest Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 1-10 Nishikagura, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-0198 Japan
| | - Ryu Noda
- Institute of Wood Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 11-1 Kaieizaka, Noshiro, Akita 016-0876 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Oka
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686 Japan
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16
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Venter ZS, Hawkins HJ, Cramer MD, Mills AJ. Mapping soil organic carbon stocks and trends with satellite-driven high resolution maps over South Africa. Sci Total Environ 2021; 771:145384. [PMID: 33540160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estimation and monitoring of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is important for maintaining soil productivity and meeting climate change mitigation targets. Current global SOC maps do not provide enough detail for landscape-scale decision making, and do not allow for tracking carbon sequestration or loss over time. Using an optical satellite-driven machine learning workflow, we mapped SOC stocks (topsoil; 0 to 30 cm) under natural vegetation (86% of land area) over South Africa at 30 m spatial resolution between 1984 and 2019. We estimate a total topsoil SOC stock of 5.6 Pg C with a median SOC density of 6 kg C m-2 (IQR: interquartile range 2.9 kg C m-2). Over 35 years, predicted SOC underwent a net increase of 0.3% (relative to long-term mean) with the greatest net increases (1.7%) and decreases (-0.6%) occurring in the Grassland and Nama Karoo biomes, respectively. At the landscape scale, SOC changes of up to 25% were evident in some locations, as evidenced from fence-line contrasts, and were likely due to local management effects (e.g. woody encroachment associated with increased SOC and overgrazing associated with decreased SOC). Our SOC mapping approach exhibited lower uncertainty (R2 = 0.64; RMSE = 2.5 kg C m-2) and less bias compared to previous low-resolution (250-1000 m) national SOC mapping efforts (average R2 = 0.24; RMSE = 3.7 kg C m-2). Our trend map remains an estimate, pending repeated measures of soil samples in the same location (time-series); a global priority for tracking SOC changes. While high resolution SOC maps can inform land management decisions aimed at climate mitigation (natural climate solutions), potential increases in SOC are likely limited by local climate and soils. It is also important that climate mitigation efforts such as planting trees balance trade-offs between carbon, biodiversity and overall ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zander S Venter
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, 0349 Oslo, Norway; ZSV Consulting, Unit 104, Sunstone, Ruby Estate, Marquise Drive, Burgundy Estate, South Africa.
| | - Heidi-Jayne Hawkins
- Conservation South Africa, 301 Heritage House, 20 Dreyer Street, 7735, Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, 7701, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael D Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, 7701, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Mills
- C4 EcoSolutions, 18 Gerrie Avenue, Dennendal, 7945 Cape Town, South Africa
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Jaquetti RK, Gonçalves JFC. Data on the effects of fertilization on growth rates, biomass allocation, carbohydrates and nutrients of nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing tree legumes during tropical forest restoration. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:153. [PMID: 33883007 PMCID: PMC8058989 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tree legume species play an important role in forest restoration in the tropics. Understanding how different species adjust carbohydrate allocation and growth under distinct nutrient availability will enhance the success of restoring degraded areas. DATA DESCRIPTION A 2-year tropical forest plantation of the Forest Restoration Program of the Balbina Hydropower Dam was evaluated. Three non-N-fixing (Cenostigma tocantinum, Dipteryx odorata and Senna reticulata) and three N-fixing (Clitoria fairchildiana, Inga edulis and Acacia spp.) tree legume species were either fertilized or not fertilized. Growth rates and biomass allocation were calculated, and carbon (C) fractions and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations were determined. Multiple nutrient additions increased the growth rates and aboveground biomass production of fertilized plants. According to the results presented, different species and N- fixers respond differently to fertilization regimes. The authors encourage the use of the presented data in meta-analysis studies that consider the fertilization or nutrient deficiency effects on growth, carbohydrate and nutrient responses. N-fixing species with high biomass growth and foliar N are important for restoring N and C cycles in nutrient-limited soils. Fertilization treatments are fundamental during the early stages of forest plantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto K Jaquetti
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research-INPA, Ave. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil.
