1
|
Juhász A, Makaula P, Cunningham LJ, Jones S, Archer J, Lally D, Namacha G, Kapira D, Chammudzi P, LaCourse EJ, Seto E, Kayuni SA, Musaya J, Stothard JR. Revealing bovine schistosomiasis in Malawi: Connecting human and hybrid schistosomes within cattle. One Health 2024; 19:100761. [PMID: 39021560 PMCID: PMC11253675 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In Malawi, the putative origin of a newly described Schistosoma haematobium-mattheei hybrid human schistosome was assessed upon a seminal molecular parasitological survey of cattle. Using miracidia hatch test (MHT) and carcass inspection at slaughter, mean prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis was 49.1% (95% CI: 43.7-54.6%) and 10.3% (95% CI: 6.0-16.2%) respectively, though significant spatial heterogeneity was noted. Approximately 2.0% of infected cattle, and only those from Mangochi District, shed S. haematobium-mattheei and/or S. haematobium in faeces. To quantify schistosome (re)infection dynamics, where a S. haematobium-mattheei hybrid was present, we undertook a novel pilot GPS-datalogging sub-study within a specific herd of cattle (n = 8) on the Lake Malawi shoreline, alongside a praziquantel (40 mg/kg) treatment efficacy spot check. At sub-study baseline, all GPS-tagged cattle had proven daily water contact with the lake. Each animal was patently infected upon MHT, with older animals shedding less miracidia. At one month review, whilst parasitological cure was 100.0%, from six weeks onwards, (re)infection was first noted in the youngest animal. By three-month review, all animals were patently (re)infected though only miracidia of S. mattheei were recovered, albeit in much lower numbers. To conclude, infection with S. mattheei is particularly common in cattle and demonstrates a previously cryptic burden of bovine schistosomiasis. Within Mangochi District, bovine transmission of both S. haematobium-mattheei hybrids and S. haematobium are now incriminated, with unequivocal evidence of contemporary zoonotic spill-over. Future control of urogenital schistosomiasis here in the southern region needs to develop, then successfully integrate, a One Health approach with appropriate mitigating strategies to reduce and/or contain bovine schistosomiasis transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Juhász
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Makaula
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Sam Jones
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Archer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Lally
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gladys Namacha
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Donales Kapira
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | | | - Sekeleghe A. Kayuni
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Janelisa Musaya
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diakité A, Agniwo P, Dabo A, Sidibé B, Savassi BA, Akplogan A, Guindo H, Dembélé L, Ibikounlé M, Niaré SD, Tembely S, Boissier J. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma bovis and S. curassoni collected from cattle in Mali. Parasite 2024; 31:36. [PMID: 38953782 PMCID: PMC11218738 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is of medical and veterinary importance. Despite the critical situation of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa, few molecular epidemiological studies have been carried out to determine the role of animals in its transmission. In Mali, it has been over three decades since the last molecular study of animal schistosomes was carried out. It is now urgent to identify circulating strains of the parasite because of potential interactions with other schistosome species, which could complicate disease control. The aim of our work was to study the composition and genetic structure of schistosome populations collected from cattle. The prevalence of schistosome was 23.9%, with the prevalences of Schistosoma bovis (Sb) and S. curassoni (Sc) estimated at 12.6% and 9.8%, respectively. No hybrid strains or S. haematobium were found. The parasites displayed distinct geographical distribution with Sb dominant in Bamako (78.8% and 98% in Central Bamako Slaughterhouse and Sabalibougou Slaughterhouses, respectively) and Sc dominant in Kayes (95.3%). Of the 476 parasites with a complete genetic profile, 60.4% were pure Sc, and were mainly from Kayes. We identified two clusters at the site level (Fst of 0.057 and 0.042 for Sb and Sc, respectively). Cluster 1 was predominantly composed of pure Sb parasites and cluster 2 was mainly composed of pure Sc parasites, from Bamako and Kayes, respectively. Our study shows that cattle schistosomiasis remains endemic in Mali with S. bovis and S. curassoni. A robust genetic structure between the different schistosome populations was identified, which included two clusters based on the geographical distribution of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assitan Diakité
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Privat Agniwo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy Bâtiment R 66860 Perpignan France
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Abomey-Calavi Bénin
| | - Abdoulaye Dabo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Bakary Sidibé
