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Bregón-Villahoz M, Menéndez-Manjón P, Carrano G, Díez-Villalba A, Arrieta-Aguirre I, Fernandez-de-Larrinoa I, Moragues MD. Candida albicans cDNA library screening reveals novel potential diagnostic targets for invasive candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116311. [PMID: 38657353 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The detection of patterns associated with the invasive form of Candida albicans, such as Candida albicans germ tube antibodies (CAGTA), is a useful complement to blood culture for Invasive Candidiasis (IC) diagnosis. As CAGTA are detected by a non-standardisable and non-automatable technique, a Candida albicans cDNA expression library was screened with CAGTA isolated from serum of an animal model of invasive candidiasis, and five protein targets were identified: hyphally regulated cell wall protein 1 (Hyr1), enolase 1 (Eno1), coatomer subunit gamma (Sec21), a metallo-aminopeptidase (Ape2) and cystathionine gamma-lyase (Cys3). Homology with proteins from other organisms rules out Cys3 as a good biomarker while Sec21 results suggest that it is not in the germ tubes surface but secreted to the external environment. Our analysis propose Ape2, Sec21 and a region of Hyr1 different from the one currently being studied for immunoprotection as potential biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bregón-Villahoz
- Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Pilar Menéndez-Manjón
- Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Giulia Carrano
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Ander Díez-Villalba
- Department of Nursing I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
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Hu K, Jiang X, Zhang J, Xia D, Wu D, Shao J, Wang T, Wang C. Effect of Pulsatilla decoction on vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice. Evidences for its mechanisms of action. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155515. [PMID: 38484624 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection that affects the female reproductive tract. Pulsatilla decoction (PD), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is a classic and effective prescription for VVC. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and potential mechanism of action of the n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla decoction (BEPD) in VVC treatment. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the main active ingredients in BEPD. A VVC-mouse model was constructed using an estrogen-dependent method to evaluate the efficacy of BEPD in VVC treatment. Fungal burden and morphology in the vaginal cavity were comprehensively assessed. Candida albicans-induced inflammation was examined in vivo and in vitro. The effects of BEPD on the Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) /NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4)/Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) axis were analyzed using by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), western blot (WB), and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS BEPD inhibited fungal growth in the vagina of VVC mice, preserved the integrity of the vaginal mucosa, and suppressed inflammatory responses. Most importantly, BEPD activated the "silent" PKCδ/NLRC4/IL-1Ra axis and negatively regulated NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, thereby exerting a therapeutic efficacy on VVC. CONCLUSIONS BEPD effects on mice with VVC were dose-dependent. BEPD protects against VVC by inhibiting inflammatory response and NLRP3 inflammasome via the activation of the PKCδ/NLRC4/IL-1Ra axis. This study revealed the pharmacological mechanism of BEPD in VVC treatment and provided further evidence for the application of BEPD in VVC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dan Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.
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3
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Paria P, Chakraborty HJ, Pakhira A, Devi MS, Das Mohapatra PK, Behera BK. Identification of virulence-associated factors in Vibrio parahaemolyticus with special reference to moonlighting protein: a secretomics study. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:765-779. [PMID: 37702858 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes seafood-borne gastroenteritis infection in human which can even lead to death. The pathogenic strain of V. parahaemolyticus secretes different types of virulence factors that are directly injected into the host cell by a different type of secretion system which helps bacteria to establish its own ecological niche within the organism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate the extracellular secreted proteins from the trh positive strain of V. parahaemolyticus and identify them using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOFMS/MS. Seventeen different cellular proteins viz, Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate, tRNA-dihydrouridine synthase, Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, Molybdenum import ATP-binding protein, DnaJ, DNA polymerase IV, Ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase G, ATP synthase subunit delta and gamma, Ribosome-recycling factor, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase, tRNA pseudouridine synthase B, Ditrans, polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, Oxygen-dependent coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, and Peptide deformylase 2 were identified which are mainly involved in different metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, the molecular function of the identified proteins were associated with catalytic activity, ligase activity, transporter, metal binding, and ATP synthase when they are intercellular. However, to understand the importance of these secreted proteins in the infection and survival of bacteria inside the host cell, pathogen-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were carried out which identified the association of eight secreted proteins with 41 human proteins involved in different cellular pathways, including ubiquitination degradation, adhesion, inflammation, immunity, and programmed cell death. The present study provides unreported strategies on host-cell environment's survival and adaptation mechanisms for the successful establishment of infections and intracellular propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Paria
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
- Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Hirak Jyoti Chakraborty
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Abhijit Pakhira
- Department of Zoology, Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Hooghly, West Bengal, 712405, India
| | - Manoharmayum Shaya Devi
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | | | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
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Shukla M, Singh R, Chandley P, Rohatgi S. Molecular cloning, expression, and purification, along with in silico epitope analysis of recombinant enolase proteins (a potential vaccine candidate) from Candida albicans and Candida auris. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2024; 5:1399546. [PMID: 38881582 PMCID: PMC11176544 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1399546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the predominant cause of systemic candidiasis, although other non albicans Candida species are progressively becoming more widespread nowadays. Candida auris has emerged as a deadly multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, posing a significant threat to global public health. In the absence of effective antifungal therapies, the development of a vaccine against C. auris infections is imperative. Enolase, a key glycolytic enzyme, has emerged as a promising vaccine candidate due to its immunogenic properties and essential role in fungal virulence. Herein, full-length Enolase gene sequences from C. albicans and C. auris were cloned into suitable expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli expression hosts. Recombinant Enolase proteins were successfully expressed and purified using affinity chromatography under native conditions, followed by SDS-PAGE characterization and Western blot analysis. CD spectroscopy verified the existence of expressed proteins in soluble native conformation. Preliminary in silico studies verified the immunogenicity of recombinant Enolase proteins isolated from both C. albicans and C. auris. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis revealed conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes across C. albicans and C. auris Enolase proteins, suggesting potential cross-reactivity and broad-spectrum vaccine efficacy. Our findings are anticipated to play a role in advancing therapeutic as well as diagnostic strategies against systemic candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Shukla
