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Parrish KM, Gestal MC. Eosinophils as drivers of bacterial immunomodulation and persistence. Infect Immun 2024:e0017524. [PMID: 39007622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00175-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, eosinophils have been linked to parasitic infections and pathological disease states. However, emerging literature has unveiled a more nuanced and intricate role for these cells, demonstrating their key functions in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Eosinophils exhibit diverse phenotypes and exert multifaceted effects during infections, ranging from promoting pathogen persistence to triggering allergic reactions. Our investigations primarily focus on Bordetella spp., with particular emphasis on Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural murine pathogen that induces diseases in mice akin to pertussis in humans. Recent findings from our published work have unveiled a striking interaction between B. bronchiseptica and eosinophils, facilitated by the btrS-mediated mechanism. This interaction serves to enhance pathogen persistence while concurrently delaying adaptive immune responses. Notably, this role of eosinophils is only noted in the absence of a functional btrS signaling pathway, indicating that wild-type B. bronchiseptica, and possibly other Bordetella spp., possess such adeptness in manipulating eosinophils that the true function of these cells remains obscured during infection. In this review, we present the mounting evidence pointing toward eosinophils as targets of bacterial exploitation, facilitating pathogen persistence and fostering chronic infections in diverse mucosal sites, including the lungs, gut, and skin. We underscore the pivotal role of the master regulator of Bordetella pathogenesis, the sigma factor BtrS, in orchestrating eosinophil-dependent immunomodulation within the context of pulmonary infection. These putative convergent strategies of targeting eosinophils offer promising avenues for the development of novel therapeutics targeting respiratory and other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Salaiza-Suazo N, Porcel-Aranibar R, Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Ruiz-Remigio A, Zamora-Chimal J, Delgado-Domínguez J, Cervantes-Sarabia R, Carrada-Figueroa G, Sánchez-Barragán B, Leal-Ascencio VJ, Pérez-Torres A, Rodríguez-Martínez HA, Becker I. Eosinophils of patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential response to Leishmania mexicana, with insights into mechanisms of damage inflicted upon the parasites by eosinophils. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296887. [PMID: 38359037 PMCID: PMC10868813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic manifestations. They produce many biologically active substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogens through the degranulation of microbicidal components and inflammatory tissue effects. In leishmaniasis, eosinophils have been found within inflammatory infiltrate with protective immunity against the parasite. We analyzed the responses of eosinophils from patients with localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as from healthy subjects, when exposed to Leishmania mexicana. All DCL patients exhibited blood eosinophilia, along with elevated eosinophil counts in non-ulcerated nodules. In contrast, only LCL patients with prolonged disease progression showed eosinophils in their blood and cutaneous ulcers. Eosinophils from DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, compared to eosinophils from LCL patients. Additionally, DCL patients displayed higher serum levels of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated that eosinophils from both LCL and DCL patients responded to L. mexicana promastigotes with a robust oxidative burst, which was equally intense in both patient groups and significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Coincubation of eosinophils (from donors with eosinophilia) with L. mexicana promastigotes in vitro revealed various mechanisms of parasite damage associated with different patterns of granule exocytosis: 1) localized degranulation on the parasite surface, 2) the release of cytoplasmic membrane-bound "degranulation sacs" containing granules, 3) release of eosinophil extracellular traps containing DNA and granules with major basic protein. In conclusion, eosinophils damage L. mexicana parasites through the release of granules via diverse mechanisms. However, despite DCL patients having abundant eosinophils in their blood and tissues, their apparent inability to provide protection may be linked to the release of cytokines and chemokines that promote a Th2 immune response and disease progression in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Porcel-Aranibar
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Ruiz-Remigio
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocely Cervantes-Sarabia
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Georgina Carrada-Figueroa
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Tabasco, México
| | | | - Victor Javier Leal-Ascencio
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Dr. Juan Graham, Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor A. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Yamamoto T. Local neutrophil and eosinophil extracellular traps formation in pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14931. [PMID: 37694984 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans is a rare inflammatory condition, affecting the skin and/or mucous membrane. Some cases include both skin and mucous involvement, whereas others develop either skin or mucous lesions only. The typically affected areas are the scalp, face, trunk and extremities, including the flexural areas and umbilicus. Clinical features show erosive granulomatous plaques, keratotic plaques with overlying crusts and pustular lesions. Among mucous lesions, oral mucosa is most frequently involved, and gingival erythema, shallow erosions, cobblestone-like papules on the buccal mucosa or upper hard palate of the oral cavity are also observed. Some of the lesions assume a 'snail track' appearance. Although there are several similarities between pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans and other diseases, that is pyoderma gangrenosum, pemphigus vegetans and pemphigoid vegetans, the histopathological features of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans are unique in that epidermal hyperplasia, focal acantholysis and dense inflammatory infiltrates with intraepidermal and subepidermal eosinophilic microabscesses are observed. Direct immunofluorescence findings are principally negative. Activated neutrophils are supposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. The expression of IL-36 and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was observed in the lesional skin, and additionally, eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) was detected in pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans. A possible pathogenic role of NETs and EETs in the innate immunity and autoinflammatory aspects of pyodermatitis pyostomatitis vegetans was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Shin SH, Ye MK, Lee DW, Choi MH, Geum SY. Aspergillus Enhances Eosinophil and Neutrophil Extracellular DNA Trap Formation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17264. [PMID: 38139091 PMCID: PMC10744233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the sinonasal mucosa. Eosinophil and neutrophil extracellular traps (EETs and NETs, respectively) are prominently found in CRS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of airborne fungi, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus fumigatus, on EET and NET formation. Nasal epithelial cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were isolated from eosinophilic CRS (ECRS), non-ECRS (NECRS), and healthy control. We determined eosinophil and neutrophil transepithelial migration after fungal treatment. We then determined the release of EETs and NETs by fungi using Sytox Green staining and determined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using ROS inhibitors. We identified more abundant EETs and NETs in ECRS than in NECRS. A. alternata and A. fumigatus enhanced eosinophil and neutrophil transepithelial migration. A. fumigatus strongly induced EET and NET formation in CRS and, simultaneously, suppressed fungal metabolic activity. EET formation in CRS is associated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase and NET formation with NADPH-oxidase and mitochondrial ROS. A. fumigatus, but not A. alternata, induced EET and NET formation, and peripheral blood eosinophils and neutrophils exhibited different immune responses against A. fumigatus following the inflammatory status of the host. Aspergillus-fumigatus-induced EET and NET formation plays a crucial role in CRS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Heon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.Y.); (D.-W.L.); (M.-H.C.); (S.-Y.G.)
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5
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First NJ, Parrish KM, Martínez-Pérez A, González-Fernández Á, Bharrhan S, Woolard M, McLachlan JB, Scott RS, Wang J, Gestal MC. Bordetella spp. block eosinophil recruitment to suppress the generation of early mucosal protection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113294. [PMID: 37883230 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella spp. are respiratory pathogens equipped with immune evasion mechanisms. We previously characterized a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant (RB50ΔbtrS) that fails to suppress host responses, leading to rapid clearance and long-lasting immunity against reinfection. This work revealed eosinophils as an exclusive requirement for RB50ΔbtrS clearance. We also show that RB50ΔbtrS promotes eosinophil-mediated B/T cell recruitment and inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, with eosinophils being present throughout iBALT for Th17 and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses. Finally, we provide evidence that XCL1 is critical for iBALT formation but not maintenance, proposing a novel role for eosinophils as facilitators of adaptive immunity against B. bronchiseptica. RB50ΔbtrS being incapable of suppressing eosinophil effector functions illuminates active, bacterial targeting of eosinophils to achieve successful persistence and reinfection. Overall, our discoveries contribute to understanding cellular mechanisms for use in future vaccines and therapies against Bordetella spp. and extension to other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J First
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sushma Bharrhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Matthew Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rona S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA.
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6
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Ahn SH, Shin KH, Oh JT, Park SC, Rha MS, Kim SI, Cho HJ, Yoon JH, Kim CH. Calprotectin in chronic rhinosinusitis eosinophil extracellular traps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1926-1936. [PMID: 36932634 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is an antimicrobial peptide primarily secreted by neutrophils. Furthermore, calprotectin secretion increases in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with polyps (CRSwNP) and positively correlates with neutrophil markers. However, CRSwNP is known to be associated with type 2 inflammation related to tissue eosinophilia. Therefore, the authors investigated calprotectin expression in eosinophils and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and explored the associations between tissue calprotectin and the clinical findings of patients with CRS. METHODS A total of 63 patients participated, and patients diagnosed with CRS were classified based on the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) score. The authors performed hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence with calprotectin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), major basic protein (MBP), and citrullinated histone H3 with the participant's tissues. Finally, correlations between calprotectin and the clinical data were examined. RESULTS Calprotectin-positive cells are co-localized not only in MPO-positive cells but also in MBP-positive cells in human tissues. Calprotectin was also involved in EETs and neutrophil