| | - José Francisco C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research-INPA, Ave. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
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Senger DF, Saavedra Hortua DA, Engel S, Schnurawa M, Moosdorf N, Gillis LG. Impacts of wetland dieback on carbon dynamics: A comparison between intact and degraded mangroves. Sci Total Environ 2021; 753:141817. [PMID: 32891992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are effective blue carbon sinks and are the most carbon rich ecosystems on earth. However, their areal extent has declined by over one-third in recent decades. Degraded mangrove forests result in reduced carbon captured and lead to release of stored carbon into the atmosphere by CO2 emission. The aim of this study was to assess changes in carbon dynamics in a gradually degrading mangrove forest on Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Remote sensing techniques were applied to estimate the distribution of intact and degraded mangroves. Forest structure, sediment carbon storage, sediment CO2 effluxes and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon in pore and surface waters across intact and degraded parts were assessed. On average intact mangroves showed 31% sediment organic carbon in the upper 30 cm compared to 20% in degraded mangrove areas. A loss of 1.51 MgCO2 ha-1 yr-1 for degraded sites was calculated. Water samples showed a hypersaline environment in the degraded mangrove area averaging 93 which may have caused mangrove dieback. Sediment CO2 efflux within degraded sites was lower than values from other studies where degradation was caused by clearing or cutting, giving new insights into carbon dynamics in slowly degrading mangrove systems. Results of water samples agreed with previous studies where inorganic carbon outwelled from mangroves might enhance ecosystem connectivity by potentially buffering ocean acidification locally. Wetlands will be impacted by a variety of stressors resulting from a changing climate. Results from this study could inform scientists and stakeholders on how combined stresses, such as climate change with salinity intrusion may impact mangrove's blue carbon sink potential and highlight the need of future comparative studies of intact versus degraded mangrove stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Senger
- University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | | | - S Engel
- Stichting Nationale Parken Bonaire - STINAPA, P.O. BOX 368, Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean, the Netherlands
| | | | - N Moosdorf
- Leibniz Center for Marine Tropical Research - ZMT, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Kiel University, Institute of Geosciences, Kiel, Germany
| | - L G Gillis
- Leibniz Center for Marine Tropical Research - ZMT, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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19
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Ruiz F, Cherubin MR, Ferreira TO. Soil quality assessment of constructed Technosols: Towards the validation of a promising strategy for land reclamation, waste management and the recovery of soil functions. J Environ Manage 2020; 276:111344. [PMID: 32932070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mine reclamation has long relied on reusing topsoil to mitigate mining impacts but recently constructed soils (i.e., Technosols) have emerged as novel technologies for restoring post mining landscapes. However, their success depends on their ability to sustain soil functions. To assess the efficiency of a limestone mine reclamation, we measured the soil quality (SQ) of a three- (SC3) and seven-year-old (SC7) Technosol under sugarcane, and one 20-year-old (P20) Technosol under pasture, constructed with limestone spoil in southeastern Brazil. Soil chemical, physical, and biological attributes were evaluated and compared with those of an adjacent natural soil (NS; Rhodic Lixisol). We also tested the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) for assessing the SQ of the studied soils. SMAF was suitable to detect SQ changes over the years of reclamation. After three and seven years under sugarcane cultivation, the Technosols showed similar SQ indexes (= 0.70 and 0.67) to that of the native soil (SQ = 0.69), whereas after 20 years under pasture the SQ (= 0.88) of P20 was superior to that of NS. Overall, the Technosols recovered most of the ecosystem services expected for healthy soils, especially in P20, where carbon stocks were 2.7 times higher than in NS (82.1 vs 30.35 Mg C ha-1). We highlight the importance of using soil quality assessment tools, such as SMAF, in mine reclamation. In summary, Technosols from limestone wastes could restore basic soil functions under tropical environmental conditions within only 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture / University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Maurício Roberto Cherubin
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture / University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Osório Ferreira
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture / University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil.
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20
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Cowley KL, Fryirs KA. Forgotten peatlands of eastern Australia: An unaccounted carbon capture and storage system. Sci Total Environ 2020; 730:139067. [PMID: 32388379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a carbon-constrained world, global peatlands are vital carbon capture and storage systems. Here we calculate regional carbon stocks, sequestration rates and potential carbon emissions of Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone (THPSS) found in low order headwater streams in eastern Australia. We find that total carbon stocks within THPSS in two regions are 25 Mt CO2 eq. with annual carbon sequestration rates at 60.5 kt CO2 eq. A risk assessment model, based on anthropogenic activities known to impair the carbon storage functions of THPSS is used to identify swamps most at risk of carbon loss. Potential CO2 emissions from at risk swamps could be up to 8.6 Mt CO2 eq. When carbon stock is valued at the current carbon abatement price of $AUD16.10 t-1 CO2 eq, the total value of THPSS is over AUD$404 million dollars (US$281 million). This makes a strong economic case for the implementation of sustainable swamp conservation and restoration activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Cowley
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kirstie A Fryirs
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Gouvêa LP, Assis J, Gurgel CFD, Serrão EA, Silveira TCL, Santos R, Duarte CM, Peres LMC, Carvalho VF, Batista M, Bastos E, Sissini MN, Horta PA. Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 729:138745. [PMID: 32498159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine climate change mitigation initiatives have recently attracted a great deal of interest in the role of natural carbon sinks, particularly on coastal systems. Brown seaweeds of the genus Sargassum are the largest canopy-forming algae in tropical and subtropical environments, with a wide global distribution on rocky reefs and as floating stands. Because these algae present high amounts of biomass, we suggest their contribution is relevant for global carbon stocks and consequently for mitigating climate change as CO2 remover. We modelled global distributions and quantified carbon stocks as above-ground biomass (AGB) with machine learning algorithms and climate data. Sargassum AGB totaled 13.1 Pg C at the global scale, which is a significant amount of carbon, comparable to other key marine ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, salt marshes and seagrass meadows. However, specific techniques related to bloom production and management, or the utilization of biomass for biomaterials, should be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane P Gouvêa
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Assis
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carlos F D Gurgel
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ester A Serrão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Thiago C L Silveira
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rui Santos
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leticia M C Peres
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Carvalho
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Manuela Batista
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bastos
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina N Sissini
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Wakelin SJ, Searles N, Lawrence D, Paul TSH. Estimating New Zealand's harvested wood products carbon stocks and stock changes. Carbon Balance Manag 2020; 15:10. [PMID: 32440735 PMCID: PMC7243304 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-020-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions through conserving existing forest carbon stocks and encouraging additional uptake of carbon in existing and new forests have become important climate change mitigation tools. The contribution of harvested wood products (HWPs) to increasing carbon uptake has been recognised and approaches to quantifying this pool developed. In New Zealand, harvesting has more than doubled since 1990 while log exports have increased by a factor of 11 due to past afforestation and comparatively little expansion in domestic processing. This paper documents New Zealand's application of the IPCC approaches for reporting contributions of the HWP pool to net emissions, in order to meet international greenhouse gas inventory reporting requirements. We examine the implications of the different approaches and assumptions used in calculating the HWP contribution and highlight model limitations. RESULTS Choice of system boundary has a large impact for a country with a small domestic market and significant HWP exports. Under the Production approach used for New Zealand's greenhouse gas inventory reporting, stock changes in planted forests and in HWPs both rank highly as key categories. The contribution from HWPs is even greater under the Atmospheric Flow approach, because emissions from exported HWPs are not included. Conversely the Stock Change approach minimises the contribution of HWPs because the domestic market is small. The use of country-specific data to backfill the time series from 1900 to 1960 has little impact but using country-specific parameters in place of IPCC defaults results in a smaller HWP sink for New Zealand. This is because of the dominance of plantation forestry based on a softwood mainly used in relatively short-lived products. CONCLUSIONS The NZ HWP Model currently meets international inventory reporting requirements. Further disaggregation of the semi-finished HWP end uses both within New Zealand and in export markets is required to improve accuracy. Product end-uses and lifespans need to be continually assessed to capture changes. More extensive analyses that include the benefits of avoided emissions through product substitution and life cycle emissions from the forestry sector are required to fully assess the contribution of forests and forest products to climate change mitigation and a low emissions future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Wakelin
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Rotorua, New Zealand.