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Pandit S.N. Shukla University, Shahdol, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Bednarek A, Satala D, Zawrotniak M, Nobbs AH, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase on the Surface of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus Cells-A Moonlighting Protein That Binds Human Vitronectin and Plasminogen and Can Adsorb to Pathogenic Fungal Cells via Major Adhesins Als3 and Epa6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1013. [PMID: 38256088 PMCID: PMC10815899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and other closely related pathogenic yeast-like fungi carry on their surface numerous loosely adsorbed "moonlighting proteins"-proteins that play evolutionarily conserved intracellular functions but also appear on the cell surface and exhibit additional functions, e.g., contributing to attachment to host tissues. In the current work, we characterized this "moonlighting" role for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) of C. albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus. GAPDH was directly visualized on the cell surface of both species and shown to play a significant part in the total capacity of fungal cells to bind two selected human host proteins-vitronectin and plasminogen. Using purified proteins, both host proteins were found to tightly interact with GAPDH, with dissociation constants in an order of 10-8 M, as determined by bio-layer interferometry and surface plasmon resonance measurements. It was also shown that exogenous GAPDH tightly adheres to the surface of candidal cells, suggesting that the cell surface location of this moonlighting protein may partly result from the readsorption of its soluble form, which may be present at an infection site (e.g., due to release from dying fungal cells). The major dedicated adhesins, covalently bound to the cell wall-agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3) and epithelial adhesin 6 (Epa6)-were suggested to serve as the docking platforms for GAPDH in C. albicans and N. glabratus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School Research Laboratories, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK;
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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Teng W, Subsomwong P, Narita K, Nakane A, Asano K. Heat Shock Protein SSA1 Enriched in Hypoxic Secretome of Candida albicans Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect via Regulating Macrophage Function. Cells 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38247818 PMCID: PMC10814802 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that can survive in both normoxic and hypoxic environments. The involvement of C. albicans secretome on host biological processes has been demonstrated. However, the immunoregulatory function of C. albicans secretome released under hypoxic condition remains unclear. This study demonstrated the differences in cytokine responses and protein profiles between secretomes prepared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of heat shock protein SSA1(Ssa1), a protein candidate enriched in the hypoxic secretome, were investigated. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with Ssa1 resulted in the significant production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the significant expression of M2b macrophage markers (CD86, CD274 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14), suggesting that C. albicans Ssa1 may promote macrophage polarization towards an M2b-like phenotype. Proteomic analysis of Ssa1-treated BMMs also revealed that Ssa1 reduced inflammation-related factors (IL-18-binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, OX-2 membrane glycoprotein and cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and enhanced the proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response (CMRF35-like molecule 3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor). Based on these results, we investigated the effect of Ssa1 on C. albicans infection and showed that Ssa1 inhibited the uptake of C. albicans by BMMs. Taken together, our results suggest that C. albicans alters its secretome, particularly by promoting the release of Ssa1, to modulate host immune response and survive under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Kouji Narita
- Insititue for Animal Experimentation, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (W.T.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biopolymer and Health Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
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Curtis NJ, Patel KJ, Rizwan A, Jeffery CJ. Moonlighting Proteins: Diverse Functions Found in Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1107. [PMID: 37998912 PMCID: PMC10672435 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins combine multiple functions in one polypeptide chain. An increasing number of moonlighting proteins are being found in diverse fungal taxa that vary in morphology, life cycle, and ecological niche. In this mini-review we discuss examples of moonlighting proteins in fungi that illustrate their roles in transcription and DNA metabolism, translation and RNA metabolism, protein folding, and regulation of protein function, and their interaction with other cell types and host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Curtis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (N.J.C.); (K.J.P.)
| | - Krupa J. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (N.J.C.); (K.J.P.)
| | | | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (N.J.C.); (K.J.P.)
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Osorio-Aguilar Y, Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Lozano-Zarain P, Martinez-Laguna Y, Baylon-Pacheco L, Rosales-Encina JL, Carabarin-Lima A, Rocha-Gracia RDC. The Enolase of the Haemophilus influenzae Mediates Binding to Collagens: An Extracellular Matrix Component. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15499. [PMID: 37958487 PMCID: PMC10650631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enolase proteins play a significant role as moonlighting proteins. In their role as surface-associated enolase, they have multiple functions as they interact with extracellular matrix proteins. Type I and III collagens are the major constituents of this extracellular matrix, and collagen is one of the targets of interaction with the enolase of many pathogens, thereby helping the colonization process and promoting the subsequent invasion of the host. This work aimed to determine the participation of non-typeable H. influenzae enolase as a collagen-binding protein. In this study, through the use of in vitro tests it was demonstrated that recombinant enolase of non-typeable H. influenzae (rNTHiENO) strongly binds to type I collagen. Using molecular docking, the residues that could take part in the interaction of non-typeable H. influenzae enolase-type I collagen (NTHiENO-Cln I) and non-typeable H. influenzae enolase-type III collagen (NTHiENO-Cln III) were identified. However, in vitro assays show that NTHiENO has a better affinity to interact with Cln I, concerning type Cln III. The interaction of NTHiENO with collagen could play a significant role in the colonization process; this would allow H. influenzae to increase its virulence factors and strengthen its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Osorio-Aguilar
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.C.G.-V.); (A.C.-L.)
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.)
| | - Ygnacio Martinez-Laguna
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.)
| | - Lidia Baylon-Pacheco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogenesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.B.-P.); (J.L.R.-E.)
| | - Jose Luis Rosales-Encina
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogenesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.B.-P.); (J.L.R.-E.)
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Licenciatura en Biotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (M.C.G.-V.); (A.C.-L.)
| | - Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (Y.O.-A.); (P.L.-Z.); (Y.M.-L.)
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10
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Quiroz-Castañeda RE, Aguilar-Díaz H, Amaro-Estrada I. An alternative vaccine target for bovine Anaplasmosis based on enolase, a moonlighting protein. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1225873. [PMID: 37808115 PMCID: PMC10556744 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1225873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new targets for preventing bovine anaplasmosis has moved away from focusing on proteins that have already been extensively studied in Anaplasma marginale, including the Major Surface Proteins, Outer Membrane Proteins, and Type IV Secretion System proteins. An alternative is moonlighting or multifunctional proteins, capable of performing various biological functions within various cellular compartments. There are several reports on the role of moonlighting proteins as virulence factors in various microorganisms. Moreover, it is known that about 25% of all moonlighting is involved in the virulence of pathogens. In this work, for the first time, we present the identification of three enolase proteins (AmEno01, AmEno15, and AmEno31) in the genome of Mexican strains of A. marginale. Using bioinformatics tools, we predicted the catalytic domains, enolase signature, and amino acids binding magnesium ion of the catalytic domain and performed a phylogenetic reconstruction. In addition, by molecular docking analysis, we found that AmEno01 would bind to erythrocyte proteins spectrin, ankyrin, and stomatin. This adhesion function has been reported for enolases from other pathogens. It is considered a promising target since blocking this function would impede the fundamental adhesion process that facilitates the infection of erythrocytes. Additionally, molecular docking predicts that AmEno01 could bind to extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, which would be significant if we consider that some proteins with fibronectin domains are localized in tick gut cells and used as an adhesion strategy to gather bacteria before traveling to salivary glands. Derived from the molecular docking analysis of AmEno01, we hypothesized that enolases could be proteins driven by the pathogen and redirected at the expense of the pathogen's needs.
