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Kalami S, Diakina E, Noorbakhsh R, Sheidaei S, Rezania S, Vasseghian Y, Kamyab H, Mohammadi AA. Metformin-modified polyethersulfone magnetic microbeads for effective arsenic removal from apatite soil leachate water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117627. [PMID: 37967700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is the hazardous species and still is the global challenge in water treatment. Apatite soil is highly rich in arsenic species, and its mining presents various environmental issues. In this study, novel magnetic microbeads as adsorbent were developed for the elimination of hazardous arsenic ions from apatite soil's aqueous leachate before discharging into environment. The microbeads were fabricated with metformin polyether sulfone after being doped with zero-valent iron (Met-PES/ZVI). The microbeads were characterized using various techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, VSM, and zeta potential analysis. The developed adsorbent demonstrated a significant elimination in arsenic in aqueous leachate, achieving 82.39% removal after 30 min of contact time, which further increased to 90% after 180 min of shaking. The kinetic analysis revealed that the pseudo-second-order model best represented the adsorption process. The intra-particle diffusion model indicated that the adsorption occurred in two steps. The Langmuir model (R2 = 0.991), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 188.679 mg g-1, was discovered to be the best fit for the experimental data as compared Freundlich model (R2 = 0.981). According to the thermodynamic outcome (ΔG < -20 kJ/mol), the adsorption process was spontaneous and involved physisorption. These findings demonstrate the potential of magnetic Met-PES/ZVI microbeads as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from apatite soil aqueous leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Kalami
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ekaterina Diakina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref Campus, Kuwait
| | - Roya Noorbakhsh
- Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), PO Box 31745-139, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Sina Sheidaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, 9318614139, Iran
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Wang N, Li W, Wang N, Li M, Wang H. Influence of Humic Acids on the Removal of Arsenic and Antimony by Potassium Ferrate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4317. [PMID: 36901331 PMCID: PMC10001810 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the removal ability of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) on aqueous heavy metals has been confirmed by many researchers, little information focuses on the difference between the individual and simultaneous treatment of elements from the same family of the periodic table. In this project, two heavy metals, arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) were chosen as the target pollutants to investigate the removal ability of K2FeO4 and the influence of humic acid (HA) in simulated water and spiked lake water samples. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of both pollutants gradually increased along the Fe/As or Sb mass ratios. The maximum removal rate of As(III) reached 99.5% at a pH of 5.6 and a Fe/As mass ratio of 4.6 when the initial As(III) concentration was 0.5 mg/L; while the maximum was 99.61% for Sb(III) at a pH of 4.5 and Fe/Sb of 22.6 when the initial Sb(III) concentration was 0.5 mg/L. It was found that HA inhibited the removal of individual As or Sb slightly and the removal efficiency of Sb was significantly higher than that of As with or without the addition of K2FeO4. For the co-existence system of As and Sb, the removal of As was improved sharply after the addition of K2FeO4, higher than Sb; while the latter was slightly better than that of As without K2FeO4, probably due to the stronger complexing ability of HA and Sb. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the precipitated products to reveal the potential removal mechanisms based on the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Man Li
- Shandong Soil Pollution Prevention and Recalcination Center, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
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Gan Y, Ding C, Xu B, Liu Z, Zhang S, Cui Y, Wu B, Huang W, Song X. Antimony (Sb) pollution control by coagulation and membrane filtration in water/wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130072. [PMID: 36303342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) pollution in the water environment caused by the large-scale mining of Sb ore and the wide use of Sb-containing products seriously endangers human health and poses a great threat to the ecological environment. Coagulation is one of the most cost-effective technologies for Sb pollution control in water/wastewater treatment and has been widely used. However, a comprehensive understanding of Sb pollution control by coagulation, from fundamental research to practical applications, is lacking. In this work, based on the current status of Sb pollution in the water environment, a critical review of the Sb removal performance and mechanism by coagulation and related combined processes was carried out. The influencing factors of Sb removal performance by coagulation are introduced in detail. The internal mechanisms and improvement strategies of Sb removal by oxidation/reduction-coagulation and coagulation-membrane filtration technologies are emphasized. Moreover, given the development of Sb-removing coagulants and the resource utilization of Sb-containing sludge, future perspectives of coagulation for Sb removal are discussed. As the first review in this field, this work will illuminate avenues of basic research and practical applications for Sb and Sb-like pollution control in water/wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Gan
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chengcheng Ding
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shengtian Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yibin Cui
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Bingdang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; Key Laboratory of Suzhou Sponge City Technology, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Wenguang Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Xiaojie Song
- SINOPEC Yangzi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210048, China
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Venegas-García DJ, Wilson LD. Utilization of Bioflocculants from Flaxseed Gum and Fenugreek Gum for the Removal of Arsenicals from Water. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8691. [PMID: 36500187 PMCID: PMC9740097 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucilage-based flocculants are an alternative to synthetic flocculants and their use in sustainable water treatment relates to their non-toxic and biodegradable nature. Mucilage extracted from flaxseed (FSG) and fenugreek seed (FGG) was evaluated as natural flocculants in a coagulation-flocculation (CF) process for arsenic removal, and were compared against a commercial xanthan gum (XG). Mucilage materials were characterized by spectroscopy (FT-IR, 13C NMR), point-of-zero charge (pHpzc) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Box-Behnken design (BBD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal conditions for arsenic removal for the CF process for three independent variables: coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage and settling time. Two anionic systems were tested: S1, roxarsone (organic arsenate 50 mg L-1) at pH 7 and S2 inorganic arsenate (inorganic arsenate 50 mg L-1) at pH 7.5. Variable arsenic removal (RE, %) was achieved: 92.0 (S1-FSG), 92.3 (S1-FGG), 92.8 (S1-XG), 77.0 (S2-FSG), 69.6 (S2-FGG) and 70.6 (S2-XG) based on the BBD optimization. An in situ kinetic method was used to investigate arsenic removal, where the pseudo-first-order model accounts for the kinetic process. The FSG and FGG materials offer a sustainable alternative for the controlled removal of arsenic in water using a facile CF treatment process with good efficiency, as compared with a commercial xanthan gum.