| | - Nigel Searles
- New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Lawrence
- New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas S H Paul
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited, Rotorua, New Zealand
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23
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Herrera-Silveira JA, Pech-Cardenas MA, Morales-Ojeda SM, Cinco-Castro S, Camacho-Rico A, Caamal Sosa JP, Mendoza-Martinez JE, Pech-Poot EY, Montero J, Teutli-Hernandez C. Blue carbon of Mexico, carbon stocks and fluxes: a systematic review. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8790. [PMID: 32292646 PMCID: PMC7144590 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico has more than 750,000 ha of mangroves and more than 400,000 ha of seagrasses. However, approximately 200,000 ha of mangroves and an unknown area of seagrass have been lost due to coastal development associated with urban, industrial and tourist purposes. In 2018, the approved reforms to the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) aligned the Mexican law with the international objectives established in the 2nd Article of the Paris Agreement. This action proves Mexico’s commitment to contributing to the global target of stabilizing the greenhouse gas emissions concentration in the planet. Thus, restoring and conserving mangrove and seagrass habitats could contribute to fulfilling this commitment. Therefore, as a first step in establishing a mitigation and adaptation plan against climate change with respect to conservation and restoration actions of these ecosystems, we evaluated Mexican blue carbon ecosystems through a systematic review of the carbon stock using the standardized method of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We used the data from 126 eligible studies for both ecosystems (n = 1220). The results indicated that information is missing at the regional level. However, the average above and below ground organic carbon stocks from mangroves in Mexico is 113.6 ± 5.5 (95% CI [99.3–118.4]) Mg Corg ha−1 and 385.1 ± 22 (95% CI [344.5–431.9]) Mg Corg ha−1, respectively. The variability in the Corg stocks for both blue carbon ecosystems in Mexico is related to variations in climate, hydrology and geomorphology observed along the country’s coasts in addition to the size and number of plots evaluated with respect to the spatial cover. The highest values for mangroves were related to humid climate conditions, although in the case of seagrasses, they were related to low levels of hydrodynamic stress. Based on the official extent of mangrove and seagrass area in Mexico, we estimate a total carbon stock of 237.7 Tg Corg from mangroves and 48.1 Tg Corg from seagrasses. However, mangroves and seagrasses are still being lost due to land use change despite Mexican laws meant to incorporate environmental compensation. Such losses are largely due to loopholes in the legal framework that dilute the laws’ effectiveness and thus ability to protect the ecosystem. The estimated emissions from land use change under a conservative approach in mangroves of Mexico were approximately 24 Tg CO2e in the last 20 years. Therefore, the incorporation of blue carbon into the carbon market as a viable source of supplemental finance for mangrove and seagrass protection is an attractive win-win opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Herrera-Silveira
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Monica A Pech-Cardenas
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Sara M Morales-Ojeda
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Siuling Cinco-Castro
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Andrea Camacho-Rico
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Juan P Caamal Sosa
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Juan E Mendoza-Martinez
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Eunice Y Pech-Poot
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jorge Montero
- Departamento Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Claudia Teutli-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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24
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Ma L. Effects of spatial-temporal land cover distribution on gross primary production and net primary production in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. Carbon Balance Manag 2020; 15:3. [PMID: 32193700 PMCID: PMC7227218 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-020-00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual total Gross Primary Production (GPP) and Net Primary Production (NPP) and the annual total stored GPP and NPP are tightly coupled to land cover distributions because the distinct vegetation conditions of different land cover classes strongly affect GPP and NPP. Spatial and statistical analysis tools using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to investigate the spatial distribution of each land cover class and the GPP and NPP based on the CORINE land cover classification in the federal state, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany for the years 2000, 2006 and 2012. RESULTS "Non-irrigated arable land" and "pastures" were the dominant land cover classes. Because of their large area, "non-irrigated arable land" and "pastures" had higher annual total stored GPP and NPP values than the other land cover classes. Annual total GPP and NPP hotspots were concentrated in the central-western part of Schleswig-Holstein. Cold spots were mainly located in the western and eastern Schleswig-Holstein. The distributions of the annual total GPP and NPP hotspots and cold spots were primarily determined by land cover and land cover changes among the investigated years. The average annual total NPP/GPP ratios were 0.5647, 0.5350 and 0.5573 in the years 2000, 2006 and 2012, respectively. The calculated respiration in 2006 was the highest, followed by those in 2012 and 2000. CONCLUSIONS The land cover classes with high-ability of carbon stocks in 2000, 2006 and 2012 in Schleswig-Holstein were identified in this study. Furthermore, it is recommendable to enhance the annual total GPP and NPP and the annual total stored GPP and NPP in Schleswig-Holstein by replacing the land cover classes showing low carbon stock capabilities with the classes showing high abilities for the purpose of increasing greenhouse gas fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ma