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Satala D, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bras G, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Candida parapsilosis cell wall proteins-CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780-Are adhesins that bind to human epithelial and endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Yeast 2023; 40:377-389. [PMID: 36851809 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the initial steps necessary for the development of Candida infections is the adherence to the host tissues and cells. Recent transcriptomic studies suggest that, in Candida parapsilosis-a fungal infectious agent that causes systemic candidiasis in immunosuppressed individuals-the adhesion is mediated by pathogen cell-exposed proteins belonging to the agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family. However, to date, the actual interactions of individual members of this family with human cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) have not been characterized in detail. In the current study, we focused attention on two of these C. parapsilosis Als proteins-CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780-that were proteomically identified in the fungal cell wall of yeasts grown in the media suitable for culturing human epithelial and endothelial cells. Both proteins were extracted from the cell wall and purified, and using a microplate binding assay and a fluorescence microscopic analysis were shown to adhere to human cells of A431 (epithelial) and HMEC-1 (endothelial) lines. The human extracellular matrix components that are also plasma proteins-fibronectin and vitronectin-enhanced these interactions, and also could directly bind to CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780 proteins, with a high affinity (KD in a range of 10-7 to 10-8 M) as determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. Our findings highlight the role of proteins CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780 in adhesion to host cells and proteins, contributing to the knowledge of the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions during C. parapsilosis-caused infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Canto-Canché B, Burgos-Canul YY, Chi-Chuc D, Tzec-Simá M, Ku-González A, Brito-Argáez L, Carrillo-Pech M, De Los Santos-Briones C, Canseco-Pérez MÁ, Luna-Moreno D, Beltrán-García MJ, Islas-Flores I. Moonlight-like proteins are actually cell wall components in Pseudocercospora fijiensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:232. [PMID: 37349471 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall protects fungi against threats, both biotic and abiotic, and plays a role in pathogenicity by facilitating host adhesion, among other functions. Although carbohydrates (e.g. glucans, chitin) are the most abundant components, the fungal cell wall also harbors ionic proteins, proteins bound by disulfide bridges, alkali-extractable, SDS-extractable, and GPI-anchored proteins, among others; the latter consisting of suitable targets which can be used for fungal pathogen control. Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease, the principal threat to banana and plantain worldwide. Here, we report the isolation of the cell wall of this pathogen, followed by extensive washing to eliminate all loosely associated proteins and conserve those integrated to its cell wall. In the HF-pyridine protein fraction, one of the most abundant protein bands was recovered from SDS-PAGE gels, electro-eluted and sequenced. Seven proteins were identified from this band, none of which were GPI-anchored proteins. Instead, atypical (moonlight-like) cell wall proteins were identified, suggesting a new class of atypical proteins, bound to the cell wall by unknown linkages. Western blot and histological analyses of the cell wall fractions support that these proteins are true cell wall proteins, most likely involved in fungal pathogenesis/virulence, since they were found conserved in many fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Yamily Yazmin Burgos-Canul
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Deysi Chi-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
- Escuela Telebachillerato Comunitario de Xcunya, Calle 20, Mérida, México
| | - Miguel Tzec-Simá
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Angela Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Mildred Carrillo-Pech
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - César De Los Santos-Briones
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Canseco-Pérez
- Dirección de Investigación, Evaluación y Posgrado, Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala, Carretera a el Carmen Xalplatlahuaya s/n. El Carmen Xalplatlahuaya, Tlaxcala, Huamantla, C.P. 90500, Mexico
| | - Donato Luna-Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica AC, División de Fotónica, Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Gto, C.P. 37150, México
| | | | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México.
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Oho T, Setoguchi D, Nagata E. Surface-expressed phosphoglycerate mutase of Candida albicans binds to salivary DMBT1. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:263. [PMID: 37316743 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans colonizes oral tissues and causes infectious diseases. Colonization of C. albicans on the oral mucosa and tooth enamel surfaces is established via the interaction between C. albicans adhesins and salivary proteins, forming a film on the oral tissues. Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1), also known as salivary agglutinin or gp-340, belongs to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. In the oral cavity, immobilized DMBT1 on oral tissues causes microbial adherence. Recently, we demonstrated that C. albicans binds to DMBT1 and isolated a 25-kDa C. albicans adhesin involved in the interaction with the binding domain of DMBT1, namely, SRCRP2. In the present study, we searched for additional DMBT1-binding adhesins in C. albicans. The component isolated here had a molecular mass of 29 kDa and was found to be phosphoglycerate mutase (Gpm1). Isolated Gpm1 inhibited C. albicans binding to SRCRP2 and directly bound to SRCRP2 in a dose-dependent manner. Gpm1 localization on the C. albicans cell wall surface was confirmed by immunostaining. These results suggest that surface-expressed Gpm1 functions as an adhesin for the establishment of C. albicans cells on the oral mucosa and tooth enamel by binding to DMBT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Oho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Setoguchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Emi Nagata
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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Abstract
The fungal cell wall is essential for growth and survival, and is a key target for antifungal drugs and the immune system. The cell wall must be robust but flexible, protective and shielding yet porous to nutrients and membrane vesicles and receptive to exogenous signals. Most fungi have a common inner wall skeleton of chitin and β-glucans that functions as a flexible viscoelastic frame to which a more diverse set of outer cell wall polymers and glycosylated proteins are attached. Whereas the inner wall largely determines shape and strength, the outer wall confers properties of hydrophobicity, adhesiveness, and chemical and immunological heterogeneity. The spatial organization and dynamic regulation of the wall in response to prevailing growth conditions enable fungi to thrive within changing, diverse and often hostile environments. Understanding this architecture provides opportunities to develop diagnostics and drugs to combat life-threatening fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Megan D Lenardon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Arvizu-Rubio VJ, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Moonlighting proteins in medically relevant fungi. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14001. [PMID: 36117533 PMCID: PMC9480056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins represent an intriguing area of cell biology, due to their ability to perform two or more unrelated functions in one or many cellular compartments. These proteins have been described in all kingdoms of life and are usually constitutively expressed and conserved proteins with housekeeping functions. Although widely studied in pathogenic bacteria, the information about these proteins in pathogenic fungi is scarce, but there are some reports of their functions in the etiological agents of the main human mycoses, such as Candida spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Sporothrix schenckii. In these fungi, most of the described moonlighting proteins are metabolic enzymes, such as enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; chaperones, transcription factors, and redox response proteins, such as peroxiredoxin and catalase, which moonlight at the cell surface and perform virulence-related processes, contributing to immune evasion, adhesions, invasion, and dissemination to host cells and tissues. All moonlighting proteins and their functions described in this review highlight the limited information about this biological aspect in pathogenic fungi, representing this a relevant opportunity area that will contribute to expanding our current knowledge of these organisms' pathogenesis.