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Noorbakhsh R, Koohi MK, Hassan J, Rahmani A, Rashidi Nodeh H, Rezania S. Magnetic Beads of Zero Valent Iron Doped Polyethersolfun Developed for Removal of Arsenic from Apatite-Soil Treated Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12697. [PMID: 36231997 PMCID: PMC9566726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The drop immerses calcium chloride aqueous solution was utilized to prepare the zero valent iron-doped polyethersulfone beads (PES/ZVI) for the efficient removal of arsenic from apatite-soil treated waters. The proposed beads can assist in promoting uptake efficiency by hindering ZVI agglomeration due to a high porosity and different active sites. The PES/ZVI beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetism (VSM). The main objective of this study was to investigate the function of new PES/ZVI beads with an increased removal efficiency for the remediation of arsenic ions from the apatite-soil treated waters. A maximum adsorption removal of 82.39% was achieved when the experiment was performed with 80 mg of adsorbent for a contact time of 180 min. Based on the results, a removal efficiency >90% was obtained after 300 min of shaking time with an arsenic concentration of 20 mg·L-1. The experimental process was fitted with the Langmuir model due to the high R2 (0.99) value compared to the Freundlich model (0.91) with an adsorption capacity of 41.32 mg·g-1. The adsorption process speed was limited by pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.999) and the adsorption mechanism nature was endothermic and physical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Noorbakhsh
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
- Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj 3174734563, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963111, Iran
| | - Anosheh Rahmani
- Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj 3174734563, Iran
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj 3174734563, Iran
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Lochan Aryal R, Thapa A, Raj Poudel B, Raj Pokhrel M, Dahal B, Paudyal H, Nath Ghimire K. Effective biosorption of arsenic from water using La(III) loaded carboxyl functionalized watermelon rind. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Inam MA, Khan R, Lee KH, Akram M, Ahmed Z, Lee KG, Wie YM. Adsorption Capacities of Iron Hydroxide for Arsenate and Arsenite Removal from Water by Chemical Coagulation: Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:7046. [PMID: 34834136 PMCID: PMC8624347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As)-laden wastewater may pose a threat to biodiversity when released into soil and water bodies without treatment. The current study investigated the sorption properties of both As(III, V) oxyanions onto iron hydroxide (FHO) by chemical coagulation. The potential mechanisms were identified using the adsorption models, ζ-potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) analysis. The results indicate that the sorption kinetics of pentavalent and trivalent As species closely followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption rates of both toxicants were remarkably governed by pH as well as the quantity of FHO in suspension. Notably, the FHO formation was directly related to the amount of ferric chloride (FC) coagulant added in the solution. The sorption isotherm results show a better maximum sorption capacity for pentavalent As ions than trivalent species, with the same amount of FHO in the suspensions. The thermodynamic study suggests that the sorption process was spontaneously exothermic with increased randomness. The ζ-potential, FT-IR and XRD analyses confirm that a strong Fe-O bond with As(V) and the closeness of the surface potential of the bonded complex to the point of zero charge (pHzpc) resulted in the higher adsorption affinity of pentavalent As species than trivalent ions in most aquatic conditions. Moreover, the presence of sulfates, phosphates, and humic and salicylic acid significantly affected the As(III, V) sorption performance by altering the surface properties of Fe precipitates. The combined effect of charge neutralization, complexation, oxidation and multilayer chemisorption was identified as a major removal mechanism. These findings may provide some understanding regarding the fate, transport and adsorption properties onto FHO of As oxyanions in a complex water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan; (R.K.); (Z.A.)
| | - Kang Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Muhammad Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Zameer Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan; (R.K.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ki Gang Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea; (K.G.L.); (Y.M.W.)
| | - Young Min Wie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea; (K.G.L.); (Y.M.W.)