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Boris A.E.S. Savassi
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy Bâtiment R 66860 Perpignan France
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Abomey-Calavi Bénin
| | - Ahristode Akplogan
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Hassim Guindo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Laurent Dembélé
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS) BP 1805, IRL3189 Bamako Mali
| | - Moudachirou Ibikounlé
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526 Abomey-Calavi Bénin
| | - Safiatou Doumbo Niaré
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy Bâtiment R 66860 Perpignan France
| | - Saidou Tembely
- Académie des Sciences du Mali, Baco-Djicoroni ACI Ouest Rue 619 Porte, 104 Bamako Mali
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy Bâtiment R 66860 Perpignan France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perera DJ, Koger-Pease C, Paulini K, Daoudi M, Ndao M. Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0009823. [PMID: 38319102 PMCID: PMC10938899 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00098-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Schistosoma spp. and has the second highest global impact of all parasites. Schistosoma are transmitted through contact with contaminated fresh water predominantly in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Due to the widespread prevalence of Schistosoma, co-infection with other infectious agents is common but often poorly described. Herein, we review recent literature describing the impact of Schistosoma co-infection between species and Schistosoma co-infection with blood-borne protozoa, soil-transmitted helminths, various intestinal protozoa, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, various urinary tract infection-causing agents, and viral pathogens. In each case, disease severity and, of particular interest, the immune landscape, are altered as a consequence of co-infection. Understanding the impact of schistosomiasis co-infections will be important when considering treatment strategies and vaccine development moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J. Perera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cal Koger-Pease
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kayla Paulini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohamed Daoudi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paguem A, Kamtsap P, Manchang TK, Yembo J, Achukwi MD, Streit A, Renz A. Species identity and phylogeny of Paramphistomoidea Fischoeder, 1901 occurring in cattle and sheep in North Cameroon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 45:100922. [PMID: 37783526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Paramphistomidae and Gastrothylacidae are parasitic flatworms occurring in wild and domestic ruminants in different parts of the world especially in Asia and Africa. In Central Africa, few studies have been done using molecular techniques to resolve taxonomical groupings and understand the epizootiology of these parasites. In this study, we molecularly characterized two hundred adult flukes collected from the fore stomachs of cattle and sheep in the Adamawa region of the northern Cameroon. PCR and sequencing of the nuclear ITS-2 of the ribosomal DNA gene and a portion of the mitochondrial cox-1 locus revealed the presence of at least nine species belonging to the genera of Cotylophoron, Calicophorn, Orthocoelium and Carmyerius. In Zebu cattle, we identified Ca. microbothrium, Ca. clavula, Ca. phillerouxi, Co. cotylophorum, Co. fuelleborni, O. scoliocoelium, Car. gregarius, Car. graberi and Car. mancupatus and one yet unknown Paramphistomoidea sp, whereas in sheep, only Ca. microbothrium was found. The present study also strongly suggests cross-hybridization between the two Cotylophoron species coexisting in cattle. These results have implications for the diagnosis and control of rumen flukes in the region and point to the need for accurate species identification to understand parasite distribution and population genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archile Paguem
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Pierre Kamtsap
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tanyi Kingsley Manchang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Cameroon; Bangangte Multipurpose Research Station, P.O. Box 222, Bangangte, Cameroon
| | - Jeremie Yembo
- Programme Onchocercose Field Station of the University of Tübingen, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfons Renz