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He Z, Piao J, Qiu Y, Lei D, Yang Y, Shi L, Wang F. Investigation of the location and secretion features of Candida albicans enolase with monoclonal antibodies. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The glycolytic enzyme enolase plays important role in the pathogenesis of Candida albicans infection and has been also considered as a promising molecular marker for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. This study aimed to investigate the location and secretion features of Candida albicans enolase (CaEno) with a couple of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Methods
Two mAbs named 9H8 and 10H8 against CaEno were generated by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cell with the spleen lymphocytes from CaEno immunized mice. The specificity of the mAbs was then validated by Western blot and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). A diverse set of experiments were conducted based on the pair of mAbs which involved immunohistochemical staining analysis, whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), double antibody sandwich ELISA, and confocal microscopy to analyze the possible location and secretion features of CaEno.
Results
CaEno is abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of C. albicans blastospores and is distributed in a ring-shaped pattern along the cell wall. CaEno appeared in the hyphal C. albicans as just a “mushroom” form. CaEno was found to be weakly expressed on the surface of blastospores but constantly expressed at various stages of growth. CaEno concentrations in C. albicans blastospores culture supernatant are considerably higher than in C. albicans hyphae culture supernatant. The dynamic changes of supernatant CaEno concentration in blastospores and hyphal C. albicans exhibit distinct features, although both appear to be associated with the C. albicans growth state. When cultivated under normal circumstances, however, no apparent CaEno degradation was seen in the cell-free supernatant.
Conclusion
Our results implied that CaEno was constantly expressed on the cell surface and its secretion features varied according to the growth stage of C. albicans. However, further experimental and theoretical studies are needed in future to identify the specific mechanisms by which this phenomenon can arise.
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Tao L, Wang M, Guan G, Zhang Y, Hao T, Li C, Li S, Chen Y, Huang G. Streptococcus mutans suppresses filamentous growth of Candida albicans through secreting mutanocyclin, an unacylated tetramic acid. Virulence 2022; 13:542-557. [PMID: 35311622 PMCID: PMC8942415 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2046952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guobo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaihu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms
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García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA. Virulence Factors of Sporothrix schenckii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030318. [PMID: 35330320 PMCID: PMC8949611 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors that have been proven to participate in the S. schenckii-host interaction. Among these known factors, we can find cell wall glycoproteins, adhesins, melanin, extracellular vesicles, and dimorphism. Furthermore, the morphological transition of S. schenckii in response to environmental conditions such as pH and temperature represents a means by which the fungus is able to establish mycosis in mammals. One of the key features in the development of sporotrichosis is the adhesion of the fungus to the host extracellular matrix. This event represents the first step to developing the mycosis, which involves adhesins such as the glycoproteins Gp70, Hsp60, and Pap1, which play a key role during the infection. The production of melanin helps the fungus to survive longer in the tissues and to neutralize or diminish many of the host’s attacks, which is why it is also considered a key factor in pathogenesis. Today, the study of human fungal pathogens’ virulence factors is a thriving area of research. Although we know some of the virulence factors in S. schenckii, much remains to be understood about the complex process of sporotrichosis development and the factors involved during the infection.
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Saucedo-Campa DO, Martínez-Rocha AL, Ríos-Castro E, Alba-Fierro CA, Escobedo-Bretado MA, Cuéllar-Cruz M, Ruiz-Baca E. Proteomic Analysis of Sporothrix schenckii Exposed to Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020230. [PMID: 35215174 PMCID: PMC8880468 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii modulates the expression of its cell wall proteins (CWPs) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the phagocytic cells of the human host, which allows it to evade and escape the immune system. In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of the CW of S. schenckii after exposure and nonexposure to H2O2. Several CWPs involved in CW remodeling and fungal pathogenesis that modulated their expression in response to this oxidizing agent were identified, as were a number of antioxidant enzymes and atypical CWPs, called moonlighting proteins, such as the Hsp70-5, lipase 1 (Lip1), enolase (Eno), and pyruvate kinase (Pk). Moreover, RT-qPCR assays demonstrated that the transcription of genes HSP70-5, LIP1, ENO, and PK is regulated in response to the oxidant. The results indicated that S. schenckii differentially expressed CWPs to confer protection against ROS upon this fungus. Furthermore, among these proteins, antioxidant enzymes and interestingly, moonlighting-like CWPs play a role in protecting the fungus from oxidative stress (OS), allowing it to infect human host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce O. Saucedo-Campa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Unidad Durango), Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Durango 34120, Mexico; (D.O.S.-C.); (A.L.M.-R.); (C.A.A.-F.); (M.A.E.-B.)
| | - Ana L. Martínez-Rocha
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Unidad Durango), Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Durango 34120, Mexico; (D.O.S.-C.); (A.L.M.-R.); (C.A.A.-F.); (M.A.E.-B.)
| | - Emmanuel Ríos-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Unidad de Genómica, Proteómica y Metabolómica, LaNSE, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Carlos A. Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Unidad Durango), Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Durango 34120, Mexico; (D.O.S.-C.); (A.L.M.-R.); (C.A.A.-F.); (M.A.E.-B.)
| | - Miguel A. Escobedo-Bretado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Unidad Durango), Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Durango 34120, Mexico; (D.O.S.-C.); (A.L.M.-R.); (C.A.A.-F.); (M.A.E.-B.)
| | - Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico;
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (Unidad Durango), Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, Durango 34120, Mexico; (D.O.S.-C.); (A.L.M.-R.); (C.A.A.-F.); (M.A.E.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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Arita GS, Faria DR, Capoci IR, Kioshima ES, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. Cell wall associated proteins involved in filamentation with impact on the virulence of Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Role of Cellular Metabolism during Candida-Host Interactions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020184. [PMID: 35215128 PMCID: PMC8875223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic fungi are widely present in the environment and, more importantly, are also an essential part of the human healthy mycobiota. However, many species can become pathogenic under certain circumstances, with Candida spp. being the most clinically relevant fungi. In recent years, the importance of metabolism and nutrient availability for fungi-host interactions have been highlighted. Upon activation, immune and other host cells reshape their metabolism to fulfil the energy-demanding process of generating an immune response. This includes macrophage upregulation of glucose uptake and processing via aerobic glycolysis. On the other side, Candida modulates its metabolic pathways to adapt to the usually hostile environment in the host, such as the lumen of phagolysosomes. Further understanding on metabolic interactions between host and fungal cells would potentially lead to novel/enhanced antifungal therapies to fight these infections. Therefore, this review paper focuses on how cellular metabolism, of both host cells and Candida, and the nutritional environment impact on the interplay between host and fungal cells.
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Satala D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Smolarz M, Surowiec M, Kulig K, Wronowska E, Zawrotniak M, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. The Role of Candida albicans Virulence Factors in the Formation of Multispecies Biofilms With Bacterial Periodontal Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:765942. [PMID: 35071033 PMCID: PMC8766842 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease depends on the presence of different microorganisms in the oral cavity that during the colonization of periodontal tissues form a multispecies biofilm community, thus allowing them to survive under adverse conditions or facilitate further colonization of host tissues. Not only numerous bacterial species participate in the development of biofilm complex structure but also fungi, especially Candida albicans, that often commensally inhabits the oral cavity. C. albicans employs an extensive armory of various virulence factors supporting its coexistence with bacteria resulting in successful host colonization and propagation of infection. In this article, we highlight various aspects of individual fungal virulence factors that may facilitate the collaboration with the associated bacterial representatives of the early colonizers of the oral cavity, the bridging species, and the late colonizers directly involved in the development of periodontitis, including the “red complex” species. In particular, we discuss the involvement of candidal cell surface proteins—typical fungal adhesins as well as originally cytosolic “moonlighting” proteins that perform a new function on the cell surface and are also present within the biofilm structures. Another group of virulence factors considered includes secreted aspartic proteases (Sap) and other secreted hydrolytic enzymes. The specific structure of the candidal cell wall, dynamically changing during morphological transitions of the fungus that favor the biofilm formation, is equally important and discussed. The non-protein biofilm-composing factors also show dynamic variability upon the contact with bacteria, and their biosynthesis processes could be involved in the stability of mixed biofilms. Biofilm-associated changes in the microbe communication system using different quorum sensing molecules of both fungal and bacterial cells are also emphasized in this review. All discussed virulence factors involved in the formation of mixed biofilm pose new challenges and influence the successful design of new diagnostic methods and the application of appropriate therapies in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Smolarz
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Fungi—A Component of the Oral Microbiome Involved in Periodontal Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:113-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Ball B, Woroszchuk E, Sukumaran A, West H, Afaq A, Carruthers-Lay D, Muselius B, Gee L, Langille M, Pladwig S, Kazi S, Hendriks A, Geddes-McAlister J. Proteome and secretome profiling of zinc availability in Cryptococcus neoformans identifies Wos2 as a subtle influencer of fungal virulence determinants. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:341. [PMID: 34903172 PMCID: PMC8667453 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal infections impact over 25% of the global population. For the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, infection leads to cryptococcosis. In the presence of the host, disease is enabled by elaboration of sophisticated virulence determinants, including polysaccharide capsule, melanin, thermotolerance, and extracellular enzymes. Conversely, the host protects itself from fungal invasion by regulating and sequestering transition metals (e.g., iron, zinc, copper) important for microbial growth and survival. RESULTS Here, we explore the intricate relationship between zinc availability and fungal virulence via mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. We observe a core proteome along with a distinct zinc-regulated protein-level signature demonstrating a shift away from transport and ion binding under zinc-replete conditions towards transcription and metal acquisition under zinc-limited conditions. In addition, we revealed a novel connection among zinc availability, thermotolerance, as well as capsule and melanin production through the detection of a Wos2 ortholog in the secretome under replete conditions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide new biological insight into cellular remodeling at the protein level of C. neoformans under regulated zinc conditions and uncover a novel connection between zinc homeostasis and fungal virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ball
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - E Woroszchuk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - H West
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Afaq
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Carruthers-Lay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - B Muselius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - L Gee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M Langille
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Pladwig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Kazi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Hendriks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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García-Carnero LC, Salinas-Marín R, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Martínez-Duncker I, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. The Heat Shock Protein 60 and Pap1 Participate in the Sporothrixschenckii-Host Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110960. [PMID: 34829247 PMCID: PMC8620177 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrixschenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis. Its cell wall contains a glycoconjugate composed of rhamnose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and proteins, named peptidorhamnomannan, which harbors important Sporothrix-specific immunogenic epitopes. Although the peptidorhamnomannan carbohydrate moiety has been extensively studied, thus far, little is known about the protein core. Here, using LC-MS/MS, we analyzed the S.schenckii peptidorhamnomannan peptide fraction and generated mass signals of 325 proteins, most of them likely to be moonlighting proteins. Among the identified proteins, chaperonin GroEL/Hsp60 and the uncharacterized protein Pap1 were selected for further analysis. Both proteins were heterologously expressed in bacteria, and they showed adhesive properties to the extracellular matrix proteins laminin, elastin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin, although Pap1 also was bound to type-I and type-II collagen. The inoculation of concentrations higher than 40 μg of these proteins, separately, increased immune effectors in the hemolymph of Galleriamellonella larvae and protected animals from an S.schenckii lethal challenge. These observations were confirmed when yeast-like cells, pre-incubated with anti-rHsp60 or anti-rPap1 antibodies were used to inoculate larvae. The animals inoculated with pretreated cells showed increased survival rates when compared to the control groups. In conclusion, we report that Hsp60 and Pap1 are part of the cell wall peptidorhamnomannan, can bind extracellular matrix components, and contribute to the S.schenckii virulence. To our knowledge, this is the first report about moonlighting protein in the S.schenckii cell wall with an important role during the pathogen-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (L.C.G.-C.); (N.E.L.-P.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mor., Mexico; (R.S.-M.); (I.M.-D.)