extracellular traps. The number of calprotectin-positive cells in the tissue was positively correlated with the number of tissue and blood eosinophils. In addition, calprotectin in the tissue is associated with the olfactory function, Lund-Mackay computed tomography score, and JESREC score. CONCLUSIONS Calprotectin, known to be secreted by neutrophils, in CRS was also expressed in eosinophils. In addition, calprotectin, which functions as an antimicrobial peptide, may play an important role in the innate immune response based on its EET involvement. Therefore, calprotectin expression could reflect as a disease severity biomarker for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ha Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jun Taek Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Daejin Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Department of otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo In Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Seoul, South Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Maggi E, Parronchi P, Azzarone BG, Moretta L. A pathogenic integrated view explaining the different endotypes of asthma and allergic disorders. Allergy 2022; 77:3267-3292. [PMID: 35842745 DOI: 10.1111/all.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The inflammation of allergic diseases is characterized by a complex interaction between type 2 and type 3 immune responses, explaining clinical symptoms and histopathological patterns. Airborne stimuli activate the mucosal epithelium to release a number of molecules impacting the activity of resident immune and environmental cells. Signals from the mucosal barrier, regulatory cells, and the inflamed tissue are crucial conditions able to modify innate and adaptive effector cells providing the selective homing of eosinophils or neutrophils. The high plasticity of resident T- and innate lymphoid cells responding to external signals is the prerequisite to explain the multiplicity of endotypes of allergic diseases. This notion paved the way for the huge use of specific biologic drugs interfering with pathogenic mechanisms of inflammation. Based on the response of the epithelial barrier, the activity of resident regulatory cells, and functions of structural non-lymphoid environmental cells, this review proposes some immunopathogenic scenarios characterizing the principal endotypes which can be associated with a precise phenotype of asthma. Recent literature indicates that similar concepts can also be applied to the inflammation of other non-respiratory allergic disorders. The next challenges will consist in defining specific biomarker(s) of each endotype allowing for a quick diagnosis and the most effective personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maggi
- Department of Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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8
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Talal S, Mona K, Karem A, Yaniv L, Reut HM, Ariel S, Moran AK, Harel E, Campisi-Pinto S, Mahmoud AA, Raul C, David T, Gil BS, Idan C. Neutrophil degranulation and severely impaired extracellular trap formation at the basis of susceptibility to infections of hemodialysis patients. BMC Med 2022; 20:364. [PMID: 36284314 PMCID: PMC9597999 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease patients are at increased risk of mortality with cardiovascular diseases and infections as the two leading causes of death for end-stage kidney disease treated with hemodialysis (HD). Mortality from bacterial infections in HD patients is estimated to be 100-1000 times higher than in the healthy population. METHODS We comprehensively characterized highly pure circulating neutrophils from HD and healthy donors. RESULTS Protein levels and transcriptome of HD patients' neutrophils indicated massive neutrophil degranulation with a dramatic reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during an oxidative burst and defective oxidative cellular signaling. Moreover, HD neutrophils exhibit severely impaired ability to generate extracellular NET formation (NETosis) in NADPH oxidase-dependent or independent pathways, reflecting their loss of capacity to kill extracellular bacteria. Ectopic hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) or recombinant human SOD-1 (rSOD-1) partly restores and improves the extent of HD dysfunctional neutrophil NET formation. CONCLUSIONS Our report is one of the first singular examples of severe and chronic impairment of NET formation leading to substantial clinical susceptibility to bacteremia that most likely results from the metabolic and environmental milieu typical to HD patients and not by common human genetic deficiencies. In this manner, aberrant gene expression and differential exocytosis of distinct granule populations could reflect the chronic defect in neutrophil functionality and their diminished ability to induce NETosis. Therefore, our findings suggest that targeting NETosis in HD patients may reduce infections, minimize their severity, and decrease the mortality rate from infections in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salti Talal
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, 1834111, Afula, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 320002, Haifa, Israel
| | - Khoury Mona
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, 1834111, Afula, Israel
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 320002, Haifa, Israel
| | - Awad Karem
- Nephrology Department, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | | | | | - Shemesh Ariel
- Biomedical Core Facility, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Eitam Harel
- Emek Medical Center, Clinical Laboratories, Clalit, Afula, Israel
| | | | - Abu-Amna Mahmoud
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, 1834111, Afula, Israel
| | - Colodner Raul
- Emek Medical Center, Clinical Laboratories, Clalit, Afula, Israel
| | - Tovbin David
- Nephrology Department, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Bar-Sela Gil
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, 1834111, Afula, Israel.
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 320002, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Cohen Idan
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, 1834111, Afula, Israel.