- Department of Ecosystem Management, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Olshausenstr.75, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Ewers Lewis CJ, Baldock JA, Hawke B, Gadd PS, Zawadzki A, Heijnis H, Jacobsen GE, Rogers K, Macreadie PI. Impacts of land reclamation on tidal marsh 'blue carbon' stocks. Sci Total Environ 2019; 672:427-437. [PMID: 30965258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tidal marsh ecosystems are among earth's most efficient natural organic carbon (C) sinks and provide myriad ecosystem services. However, approximately half have been 'reclaimed' - i.e. converted to other land uses - potentially turning them into sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we applied C stock measurements and paleoanalytical techniques to sediments from reclaimed and intact tidal marshes in southeast Australia. We aimed to assess the impacts of reclamation on: 1) the magnitude of existing sediment C stocks; 2) ongoing C sequestration and storage; and 3) C quality. Differences in sediment horizon depths (indicated by Itrax-XRF scanning) and ages (indicated by lead-210 and radiocarbon dating) suggest a physical loss of sediments following reclamation, as well as slowing of sediment accumulation rates. Sediments at one meter depth were between ~2000 and ~5300 years older in reclaimed cores compared to intact marsh cores. We estimate a 70% loss of sediment C in reclaimed sites (equal to 73 Mg C ha-1), relative to stocks in intact tidal marshes during a comparable time period. Following reclamation, sediment C was characterized by coarse particulate organic matter with lower alkyl-o-alkyl ratios and higher amounts of aromatic C, suggesting a lower extent of decomposition and therefore lower likelihood of being incorporated into long-term C stocks compared to that of intact tidal marshes. We conclude that reclamation of tidal marshes can diminish C stocks that have accumulated over millennial time scales, and these losses may go undetected if additional analyses are not employed in conjunction with C stock estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Ewers Lewis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey A Baldock
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation, Agriculture and Food, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Bruce Hawke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation, Agriculture and Food, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Patricia S Gadd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Atun Zawadzki
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Henk Heijnis
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Geraldine E Jacobsen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Kerrylee Rogers
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Cuni-Sanchez A, Pfeifer M, Marchant R, Pompeu PV, Burgess ND. Harvesting fodder trees in montane forests in Kenya: species, techniques used and impacts. New For (Dordr) 2018; 49:511-528. [PMID: 30069075 PMCID: PMC6043911 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-018-9632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in fodder trees and their potential to help the rural poor. However, few studies have addressed the ecological impacts of fodder tree harvesting. We investigated the species harvested and the techniques used, and the effects of fodder harvesting on (1) species' populations and (2) forest carbon stocks in three montane forests in Kenya. Focus-group discussions were organized in 36 villages to determine which species were harvested and with which techniques. Field observations were made on vegetation plots: stem diameter, tree height, species and extent of harvest were recorded. Carbon stocks were calculated using an allometric equation with (1) observed height of harvested trees, and (2) potential height estimated with a power model, and results were compared. Eight tree species were commonly harvested for fodder using different techniques (some branches, main stem, most branches except stem apex). Fodder harvesting (together with other uses for some species) negatively affected one species populations (Olea europaea), it did not negatively affect four (Drypetes gerrardii, Gymnosporia heterophylla, Pavetta gardeniifolia, Xymalos monospora), and more information is needed for three species (Olea capensis, Prunus africana, Rinorea convallarioides). Fodder harvesting did not significantly reduce forest carbon stocks, suggesting that local communities could continue using these fodder trees if a carbon project is established. Among the fodder species studied, X. monospora could be used in reforestation programs, as it has multiple uses and can withstand severe pruning. Although our study is only a snapshot, it is a baseline which can be used to monitor changes in fodder harvesting and its impacts related to increasing droughts in northern Kenya and increasing human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Rob Marchant
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Patrícia V. Pompeu
- Department of Forestry, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK
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Avelar S, van der Voort TS, Eglinton TI. Relevance of carbon stocks of marine sediments for national greenhouse gas inventories of maritime nations. Carbon Balance Manag 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28474331 PMCID: PMC5423874 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-017-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining national carbon stocks is essential in the framework of ongoing climate change mitigation actions. Presently, assessment of carbon stocks in the context of greenhouse gas (GHG)-reporting on a nation-by-nation basis focuses on the terrestrial realm, i.e., carbon held in living plant biomass and soils, and on potential changes in these stocks in response to anthropogenic activities. However, while the ocean and underlying sediments store substantial quantities of carbon, this pool is presently not considered in the context of national inventories. The ongoing disturbances to both terrestrial and marine ecosystems as a consequence of food production, pollution, climate change and other factors, as well as alteration of linkages and C-exchange between continental and oceanic realms, highlight the need for a better understanding of the quantity and vulnerability of carbon stocks in both systems. We present a preliminary comparison of the stocks of organic carbon held in continental margin sediments within the Exclusive Economic Zone of maritime nations with those in their soils. Our study focuses on Namibia, where there is a wealth of marine sediment data, and draws comparisons with sediment data from two other countries with different characteristics, which are Pakistan and the United Kingdom. RESULTS Results indicate that marine sediment carbon stocks in maritime nations can be similar in magnitude to those of soils. Therefore, if human activities in these areas are managed, carbon stocks in the oceanic realm-particularly over continental margins-could be considered as part of national GHG inventories. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that marine sediment organic carbon stocks can be equal in size or exceed terrestrial carbon stocks of maritime nations. This provides motivation both for improved assessment of sedimentary carbon inventories and for reevaluation of the way that carbon stocks are assessed and valued. The latter carries potential implications for the management of human activities on coastal environments and for their GHG inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvania Avelar
- Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstr. 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Geological Institute, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstr. 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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Morandé JA, Stockert CM, Liles GC, Williams JN, Smart DR, Viers JH. From berries to blocks: carbon stock quantification of a California vineyard. Carbon Balance Manag 2017; 12:5. [PMID: 28413849 PMCID: PMC5313494 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-017-0071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying terrestrial carbon (C) stocks in vineyards represents an important opportunity for estimating C sequestration in perennial cropping systems. Considering 7.2 M ha are dedicated to winegrape production globally, the potential for annual C capture and storage in this crop is of interest to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we used destructive sampling to measure C stocks in the woody biomass of 15-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines from a vineyard in California's northern San Joaquin Valley. We characterize C stocks in terms of allometric variation between biomass fractions of roots, aboveground wood, canes, leaves and fruits, and then test correlations between easy-to-measure variables such as trunk diameter, pruning weights and harvest weight to vine biomass fractions. Carbon stocks at the vineyard block scale were validated from biomass mounds generated during vineyard removal. RESULTS Total vine C was estimated at 12.3 Mg C ha-1, of which 8.9 Mg C ha-1 came from perennial vine biomass. Annual biomass was estimated at 1.7 Mg C ha-1 from leaves and canes and 1.7 Mg C ha-1 from fruit. Strong, positive correlations were found between the diameter of the trunk and overall woody C stocks (R2 = 0.85), pruning weights and leaf and fruit C stocks (R2 = 0.93), and between fruit weight and annual C stocks (R2 = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Vineyard C partitioning obtained in this study provides detailed C storage estimations in order to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of winegrape C. Allometric equations based on simple and practical biomass and biometric measurements could enable winegrape growers to more easily estimate existing and future C stocks by scaling up from berries and vines to vineyard blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine M. Stockert
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Garrett C. Liles
- College of Agriculture, California State University, Chico, CA USA
| | - John N. Williams
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca Mexico
| | - David R. Smart
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Joshua H. Viers
- Environmental Systems, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA USA
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA USA
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29
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Grellier S, Janeau JL, Dang Hoai N, Nguyen Thi Kim C, Le Thi Phuong Q, Pham Thi Thu T, Tran-Thi NT, Marchand C. Changes in soil characteristics and C dynamics after mangrove clearing (Vietnam). Sci Total Environ 2017; 593-594:654-663. [PMID: 28364605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the blue carbon sinks, mangroves have one of the highest organic matter (OM) storage capacities in their soil due to low mineralization processes resulting from waterlogging. However, mangroves are disappearing worldwide because of demographic increases. In addition to the loss of CO2 fixation, mangrove clearing can strongly affect soil characteristics and C storage. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the evolution of soil quality, carbon stocks and carbon fluxes after mangrove clearing. Sediment cores to assess physico-chemical properties were collected and in situ CO2 fluxes were measured at the soil-air interface in a mangrove of Northern Vietnam. We compared a Kandelia candel mangrove forest with a nearby zone that had been cleared two years before the study. Significant decrease of clay content and an increase in bulk density for the upper 35cm in the cleared zone were observed. Soil organic carbon (OC) content in the upper 35cm decreased by >65% two years after clearing. The quantity and the quality of the carbon changed, with lower carbon to nitrogen ratios, indicating a more decomposed OM, a higher content of dissolved organic carbon, and a higher content of inorganic carbon (three times higher). This highlights the efficiency of mineralization processes following clearing. Due to the rapid decrease in the soil carbon content, CO2 fluxes at sediment interface were >50% lower in the cleared zone. Taking into account carbonate precipitation after OC mineralization, the mangrove soil lost ~10MgOCha-1yr-1 mostly as CO2 to the atmosphere and possibly as dissolved forms towards adjacent ecosystems. The impacts on the carbon cycle of mangrove clearing as shown by the switch from a C sink to a C source highlight the importance of maintaining these ecosystems, particularly in a context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séraphine Grellier
- Department of Spatial planning and Environment Engineering, CITERES UMR7324 CNRS, University of François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Janeau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), iEES-Paris, UMR 242, IRD Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nhon Dang Hoai
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER, VAST), 246 Da Nang Street, Hai Phong City, Viet Nam
| | - Cuc Nguyen Thi Kim
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Thuy Loi University, 175, Tay Son, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division (MERD), Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University (VNU), 19 Le Thanh Tong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Quynh Le Thi Phuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry (INPC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1H, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thao Pham Thi Thu
- Department of Water, Environment, Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nhu-Trang Tran-Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science - VNUHCM, 225 Nguyen Van Cu, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Cyril Marchand
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science - VNUHCM, 225 Nguyen Van Cu, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 7590, UR 206, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
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Kusin FM, Akhir NIM, Mohamat-Yusuff F, Awang M. Greenhouse gas emissions during plantation stage of palm oil-based biofuel production addressing different land conversion scenarios in Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:5293-5304. [PMID: 28004372 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts with regard to agro-based biofuel production have been associated with the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, field GHG emissions during plantation stage of palm oil-based biofuel production associated with land use changes for oil palm plantation development have been evaluated. Three different sites of different land use changes prior to oil palm plantation were chosen; converted land-use (large and small-scales) and logged-over forest. Field sampling for determination of soil N-mineralisation and soil organic carbon (SOC) was undertaken at the sites according to the age of palm, i.e. <5 years (immature), 5-20 and >21 years (mature oil palms). The field data were incorporated into the estimation of nitrous oxide (N2O) and the resulting CO2-eq emissions as well as for estimation of carbon stock changes. Irrespective of the land conversion scenarios, the nitrous oxide emissions were found in the range of 6.47-7.78 kg N2O-N/ha resulting in 498-590 kg CO2-eq/ha. On the other hand, the conversion of tropical forest into oil palm plantation has resulted in relatively higher GHG emissions (i.e. four times higher and carbon stock reduction by >50%) compared to converted land use (converted rubber plantation) for oil palm development. The conversion from previously rubber plantation into oil palm plantation would increase the carbon savings (20% in increase) thus sustaining the environmental benefits from the palm oil-based biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faradiella Mohd Kusin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Izzati Mat Akhir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Awang
- SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Quiroz Arita C, Yilmaz Ö, Barlak S, Catton KB, Quinn JC, Bradley TH. A geographical assessment of vegetation carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions on potential microalgae-based biofuel facilities in the United States. Bioresour Technol 2016; 221:270-275. [PMID: 27643735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The microalgae biofuels life cycle assessments (LCA) present in the literature have excluded the effects of direct land use change (DLUC) from facility construction under the assumption that DLUC effects are negligible. This study seeks to model the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of microalgae biofuels including DLUC by quantifying the CO2 equivalence of carbon released to the atmosphere through the construction of microalgae facilities. The locations and types of biomass and Soil Organic Carbon that are disturbed through microalgae cultivation facility construction are quantified using geographical models of microalgae productivity potential including consideration of land availability. The results of this study demonstrate that previous LCA of microalgae to biofuel processes have overestimated GHG benefits of microalgae-based biofuels production by failing to include the effect of DLUC. Previous estimations of microalgae biofuel production potential have correspondingly overestimated the volume of biofuels that can be produced in compliance with U.S. environmental goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Quiroz Arita
- Mechanical Engineering, 1374 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
| | - Özge Yilmaz
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1372 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Semin Barlak
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1372 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kimberly B Catton
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1372 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jason C Quinn
- Mechanical Engineering, 1374 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA
| | - Thomas H Bradley
- Mechanical Engineering, 1374 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA
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Mohammed AM, Robinson JS, Midmore D, Verhoef A. Carbon storage in Ghanaian cocoa ecosystems. Carbon Balance Manag 2016; 11:6. [PMID: 27340428 PMCID: PMC4877416 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-016-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent inclusion of the cocoa sector as an option for carbon storage necessitates the need to quantify the C stocks in cocoa systems of Ghana. RESULTS Using farmers' fields, the carbon (C) stocks in shaded and unshaded cocoa systems selected from the Eastern (ER) and Western (WR) regions of Ghana were measured. Total ecosystem C (biomass C + soil C to 60 cm depth) ranged from 81.8 to 153.9 Mg C/ha. The bulk (~89 %) of the systems' C stock was stored in the soils. The total C stocks were higher in the WR (137.8 ± 8.6 Mg C/ha) than ER (95.7 ± 8.6 Mg C/ha). CONCLUSION Based on the cocoa cultivation area of 1.45 million hectares, the cocoa sector in Ghana potentially could store 118.6-223.2 Gg C in cocoa systems with cocoa systems aged within 30 years regardless of shade management. Thus, the decision to include the cocoa sector in the national carbon accounting emissions budget of Ghana is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askia M. Mohammed
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Nyankpala, PO Box 52, Tamale, Ghana
| | - James S. Robinson
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - David Midmore
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Anne Verhoef
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Dawoe E, Asante W, Acheampong E, Bosu P. Shade tree diversity and aboveground carbon stocks in Theobroma cacao agroforestry systems: implications for REDD+ implementation in a West African cacao landscape. Carbon Balance Manag 2016; 11:17. [PMID: 27617028 PMCID: PMC4996877 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-016-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promotion of cacao agroforestry is one of the ways of diversifying farmer income and creating incentives through their inclusion in REDD+ interventions. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks in cacao and shade trees, determined the floristic diversity of shade trees and explored the possibility of implementing REDD+ interventions in cacao landscapes. Using replicated multi-site transect approach, data were collected from nine 1-ha plots established on 5 km long transects in ten cacao growing districts in Ghana West Africa. Biomass of cacao and shade trees was determined using allometric equations. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and one (1401) shade trees comprising 109 species from 33 families were recorded. Total number of species ranged from 34 to 49. Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniacea) was the most frequently occurring specie and constituted 43.2 % of all shade trees. The most predominant families were Sterculiaceae and Moraceae (10 species each), followed by Meliaceae and Mimosaceae (8 species each) and Caesalpiniacaea (6 species). Shannon diversity indices (H', Hmax and J') and species richness were low compared to other similar studies. Shade tree densities ranged from 16.2 ± 3.0 to 22.8 ± 1.7 stems ha-1 and differed significantly between sites. Carbon stocks of shade trees differed between sites but were similar in cacao trees. The average C stock in cacao trees was 7.45 ± 0.41 Mg C ha-1 compared with 8.32 ± 1.15 Mg C ha-1 in the shade trees. CONCLUSIONS Cacao landscapes in Ghana have the potential of contributing to forest carbon stocks enhancement by increasing the stocking density of shade trees to recommended levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Dawoe
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources (FRNR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Winston Asante
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources (FRNR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
- SNV Netherlands Development Organization, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Acheampong
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources (FRNR), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Bosu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Kumasi, Ghana