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (L.C.G.-C.); (N.E.L.-P.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (K.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (K.W.); (K.W.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mor., Mexico; (R.S.-M.); (I.M.-D.)
| | - Gustavo A. Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (L.C.G.-C.); (N.E.L.-P.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico; (L.C.G.-C.); (N.E.L.-P.); (G.A.N.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-473-7320006 (ext. 8193)
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Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102736. [PMID: 34685715 PMCID: PMC8534323 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of defense mechanisms of the human immune system to counteract infection by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of invasion, and the subsequent production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that efficiently capture and kill the invader cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that within these structures composed of chromatin and proteins, the latter play a pivotal role in the entrapment of the fungal pathogen. The proteinous components of NETs, such as the granular enzymes elastase, myeloperoxidase and lactotransferrin, as well as histones and cathelicidin-derived peptide LL-37, are involved in contact with the surface of C. albicans cells. The fungal partners in these interactions are a typical adhesin of the agglutinin-like sequence protein family Als3, and several atypical surface-exposed proteins of cytoplasmic origin, including enolase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate mutase. Importantly, the adhesion of both the elastase itself and the mixture of proteins originating from NETs on the C. albicans cell surface considerably increased the pathogen potency of human epithelial cell destruction compared with fungal cells without human proteins attached. Such an implementation of adsorbed NET-derived proteins by invading C. albicans cells might alter the effectiveness of the fungal pathogen entrapment and affect the further host colonization.
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The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against Candida Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101159. [PMID: 34696267 PMCID: PMC8540628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus Candida. The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species merit the need for developing immune therapies against Candida infections. Although the role of cellular immune responses in anti-Candida immunity is well established, less is known about the role of humoral immunity against systemic candidiasis. This review summarizes currently available information on humoral immune responses induced by several promising Candida vaccine candidates, which have been identified in the past few decades. The protective antibody and B-cell responses generated by polysaccharide antigens such as mannan, β-glucan, and laminarin, as well as protein antigens like agglutinin-like sequence gene (Als3), secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap2), heat shock protein (Hsp90), hyphally-regulated protein (Hyr1), hyphal wall protein (Hwp1), enolase (Eno), phospholipase (PLB), pyruvate kinase (Pk), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), superoxide dismutase gene (Sod5) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), are outlined. As per studies reviewed, antibodies induced in response to leading Candida vaccine candidates contribute to protection against systemic candidiasis by utilizing a variety of mechanisms such as opsonization, complement fixation, neutralization, biofilm inhibition, direct candidacidal activity, etc. The contributions of B-cells in controlling fungal infections are also discussed. Promising results using anti-Candida monoclonal antibodies for passive antibody therapy reinforces the need for developing antibody-based therapeutics including anti-idiotypic antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, peptide mimotopes, and antibody-derived peptides. Future research involving combinatorial immunotherapies using humanized monoclonal antibodies along with antifungal drugs/cytokines may prove beneficial for treating invasive fungal infections.
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Palková Z, Váchová L. Spatially structured yeast communities: Understanding structure formation and regulation with omics tools. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5613-5621. [PMID: 34712401 PMCID: PMC8529026 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-celled yeasts form spatially structured populations - colonies and biofilms, either alone (single-species biofilms) or in cooperation with other microorganisms (mixed-species biofilms). Within populations, yeast cells develop in a coordinated manner, interact with each other and differentiate into specialized cell subpopulations that can better adapt to changing conditions (e.g. by reprogramming metabolism during nutrient deficiency) or protect the overall population from external influences (e.g. via extracellular matrix). Various omics tools together with specialized techniques for separating differentiated cells and in situ microscopy have revealed important processes and cell interactions in these structures, which are summarized here. Nevertheless, current knowledge is still only a small part of the mosaic of complexity and diversity of the multicellular structures that yeasts form in different environments. Future challenges include the use of integrated multi-omics approaches and a greater emphasis on the analysis of differentiated cell subpopulations with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Palková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Váchová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Satala D, Satala G, Zawrotniak M, Kozik A. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata triosephosphate isomerase - a moonlighting protein that can be exposed on the candidal cell surface and bind to human extracellular matrix proteins. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:199. [PMID: 34210257 PMCID: PMC8252264 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1) is a glycolytic enzyme that has recently been reported also to be an atypical proteinaceous component of the Candida yeast cell wall. Similar to other known candidal “moonlighting proteins”, surface-exposed Tpi1 is likely to contribute to fungal adhesion during the colonization and infection of a human host. The aim of our present study was to directly prove the presence of Tpi1 on C. albicans and C. glabrata cells under various growth conditions and characterize the interactions of native Tpi1, isolated and purified from the candidal cell wall, with human extracellular matrix proteins. Results Surface plasmon resonance measurements were used to determine the dissociation constants for the complexes of Tpi1 with host proteins and these values were found to fall within a relatively narrow range of 10− 8-10− 7 M. Using a chemical cross-linking method, two motifs of the Tpi1 molecule (aa 4–17 and aa 224–247) were identified to be directly involved in the interaction with vitronectin. A proposed structural model for Tpi1 confirmed that these interaction sites were at a considerable distance from the catalytic active site. Synthetic peptides with these sequences significantly inhibited Tpi1 binding to several extracellular matrix proteins suggesting that a common region on the surface of Tpi1 molecule is involved in the interactions with the host proteins. Conclusions The current study provided structural insights into the interactions of human extracellular matrix proteins with Tpi1 that can occur at the cell surface of Candida yeasts and contribute to the host infection by these fungal pathogens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02235-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland. .,Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-384, Krakow, Poland.