- Department of Comparative Zoology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Programme Onchocercose Field Station of the University of Tübingen, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agniwo P, Boissier J, Sidibé B, Dembélé L, Diakité A, Niaré DS, Akplogan A, Guindo H, Blin M, Dametto S, Ibikounlé M, Spangenberg T, Dabo A. Genetic profiles of Schistosoma haematobium parasites from Malian transmission hotspot areas. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:263. [PMID: 37542265 PMCID: PMC10403946 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although schistosomiasis is a public health issue in Mali, little is known about the parasite genetic profile. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic profile of the schistosomes of Schistosoma haematobium group in school-aged children in various sites in Mali. METHODS Urine samples were collected from 7 to 21 November 2021 and subjected to a filtration method for the presence S. haematobium eggs. The study took place in two schistosomiasis endemic villages (Fangouné Bamanan and Diakalèl), qualified as hotspots according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. Molecular genotyping on both Cox1 and ITS2/18S was used for eggs' taxonomic assignation. RESULTS A total of 970 miracidia were individually collected from 63 school-aged children and stored on Whatman FTA cards for molecular analysis. After genotyping 42.0% (353/840) and 58.0% (487/840) of miracidia revealed Schistosoma bovis and S. haematobium Cox1 profiles, respectively; 95.7 (885/925) and 4.3% (40/925) revealed S. haematobium and S. haematobium/S. curassoni profiles for ITS/18S genes, respectively. There was a significant difference in the Cox1 and ITS2/18S profile distribution according to the village (P < 0.0001). Overall, 45.6% (360/789) were hybrids, of which 72.0% (322/447) were from Diakalèl. Three hybrids' profiles (Sb/Sc_ShxSc with 2.3%; Sb/Sc_ShxSh with 40.5%; Sh_ShxSc with 2.8%) and one pure profile (Sh_ShxSh with 54.4%) were identified. CONCLUSION Our findings show, for the first time to our knowledge, high prevalence of hybrid schistosomes in Mali. More studies are needed on population genetics of schistosomes at the human and animal interface to evaluate the parasite's gene flow and its consequences on epidemiology of the disease as well as the transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Privat Agniwo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Bakary Sidibé
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Laurent Dembélé
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Assitan Diakité
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Doumbo Safiatou Niaré
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Ahristode Akplogan
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Hassim Guindo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali
| | - Manon Blin
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Sarah Dametto
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Moudachirou Ibikounlé
- Centre de Recherche pour la lutte contre les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales (CReMIT/TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Route de Crassier 1, 1262, Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Abdoulaye Dabo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (USTTB/UCAD/UGB/CNRST/CNRS), BP 1805, IRL 3189, Bamako, Mali.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Douchet P, Gourbal B, Loker ES, Rey O. Schistosoma transmission: scaling-up competence from hosts to ecosystems. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:563-574. [PMID: 37120369 PMCID: PMC10880732 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In a One-Health context, it is urgent to establish the links between environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and the circulation of pathogens. Here we review and literally draw a general vision of aquatic environmental factors that interface with Schistosoma species, agents of schistosomiasis, and ultimately modulate their transmission at the ecosystem scale. From this synthesis, we introduce the concept of ecosystem competence defined as 'the propensity of an ecosystem to amplify or mitigate an incoming quantity of a given pathogen that can be ultimately transmitted to their definitive hosts'. Ecosystem competence integrates all mechanisms at the ecosystem scale underlying the transmission risk of a given pathogen and offers a promising measure for operationalizing the One-Health concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Douchet
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Parasite Division - Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui AJ, Bhardwaj J, Saxena J, Jahan S, Snoussi M, Bardakci F, Badraoui R, Adnan M. A Critical Review on Human Malaria and Schistosomiasis Vaccines: Current State, Recent Advancements, and Developments. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040792. [PMID: 37112704 PMCID: PMC10146311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are two major parasitic diseases that remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Co-infections of these two parasites are common in the tropics, where both diseases are endemic. The clinical consequences of schistosomiasis and malaria are determined by a variety of host, parasitic, and environmental variables. Chronic schistosomiasis causes malnutrition and cognitive impairments in children, while malaria can cause fatal acute infections. There are effective drugs available to treat malaria and schistosomiasis. However, the occurrence of allelic polymorphisms and the rapid selection of parasites with genetic mutations can confer reduced susceptibility and lead to the emergence of drug resistance. Moreover, the successful elimination and complete management of these parasites are difficult due to the lack of effective vaccines against Plasmodium and Schistosoma infections. Therefore, it is important