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9
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Holban AM, Gregoire CM, Gestal MC. Conquering the host: Bordetella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa molecular regulators in lung infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983149. [PMID: 36225372 PMCID: PMC9549215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When bacteria sense cues from the host environment, stress responses are activated. Two component systems, sigma factors, small RNAs, ppGpp stringent response, and chaperones start coordinate the expression of virulence factors or immunomodulators to allow bacteria to respond. Although, some of these are well studied, such as the two-component systems, the contribution of other regulators, such as sigma factors or ppGpp, is increasingly gaining attention. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gold standard pathogen for studying the molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental cues. Bordetella spp., on the other hand, is a microbial model for studying host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. These two pathogens have the ability to colonize the lungs of patients with chronic diseases, suggesting that they have the potential to share a niche and interact. However, the molecular networks that facilitate adaptation of Bordetella spp. to cues are unclear. Here, we offer a side-by-side comparison of what is known about these diverse molecular mechanisms that bacteria utilize to counteract host immune responses, while highlighting the relatively unexplored interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Holban
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Courtney M. Gregoire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Monica C. Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Monica C. Gestal, ;
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10
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Jankowska E, Bartoszuk I, Lewandowska K, Dybowska M, Opoka L, Tomkowski W, Szturmowicz M. Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Complicated with Venous Thromboembolic Disease—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061425. [PMID: 35741235 PMCID: PMC9221981 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia (AEP) is a rare idiopathic disease caused by an accumulation of eosinophils in the pulmonary alveoli and interstitial tissue of the lungs. The onset of symptoms is acute; some patients develop respiratory failure. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, diffuse interstitial infiltrates in the lungs on imaging studies, and eosinophilia exceeding 25% on bronchoalveolar lavage or pleural fluid smear. Smokers are primarily at increased risk for the disease. We present a case of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) that developed in the course of AEP in a previously healthy male smoker. Complete remission of the disease was achieved with anticoagulation therapy combined with a low dose of steroids. Surprisingly, further diagnostics revealed the presence of thrombophilia: antithrombin (AT) deficiency and increased homocysteine level. According to our knowledge, this is the first case of VTE diagnosed in the course of AEP combined with thrombophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jankowska
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Iwona Bartoszuk
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Lewandowska
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-692-682-078
| | - Małgorzata Dybowska
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Lucyna Opoka
- Department of Radiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Witold Tomkowski
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Monika Szturmowicz
- 1st Department of Lung Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (I.B.); (M.D.); (W.T.); (M.S.)
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Jiménez D, Torres Arias M. Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2. Immunol Med 2022; 45:186-224. [PMID: 35502127 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global health problem that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The infection can present with multiple clinical features ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients to patients with severe or critical illness that can even lead to death. Although the immune system plays an important role in pathogen control, SARS-CoV-2 can drive dysregulation of this response and trigger severe immunopathology. Exploring the mechanisms of the immune response involved in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 allows us to understand its immunopathogenesis and possibly detect features that can be used as potential therapies to eliminate the virus. The main objective of this review on SARS-CoV-2 is to highlight the interaction between the virus and the immune response. We explore the function and action of the immune system, the expression of molecules at the site of infection that cause hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation disorders, the factors leading to the development of pneumonia and subsequent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome which is the leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
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12
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Doolan R, Bouchery T. Hookworm infections: Reappraising the evidence for a role of Neutrophils in light of NETosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12911. [PMID: 35124825 PMCID: PMC9285577 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Hookworm infection, neutrophils have long had the image of the villain, being recruited to the site of larval migration because of damage but participating themselves in tissue injury. With recent developments in neutrophil biology, there is an increasing body of evidence for the role of neutrophils as effector cells in hookworm immunity. In particular, their ability to release extracellular traps, or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), confer neutrophils a larvicidal activity. Here, we review recent evidence in this nascent field and discuss the avenue for future research on NETs/hookworm interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Doolan
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Bouchery
- Hookworm Immunobiology Laboratory Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 4051 CH Basel Switzerland
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13
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Ondari E, Calvino-Sanles E, First NJ, Gestal MC. Eosinophils and Bacteria, the Beginning of a Story. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8004. [PMID: 34360770 PMCID: PMC8347986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with TH2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that Helicobacter pylori triggers TH2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote TH17 pro-inflammatory responses during Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica C. Gestal
- LSU Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University (LSU), Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.O.); (E.C.-S.); (N.J.F.)
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Janiuk K, Jabłońska E, Garley M. Significance of NETs Formation in COVID-19. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010151. [PMID: 33466589 PMCID: PMC7828704 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe contagious respiratory disease—COVID-19—caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, can lead to fatal respiratory failure associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Infiltration and spread of SARS-CoV-2 are based on the interaction between the virus’ structural protein S and the cell’s receptor–angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), with the simultaneous involvement of human trans-membrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Many scientific reports stress the importance of elevated recruitment and activity of neutrophils, which can form extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs) playing a significant role in the mechanism of combating pathogens, in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Excessive generation of NETs during prolonged periods of inflammation predisposes for the occurrence of undesirable reactions including thromboembolic complications and damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Within the present manuscript, we draw attention to the impact of NET generation on the severe course of COVID-19 in patients with concurrent cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Additionally, we indicate the necessity to explore not only the cellular but also the molecular bases of COVID-19 pathogenesis, which may aid the development of dedicated therapies meant to improve chances for the successful treatment of patients. We also present new directions of research into medications that display NETs formation regulatory properties as potential significant therapeutic strategies in the progress of COVID-19.
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