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Lerner A, Sobolevskaia P, Churilov L, Shoenfeld Y. Alpha-enolase involvement in intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100109. [PMID: 34189450 PMCID: PMC8219987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a life-long intestinal autoimmune disease, characterized by the gluten intolerance and chronic enteric inflammation. Traditionally presented by intestinal manifestations, however, a shift toward extra intestinal presentation is taking place. One of the affected organs is the nervous systems presented by neuropsychiatric manifestations, hence the mechanism and pathways are not clear. The presence of neuronal and alpha-enolases and their corresponding antibodies were noticed in the mucosa and serum of celiac disease patients, as well as in other various autoimmune diseases with psycho-neurological manifestations. The aims of the present review are to screen the literature on different isoforms of enolase, mainly alpha enolase, and their specific antibodies and to suggest their potential pathophysiological mechanisms relaying the enolases to intestinal or extraintestinal celiac disease manifestations. The shared aspects between the enolases and celiac disease and the cross-talks between alpha-enolase and tissue transglutaminase suggest new potential pathophysiological mechanisms that might drive celiac disease evolvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Visiting Professor), Moscow, Russia.,Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Candida Cell-Surface-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protect Mice against Candida auris Invasive Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116162. [PMID: 34200478 PMCID: PMC8201314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause disseminated bloodstream infections with up to 60% mortality in susceptible populations. Of the three major classes of antifungal drugs, most C. auris isolates show high resistance to azoles and polyenes, with some clinical isolates showing resistance to all three drug classes. We reported in this study a novel approach to treating C. auris disseminated infections through passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting cell surface antigens with high homology in medically important Candida species. Using an established A/J mouse model of disseminated infection that mimics human candidiasis, we showed that C3.1, a mAb that targets β-1,2-mannotriose (β-Man3), significantly extended survival and reduced fungal burdens in target organs, compared to control mice. We also demonstrated that two peptide-specific mAbs, 6H1 and 9F2, which target hyphal wall protein 1 (Hwp1) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1), respectively, also provided significantly enhanced survival and reduction of fungal burdens. Finally, we showed that passive transfer of a 6H1+9F2 cocktail induced significantly enhanced protection, compared to treatment with either mAb individually. Our data demonstrate the utility of β-Man3- and peptide-specific mAbs as an effective alternative to antifungals against medically important Candida species including multidrug-resistant C. auris.
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The paradoxical and still obscure properties of fungal extracellular vesicles. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:137-146. [PMID: 33895578 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early compositional studies of fungal EVs revealed a complex combination of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, glycans, polysaccharides, nucleic acid and pigments, indicating that these compartments could be involved with multiple functions. Curiously, some of the activities attributed to fungal EVs were already attested experimentally and are implicated with contrasting effects in vitro and in vivo. For instance, the presence of virulence factors is correlated with increased pathogenic potential. Indeed, the administration to hosts of EVs along with some fungal pathogens seems to help the disease development. However, it has been clearly shown that immunization of insects and mice with fungal EVs can protect these animals against a subsequent infection. Fungal EVs not only influence the host response, as concluded from the observation that these compartments also work as messengers between fungal organisms. In this context, despite their size characterization, other physical properties of EVs are poorly known. For instance, their stability and half-life under physiological conditions can be a crucial parameter determining their long-distance effects. In this review, we will discuss the paradoxical and still unexploited functions and properties of fungal EVs that could be determinant for their biological functions.
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Moreno-Martínez AE, Gómez-Molero E, Sánchez-Virosta P, Dekker HL, de Boer A, Eraso E, Bader O, de Groot PWJ. High Biofilm Formation of Non-Smooth Candida parapsilosis Correlates with Increased Incorporation of GPI-Modified Wall Adhesins. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040493. [PMID: 33921809 PMCID: PMC8073168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is among the most frequent causes of candidiasis. Clinical isolates of this species show large variations in colony morphotype, ranging from round and smooth to a variety of non-smooth irregular colony shapes. A non-smooth appearance is related to increased formation of pseudohyphae, higher capacity to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces, and invading agar. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the cell wall proteome of C. parapsilosis reference strain CDC317 and seven clinical isolates under planktonic and sessile conditions. This analysis resulted in the identification of 40 wall proteins, most of them homologs of known Candida albicans cell wall proteins, such as Gas, Crh, Bgl2, Cht2, Ecm33, Sap, Sod, Plb, Pir, Pga30, Pga59, and adhesin family members. Comparative analysis of exponentially growing and stationary phase planktonic cultures of CDC317 at 30 °C and 37 °C revealed only minor variations. However, comparison of smooth isolates to non-smooth isolates with high biofilm formation capacity showed an increase in abundance and diversity of putative wall adhesins from Als, Iff/Hyr, and Hwp families in the latter. This difference depended more strongly on strain phenotype than on the growth conditions, as it was observed in planktonic as well as biofilm cells. Thus, in the set of isolates analyzed, the high biofilm formation capacity of non-smooth C. parapsilosis isolates with elongated cellular phenotypes correlates with the increased surface expression of putative wall adhesins in accordance with their proposed cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Esther Moreno-Martínez
- Albacete Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla—La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.E.M.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (P.S.-V.); (A.d.B.)
| | - Emilia Gómez-Molero
- Albacete Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla—La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.E.M.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (P.S.-V.); (A.d.B.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Albacete Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla—La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.E.M.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (P.S.-V.); (A.d.B.)
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Albert de Boer
- Albacete Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla—La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.E.M.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (P.S.-V.); (A.d.B.)
| | - Elena Eraso
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (P.W.J.d.G.)
| | - Piet W. J. de Groot
- Albacete Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Castilla—La Mancha Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (A.E.M.-M.); (E.G.-M.); (P.S.-V.); (A.d.B.)
- Correspondence: (O.B.); (P.W.J.d.G.)
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Augustyniak D, Kramarska E, Mackiewicz P, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Lundy FT. Mammalian Neuropeptides as Modulators of Microbial Infections: Their Dual Role in Defense versus Virulence and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073658. [PMID: 33915818 PMCID: PMC8036953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of infection and inflammation by a variety of host peptides may represent an evolutionary failsafe in terms of functional degeneracy and it emphasizes the significance of host defense in survival. Neuropeptides have been demonstrated to have similar antimicrobial activities to conventional antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum action against a variety of microorganisms. Neuropeptides display indirect anti-infective capacity via enhancement of the host’s innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms. However, more recently concerns have been raised that some neuropeptides may have the potential to augment microbial virulence. In this review we discuss the dual role of neuropeptides, perceived as a double-edged sword, with antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa but also capable of enhancing virulence and pathogenicity. We review the different ways by which neuropeptides modulate crucial stages of microbial pathogenesis such as adhesion, biofilm formation, invasion, intracellular lifestyle, dissemination, etc., including their anti-infective properties but also detrimental effects. Finally, we provide an overview of the efficacy and therapeutic potential of neuropeptides in murine models of infectious diseases and outline the intrinsic host factors as well as factors related to pathogen adaptation that may influence efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-6296
| | - Eliza Kramarska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
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Candida Albicans Virulence Factors and Its Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040704. [PMID: 33805377 PMCID: PMC8065973 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans lives as commensal on the skin and mucosal surfaces of the genital, intestinal, vaginal, urinary, and oral tracts of 80% of healthy individuals [...].