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Lin Z, Weng X, Khan NI, Owens G, Chen Z. Removal mechanism of Sb(III) by a hybrid rGO-Fe/Ni composite prepared by green synthesis via a one-step method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147844. [PMID: 34134369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The annual influx of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to the widespread use of Sb compounds in industry and agriculture has become of global concern. Herein, a functional nanomaterial composite based on loading bimetallic iron/nickel nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (rGO-Fe/Ni) was initially prepared in a one-step phytogenic synthesis using a green tea extract. Subsequently, when applied for Sb(III) removal, the removal efficiency of rGO-Fe/Ni reached 69.7% within 3 h at an initial Sb concentration of 1.0 mg·L-1. Advanced materials characterization via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Sb(III) was initially adsorbed onto the surface of rGO and then oxidized to Sb(V). This result was also supported by adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic analysis. These studies revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic, following a Langmuir adsorption model with pseudo-second-order kinetics and allowed a Sb(III) removal mechanism based on adsorption and catalytic oxidation to be proposed. Furthermore, when rGO-Fe/Ni was practically used to remove Sb(III) in groundwater a 95.7% removal efficiency was obtained at 1 mg·L-1 Sb(III), thus successfully demonstrating that rGO-Fe/Ni has significant potential for the practical remediation of Sb contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiulan Weng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Nasreen Islam Khan
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Zuliang Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
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Inam MA, Khan R, Lee KH, Wie YM. Removal of Arsenic Oxyanions from Water by Ferric Chloride-Optimization of Process Conditions and Implications for Improving Coagulation Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189812. [PMID: 34574737 PMCID: PMC8465526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic ingestion of arsenic (As) contaminated water has raised significant health concerns worldwide. Iron-based coagulants have been widely used to remove As oxyanions from drinking water sources. In addition, the system’s ability to lower As within the maximum acceptable contamination level (MCL) is critical for protecting human health from its detrimental effects. Accordingly, the current study comprehensively investigates the performance of As removal under various influencing factors including pH, contact time, temperature, As (III, V) concentration, ferric chloride (FC) dose, and interfering ions. The optimum pH for As (V) removal with FC was found to be pH 6–7, and it gradually decreased as the pH increased. In contrast, As (III) removal increased with an increase in pH with an optimum pH range of 7–10. The adsorption of As on precipitated iron hydroxide (FHO) was better fitted with pseudo-second order and modified Langmuir–Freundlich models. The antagonistic effect of temperature on As removal with FC was observed, with optimum temperature of 15–25 °C. After critically evaluating the optimum operating conditions, the uptake indices of both As species were developed to select appropriate an FC dose for achieving the MCL level. The results show that the relationship between residual concentration, FC dose, and adsorption affinity of the system was well represented by uptake indices. The higher FC dose was required for suspensions containing greater concentration of As species to achieve MCL level. The As (V) species with a greater adsorption affinity towards FHO require a relatively smaller FC dose than As (III) ions. Moreover, the significant influence of interfering species on As removal was observed in simulated natural water. The author hopes that this study may help researchers and the drinking water industry to develop uptake indices of other targeted pollutants in achieving MCL level during water treatment operations in order to ensure public health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), H-12 Campus, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology (QUEST), Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan;
| | - Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
| | - Young-Min Wie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea;
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Cheng G, Zhang Y, Sun L, Wan J, Li Z, Dang C, Fu J. Enhanced degradation of reactive brilliant red X-3B by photocatalysis integrated with micro-electrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49899-49912. [PMID: 33945093 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microwave electrodeless lamp UV photocatalysis (MWUV) integrated with iron carbon micro-electrolysis (ME) was applied to degrade reactive brilliant red X-3B. In the present study, the removal rate of X-3B by MWUV/ME was 95%, which was significantly higher than 56% of MWUV and 62% of ME system. The experiment results demonstrated a synergistic effect in MWUV/ME system, wherein the ME system played an important role in color removal and the formation of ·OH in photocatalysis contributed most for the mineralization of X-3B and its intermediates. The removal efficiency of TOC was 32%, 7.5%, and 59.5% under MWUV, ME, and MWUV/ME processes at the end of the reaction, respectively. The Fe3+ existed in the system was an enhancer of producing ·OH via self-generation of ·OH by UV irradiation or improving the separation of electron-hole in photocatalysis by capturing the electrons. Therefore, the combined treatment of MWUV and ME system has the potential of synergistic effect compared to the separate process. Lowering the initial solution pH and increasing the iron filing dosage and dissolved oxygen were beneficial for the enhancement of degradation efficiency. The inorganic anions showed a diversity influencing