to highlight all current vaccine candidates undergoing clinical trials, such as pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage malaria, as well as a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine, the R21/Matrix-M vaccine, that conferred 77% protection against clinical malaria in a Phase 2b trial. Moreover, this review also discusses the progress and development of schistosomiasis vaccines. Furthermore, significant information is provided through this review on the effectiveness and progress of schistosomiasis vaccines currently under clinical trials, such as Sh28GST, Sm-14, and Sm-p80. Overall, this review provides insights into recent progress in malarial and schistosomiasis vaccines and their developmental approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, NH-95, Ludhiana—Chandigarh State Hwy, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue TaharHaddas BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Fevzi Bardakci
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riadh Badraoui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Section of Histology-Cytology, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1017, Tunisia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il P.O. Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Geographical Influence on Morphometric Variability of Genetically “Pure” Schistosoma haematobium Eggs from Sub-Saharan Migrants in Spain. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030144. [PMID: 36977146 PMCID: PMC10054267 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosome eggs play a key role in schistosomiasis diagnosis and research. The aim of this work is to morphogenetically study the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium found in sub-Saharan migrants present in Spain, analyzing their morphometric variation in relation to the geographical origin of the parasite (Mali, Mauritania and Senegal). Only eggs considered “pure” S. haematobium by genetic characterization (rDNA ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1) have been used. A total of 162 eggs obtained from 20 migrants from Mali, Mauritania and Senegal were included in the study. Analyses were made by the Computer Image Analysis System (CIAS). Following a previously standardized methodology, seventeen measurements were carried out on each egg. The morphometric analysis of the three morphotypes detected (round, elongated and spindle) and the biometric variations in relation to the country of origin of the parasite on the egg phenotype were carried out by canonical variate analysis. Mahalanobis distances, when all egg measurements were analyzed, showed differences between: (i) Mali-Mauritania, Mali-Senegal and Mauritania-Senegal in the round morphotype; (ii) Mali-Mauritania and Mauritania-Senegal in the elongated morphotype; and (iii) Mauritania-Senegal in the spindle morphotype. Mahalanobis distances, when spine variables were analyzed, showed differences between Mali-Senegal in the round morphotype. In conclusion, this is the first phenotypic study performed on individually genotyped “pure” S. haematobium eggs, allowing the assessment of the intraspecific morphological variations associated with the geographical origin of the schistosome eggs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mating Interactions between Schistosoma bovis and S. mansoni and Compatibility of Their F1 Progeny with Biomphalaria glabrata and Bulinus truncatus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061251. [PMID: 35744769 PMCID: PMC9227498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the majority of other Trematoda, Schistosoma species are gonochoric. Consequently, in endemic areas where several schistosome species overlap and can co-infect the same definitive host, there may be frequent opportunities for interspecific pairing. Our experimental study provides novel insight on the pairing behavior between Schistosoma bovis and S. mansoni in mixed infections in mice. We used six mate choice experiments to assess mating interactions between the two schistosome species. We show that mating between the two Schistosoma species is not random and that S. mansoni exhibits greater mate recognition compared to S. bovis. We also performed reciprocal crosses (male S. mansoni × female S. bovis) and (female S. mansoni × male S. bovis) that produce active swimming miracidia. These miracidia were genotyped by ITS2 sequencing and proposed for mollusc infection. Molecular analyses show that all the miracidia are parthenogenetically produced (i.e., their harbor the mother ITS2 genotype) and as a consequence can only infect the mollusc of the maternal species. Offspring produced by male S. mansoni × female S. bovis pairing can only infect Bulinus truncatus whereas offspring produced by female S. mansoni × male S. bovis can only infect Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Evolutionary and epidemiological consequences are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Onyekwere AM, Rey O, Allienne JF, Nwanchor MC, Alo M, Uwa C, Boissier J. Population Genetic Structure and Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:425. [PMID: 35456103 PMCID: PMC9026724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is a major poverty-related disease caused by