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Kumar A, Sharma MP. Carbon stock estimation in the catchment of Kotli Bhel 1A hydroelectric reservoir, Uttarakhand, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 134:365-369. [PMID: 26342548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Constructions of dams/reservoirs all over the world are reported to emit significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and are considered as environmental polluters. Organic carbon is contributed by the forest in the catchment, part of soil organic carbon is transported through the runoffs to the reservoir and undergoes aerobic and anaerobic degradation with time to release GHGs to the atmosphere. Literature reveals that no work is available on the estimation of 'C' stock of trees of forest catchment for assessing/predicting the GHGs emissions from the reservoirs to atmosphere. To assess the GHGs emission potential of the reservoir, an attempt is made in the study to estimate the 'C' stock in the forest catchment of Kotli Bhel 1A hydroelectric reservoir located in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India. For this purpose, the selected area was categorized into the site-I, II and III along the Bhagirathi River based on type of forest available in the catchment. The total carbon density (TCD) of tree species of different forest types was calculated using diameter at breast height (dbh) and trees height. The results found that the TCD of forest catchment was found 76.96MgCha-1 as the highest at the site-II and 29.93MgCha-1 as lowest at site-I with mean of 51.50MgCha-1. The estimated forest 'C' stock shall be used to know the amount of carbon present before and after construction of the dam and to predict net GHGs emissions. The results may be helpful to study the potential of a given reservoir to release GHG and its subsequent impacts on global warming/climate challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Biomass and Ecosystem Lab, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| | - M P Sharma
- Biomass and Ecosystem Lab, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Asner GP, Sousan S, Knapp DE, Selmants PC, Martin RE, Hughes RF, Giardina CP. Rapid forest carbon assessments of oceanic islands: a case study of the Hawaiian archipelago. Carbon Balance Manag 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 26793270 PMCID: PMC4705141 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatially explicit forest carbon (C) monitoring aids conservation and climate change mitigation efforts, yet few approaches have been developed specifically for the highly heterogeneous landscapes of oceanic island chains that continue to undergo rapid and extensive forest C change. We developed an approach for rapid mapping of aboveground C density (ACD; units = Mg or metric tons C ha-1) on islands at a spatial resolution of 30 m (0.09 ha) using a combination of cost-effective airborne LiDAR data and full-coverage satellite data. We used the approach to map forest ACD across the main Hawaiian Islands, comparing C stocks within and among islands, in protected and unprotected areas, and among forests dominated by native and invasive species. RESULTS Total forest aboveground C stock of the Hawaiian Islands was 36 Tg, and ACD distributions were extremely heterogeneous both within and across islands. Remotely sensed ACD was validated against U.S. Forest Service FIA plot inventory data (R2 = 0.67; RMSE = 30.4 Mg C ha-1). Geospatial analyses indicated the critical importance of forest type and canopy cover as predictors of mapped ACD patterns. Protection status was a strong determinant of forest C stock and density, but we found complex environmentally mediated responses of forest ACD to alien plant invasion. CONCLUSIONS A combination of one-time airborne LiDAR data acquisition and satellite monitoring provides effective forest C mapping in the highly heterogeneous landscapes of the Hawaiian Islands. Our statistical approach yielded key insights into the drivers of ACD variation, and also makes possible future assessments of C storage change, derived on a repeat basis from free satellite data, without the need for additional LiDAR data. Changes in C stocks and densities of oceanic islands can thus be continually assessed in the face of rapid environmental changes such as biological invasions, drought, fire and land use. Such forest monitoring information can be used to promote sustainable forest use and conservation on islands in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Sinan Sousan
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - David E. Knapp
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Paul C. Selmants
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East–West Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - R. Flint Hughes
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 60 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 60 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
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Vanguelova EI, Bonifacio E, De Vos B, Hoosbeek MR, Berger TW, Vesterdal L, Armolaitis K, Celi L, Dinca L, Kjønaas OJ, Pavlenda P, Pumpanen J, Püttsepp Ü, Reidy B, Simončič P, Tobin B, Zhiyanski M. Sources of errors and uncertainties in the assessment of forest soil carbon stocks at different scales-review and recommendations. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:630. [PMID: 27770347 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatially explicit knowledge of recent and past soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests will improve our understanding of the effect of human- and non-human-induced changes on forest C fluxes. For SOC accounting, a minimum detectable difference must be defined in order to adequately determine temporal changes and spatial differences in SOC. This requires sufficiently detailed data to predict SOC stocks at appropriate scales within the required accuracy so that only significant changes are accounted for. When designing sampling campaigns, taking into account factors influencing SOC spatial and temporal distribution (such as soil type, topography, climate and vegetation) are needed to optimise sampling depths and numbers of samples, thereby ensuring that samples accurately reflect the distribution of SOC at a site. Furthermore, the appropriate scales related to the research question need to be defined: profile, plot, forests, catchment, national or wider. Scaling up SOC stocks from point sample to landscape unit is challenging, and thus requires reliable baseline data. Knowledge of the associated uncertainties related to SOC measures at each particular scale and how to reduce them is crucial for assessing SOC stocks with the highest possible accuracy at each scale. This review identifies where potential sources of errors and uncertainties related to forest SOC stock estimation occur at five different scales-sample, profile, plot, landscape/regional and European. Recommendations are also provided on how to reduce forest SOC uncertainties and increase efficiency of SOC assessment at each scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Vanguelova
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, GU10 4LH, UK.