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Abstract
In yeast, many proteins are found in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, and consequently it can be difficult to distinguish nonconventional secretion from cellular leakage. Therefore, we monitored the extracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity of intact cells as a specific marker for nonconventional secretion. Extracellular GAPDH activity was proportional to the number of cells assayed, increased with incubation time, and was dependent on added substrates. Preincubation of intact cells with 100 μM dithiothreitol increased the reaction rate, consistent with increased access of the enzyme after reduction of cell wall disulfide cross-links. Such treatment did not increase cell permeability to propidium iodide, in contrast to effects of higher concentrations of reducing agents. An amine-specific membrane-impermeant biotinylation reagent specifically inactivated extracellular GAPDH. The enzyme was secreted again after a 30- to 60-min lag following the inactivation, and there was no concomitant increase in propidium iodide staining. There were about 4 × 104 active GAPDH molecules per cell at steady state, and secretion studies showed replenishment to that level 1 h after inactivation. These results establish conditions for specific quantitative assays of cell wall proteins in the absence of cytoplasmic leakage and for subsequent quantification of secretion rates in intact cells.IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cells secrete many proteins, including many proteins that do not follow the classical secretion pathway. Among these, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is unexpectedly found in the walls of yeasts and other fungi and in extracellular space in mammalian cell cultures. It is difficult to quantify extracellular GAPDH, because leakage of just a little of the very large amount of cytoplasmic enzyme can invalidate the determinations. We used enzymatic assays of intact cells while also maintaining membrane integrity. The results lead to estimates of the amount of extracellular enzyme and its rate of secretion to the wall in intact cells. Therefore, enzyme assays under controlled conditions can be used to investigate nonconventional secretion more generally.
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Karkowska-Kuleta J, Wronowska E, Satala D, Zawrotniak M, Bras G, Kozik A, Nobbs AH, Rapala-Kozik M. Als3-mediated attachment of enolase on the surface of Candida albicans cells regulates their interactions with host proteins. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13297. [PMID: 33237623 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional protein enolase has repeatedly been identified on the surface of numerous cell types, including a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. In Candida albicans-one of the most common fungal pathogens in humans-a surface-exposed enolase form has been previously demonstrated to play an important role in candidal pathogenicity. In our current study, the presence of enolase at the fungal cell surface under different growth conditions was examined, and a higher abundance of enolase at the surface of C. albicans hyphal forms compared to yeast-like cells was found. Affinity chromatography and chemical cross-linking indicated a member of the agglutinin-like sequence protein family-Als3-as an important potential partner required for the surface display of enolase. Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells overexpressing Als3 with site-specific deletions showed that the Ig-like N-terminal region of Als3 (aa 166-225; aa 218-285; aa 270-305; aa 277-286) and the central repeat domain (aa 434-830) are essential for the interaction of this adhesin with enolase. In addition, binding between enolase and Als3 influenced subsequent docking of host plasma proteins-high molecular mass kininogen and plasminogen-on the candidal cell surface, thus supporting the hypothesis that C. albicans can modulate plasma proteolytic cascades to affect homeostasis within the host and propagate inflammation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Satala D, Satala G, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bukowski M, Kluza A, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Structural Insights into the Interactions of Candidal Enolase with Human Vitronectin, Fibronectin and Plasminogen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217843. [PMID: 33105833 PMCID: PMC7660097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant amounts of enolase—a cytosolic enzyme involved in the glycolysis pathway—are exposed on the cell surface of Candida yeast. It has been hypothesized that this exposed enolase form contributes to infection-related phenomena such as fungal adhesion to human tissues, and the activation of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix degradation. The aim of the present study was to characterize, in structural terms, the protein-protein interactions underlying these moonlighting functions of enolase. The tight binding of human vitronectin, fibronectin and plasminogen by purified C. albicans and C. tropicalis enolases was quantitatively analyzed by surface plasmon resonance measurements, and the dissociation constants of the formed complexes were determined to be in the 10−7–10−8 M range. In contrast, the binding of human proteins by the S.cerevisiae enzyme was much weaker. The chemical cross-linking method was used to map the sites on enolase molecules that come into direct contact with human proteins. An internal motif 235DKAGYKGKVGIAMDVASSEFYKDGK259 in C. albicans enolase was suggested to contribute to the binding of all three human proteins tested. Models for these interactions were developed and revealed the sites on the enolase molecule that bind human proteins, extensively overlap for these ligands, and are well-separated from the catalytic activity center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Satala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Michal Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Kluza
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Guevara-Lora I, Bras G, Karkowska-Kuleta J, González-González M, Ceballos K, Sidlo W, Rapala-Kozik M. Plant-Derived Substances in the Fight Against Infections Caused by Candida Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176131. [PMID: 32854425 PMCID: PMC7504544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast-like fungi from the Candida genus are predominantly harmless commensals that colonize human skin and mucosal surfaces, but under conditions of impaired host immune system change into dangerous pathogens. The pathogenicity of these fungi is typically accompanied by increased adhesion and formation of complex biofilms, making candidal infections challenging to treat. Although a variety of antifungal drugs have been developed that preferably attack the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane, these pathogens have acquired novel defense mechanisms that make them resistant to standard treatment. This causes an increase in the incidence of candidiasis and enforces the urgent need for an intensified search for new specifics that could be helpful, alone or synergistically with traditional drugs, for controlling Candida pathogenicity. Currently, numerous reports have indicated the effectiveness of plant metabolites as potent antifungal agents. These substances have been shown to inhibit growth and to alter the virulence of different Candida species in both the planktonic and hyphal form and during the biofilm formation. This review focuses on the most recent findings that provide evidence of decreasing candidal pathogenicity by different substances of plant origin, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms of their action. This is a particularly important issue in the light of the currently increasing frequency of emerging Candida strains and species resistant to standard antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibeth Guevara-Lora
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.-L.); (K.C.)
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (J.K.-K.); (M.G.-G.); (W.S.)
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (J.K.-K.); (M.G.-G.); (W.S.)
| | - Miriam González-González
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (J.K.-K.); (M.G.-G.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30–387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Ceballos
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.-L.); (K.C.)
| | - Wiktoria Sidlo
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (J.K.-K.); (M.G.-G.); (W.S.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30–387 Krakow, Poland; (G.B.); (J.K.-K.); (M.G.-G.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence:
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