dioecious parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma with a health impact on both humans and animals. Hybrids of human urogenital schistosome and bovine intestinal schistosome have been reported in humans in several of Nigeria’s neighboring West African countries. No empirical studies have been carried out on the genomic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Here, we present novel data on the presence and prevalence of hybrids and the population genetic structure of S. haematobium. Methods: 165 Schistosoma-positive urine samples were obtained from 12 sampling sites in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs from each sample were hatched and each individual miracidium was picked and preserved in Whatman® FTA cards for genomic analysis. Approximately 1364 parasites were molecularly characterized by rapid diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction (RD-PCR) for mitochondrial DNA gene (Cox1 mtDNA) and a subset of 1136 miracidia were genotyped using a panel of 18 microsatellite markers. Results: No significant difference was observed in the population genetic diversity (p > 0.05), though a significant difference was observed in the allelic richness of the sites except sites 7, 8, and 9 (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed two clusters of populations: west (populations 1−4) and east (populations 7−12). Of the 1364 miracidia genotyped, 1212 (89%) showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile and 152 (11%) showed an S. haematobium cox1 profile. All parasites showed an S. bovis Cox1 profile except for some at sites 3 and 4. Schistosoma miracidia full genotyping showed 59.3% of the S. bovis ITS2 allele. Conclusions: This study provides novel insight into hybridization and population genetic structure of S. haematobium in Nigeria. Our findings suggest that S. haematobium x S. bovis hybrids are common in Nigeria. More genomic studies on both human- and animal-infecting parasites are needed to ascertain the role of animals in schistosome transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Mathias Onyekwere
- Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria; (A.M.O.); (C.U.)
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Jean-François Allienne
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| | | | - Moses Alo
- Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria;
| | - Clementina Uwa
- Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki PMB 1010, Nigeria; (A.M.O.); (C.U.)
| | - Jerome Boissier
- IHPE, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66000 Perpignan, France; (O.R.); (J.-F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hybridization increases genetic diversity in Schistosoma haematobium populations infecting humans in Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:37. [PMID: 35346375 PMCID: PMC8962594 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium (Sh) and S. bovis (Sb) have been found in several African countries as well as in Europe. Since the consequences of this hybridization are still unknown, this study aims to verify the presence of such hybrids in Cameroonian humans, to describe the structure of S. haematobium populations on a large geographic scale, and to examine the impact of these hybrids on genetic diversity and structure of these populations.
Methods From January to April 2019, urine from infected children was collected in ten geographically distinct populations. Miracidia were collected from eggs in this urine. To detect the presence of hybrids among these miracidia we genotyped both Cox1 (RD-PCR) and ITS2 gene (PCR-RFLP). Population genetic diversity and structure was assessed by genotyping each miracidium with a panel of 14 microsatellite markers. Gene diversity was measured using both heterozygosity and allelic richness indexes, and genetic structure was analyzed using paired Fst, PCA and Bayesian approaches. Results Of the 1327 miracidia studied, 88.7% were identified as pure genotypes of S. haematobium (Sh_Sh/Sh) while the remaining 11.3% were hybrids (7.0% with Sh_Sh/Sb, 3.7% with Sb_Sb/Sh and 0.4% with Sb_Sh/Sb). No miracidium has been identified as a pure genotype of S. bovis. Allelic richness ranged from 5.55 (Loum population) to 7.73 (Matta-Barrage) and differed significantly between populations. Mean heterozygosity ranged from 53.7% (Loum) to 59% (Matta Barrage) with no significant difference. The overall genetic differentiation inferred either by a principal component analysis or by the Bayesian approach shows a partial structure. Southern populations (Loum and Matta Barrage) were clearly separated from other localities but genetic differentiation between northern localities was limited, certainly due to the geographic proximity between these sites. Conclusions Hybrids between S. haematobium and S. bovis were identified in 11.3% of miracidia that hatched from eggs present in the urine of Cameroonian schoolchildren. The percentages of these hybrids are correlated with the genetic diversity of the parasite, indicating that hybridization increases genetic diversity in our sampling sites. Hybridization is therefore a major biological process that shapes the genetic diversity of S. haematobium. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00958-0.
Collapse
|