| | - E Bonifacio
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, University of Torino, Via P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - B De Vos
- Environment & Climate Unit, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - M R Hoosbeek
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T W Berger
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - K Armolaitis
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu 1, Girionys, LT-53101 Kaunas distr, Lithuania
| | - L Celi
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, University of Torino, Via P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - L Dinca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", Brasov, Romania
| | - O J Kjønaas
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Pb 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - P Pavlenda
- National Forest Centre - Forest Research Institute, T.G. Masaryka 22, 962 92, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - J Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ü Püttsepp
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - B Reidy
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Simončič
- Forest Ecology Department, Slovenian Foresty Institute, Vecna pot 2, SI 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Tobin
- UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Zhiyanski
- Forest Research Institute - BAS 132, "Kl. Ohridski" Blvd., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Duncan C, Primavera JH, Pettorelli N, Thompson JR, Loma RJA, Koldewey HJ. Rehabilitating mangrove ecosystem services: A case study on the relative benefits of abandoned pond reversion from Panay Island, Philippines. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 109:772-82. [PMID: 27289287 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves provide vital climate change mitigation and adaptation (CCMA) ecosystem services (ES), yet have suffered extensive tropics-wide declines. To mitigate losses, rehabilitation is high on the conservation agenda. However, the relative functionality and ES delivery of rehabilitated mangroves in different intertidal locations is rarely assessed. In a case study from Panay Island, Philippines, using field- and satellite-derived methods, we assess carbon stocks and coastal protection potential of rehabilitated low-intertidal seafront and mid- to upper-intertidal abandoned (leased) fishpond areas, against reference natural mangroves. Due to large sizes and appropriate site conditions, targeted abandoned fishpond reversion to former mangrove was found to be favourable for enhancing CCMA in the coastal zone. In a municipality-specific case study, 96.7% of abandoned fishponds with high potential for effective greenbelt rehabilitation had favourable tenure status for reversion. These findings have implications for coastal zone management in Asia in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Duncan
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; UCL Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jurgenne H Primavera
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Zoological Society of London-Philippines, 43-E Burgos Street, Barangay Magdalo, La Paz, 5000 Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Julian R Thompson
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rona Joy A Loma
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Zoological Society of London-Philippines, 43-E Burgos Street, Barangay Magdalo, La Paz, 5000 Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Heather J Koldewey
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Outer Circle, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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Tarimo B, Dick ØB, Gobakken T, Totland Ø. Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania. Carbon Balance Manag 2015; 10:18. [PMID: 26246851 PMCID: PMC4518077 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic uses of fire play a key role in regulating fire regimes in African savannas. These fires contribute the highest proportion of the globally burned area, substantial biomass burning emissions and threaten maintenance and enhancement of carbon stocks. An understanding of fire regimes at local scales is required for the estimation and prediction of the contribution of these fires to the global carbon cycle and for fire management. We assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of fires in miombo woodlands of Tanzania, utilizing the MODIS active fire product and Landsat satellite images for the past ~40 years. RESULTS Our results show that up to 50.6% of the woodland area is affected by fire each year. An early and a late dry season peak in wetter and drier miombo, respectively, characterize the annual fire season. Wetter miombo areas have higher fire activity within a shorter annual fire season and have shorter return intervals. The fire regime is characterized by small-sized fires, with a higher ratio of small than large burned areas in the frequency-size distribution (β = 2.16 ± 0.04). Large-sized fires are rare, and occur more frequently in drier than in wetter miombo. Both fire prevalence and burned extents have decreased in the past decade. At a large scale, more than half of the woodland area has less than 2 years of fire return intervals, which prevent the occurrence of large intense fires. CONCLUSION The sizes of fires, season of burning and spatial extent of occurrence are generally consistent across time, at the scale of the current analysis. Where traditional use of fire is restricted, a reassessment of fire management strategies may be required, if sustainability of tree cover is a priority. In such cases, there is a need to combine traditional and contemporary fire management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Tarimo
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Geospatial Sciences and Technology, Ardhi University, P.O. Box 35176, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Øystein B Dick
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Terje Gobakken
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ørjan Totland
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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