the degradation of X-3B. NO3-, CO32-, and SO42- (at higher concentration) promoted the degradation reaction, while Cl- had non-significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Environmental Engineering Center, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cleaner Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing under Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Environmental Engineering Center, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Pintor AMA, Brandão CC, Boaventura RAR, Botelho CMS. Multicomponent adsorption of pentavalent As, Sb and P onto iron-coated cork granulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124339. [PMID: 33131944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of multicomponent adsorption of pentavalent metalloids is important since they are often found together in groundwaters and mining runoff. For this purpose, adsorption of As(V), Sb(V) and P(V) onto iron-coated cork granulates was studied in binary and ternary systems. Data from equilibrium and kinetic studies revealed that uptake of these contaminants is a multilayer, heterogeneous process well described by Freundlich, extended Freundlich and Elovich models. Most of the observed interactions are competitive and were related to the chemical structure and aqueous behaviour of each anion. Sb(V) adsorption was found to be most impaired and P(V) uptake the least affected by the presence of other pentavalent anions. The aggravation in the reduction of adsorbed amount from binary to ternary solution was more prominent for As(V) than Sb(V). Sb(V) adsorption outweighed that of the other pnictogens in acidic solutions, but in neutral conditions As(V) or P(V) adsorption may predominate instead. P(V) adsorption was the most sensitive to electrolyte addition, namely Ca salts, which may promote precipitation of calcium phosphates. This work provides useful insights regarding the design of adequate adsorption treatment systems for the simultaneous treatment of pentavalent metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M A Pintor
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cátia C Brandão
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui A R Boaventura
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália M S Botelho
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Optimization of Antimony Removal by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coprecipitation-adsorption plays a significant role during coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) of antimony (Sb) in water. This work uses a Box–Behnken statistical experiment design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of major operating variables such as initial Sb(III, V) concentration (100–1000 µg/L), ferric chloride (FC) dose (5–50 mg/L), and pH (4–10) on redox Sb species. Experimental data of Sb(III, V) removal were used to determine response function coefficients. The model response value (Sb removal) showed good agreement with the experimental results. FC showed promising coagulation behavior of both Sb species under optimum pH (6.5–7.5) due to its high affinity towards Sb species and low residual Fe concentration. However, a high dose of 50 mg/L of FC is required for the maximum (88–93%) removal of Sb(V), but also for the highest (92–98%) removal of low initial concentrations of Sb(III). Furthermore, BBD and RSM were found to be reliable and feasible for determining the optimum conditions for Sb removal from environmental water samples by a C/F/S process. This work may contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the C/F/S behavior of Sb(III, V) species in aqueous environments, to reduce potential risks to humans.
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Wang N, Wang N, Tan L, Zhang R, Zhao Q, Wang H. Removal of aqueous As(III) Sb(III) by potassium ferrate (K 2FeO 4): The function of oxidation and flocculation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138541. [PMID: 32315853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) dosage, pH, and reaction time on the removal of aqueous As(III) and Sb(III), and revealed the oxidation and flocculation mechanism of K2FeO4. The results show that the removal efficiencies of As(III) and Sb(III) were highly related to the hydrolysate of K2FeO4 under acidic conditions, while the efficiencies were low under alkaline condition, owning to the electrostatic repulsion between iron nanoparticles and charged As/Sb species. The increased dosage and reaction time improved the adsorption performance. Based on the comparative experiments with FeCl3, the simultaneous removal of As(III) and Sb(III) by K2FeO4 suggested that As(III) was eliminated due to the processes of oxidation, flocculation, and chemical precipitation, while Sb(III) was removed mostly by oxidation and flocculation. The generated precipitates were characterized with surface analysis and the results support that the oxidization property of K2FeO4 was essential during the removal of As(III) and Sb(III), and removal mechanisms between both elements were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Li Tan
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China.
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14
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Inam MA, Khan R, Akram M, Khan S, Yeom IT. Effect of Water Chemistry on Antimony Removal by Chemical Coagulation: Implications of ζ-Potential and Size of Precipitates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122945. [PMID: 31212890 PMCID: PMC6627716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of coagulation and precipitation affect the fate and mobility of antimony (Sb) species in drinking water. Moreover, the solubility and physico-chemical properties of the precipitates may be affected by the media chemistry. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the removal of Sb(III, V) species by ferric chloride coagulation under various water chemistry influences with a particular focus on the role of the properties of the precipitates. The results indicated that the amount of Sb(III) removed increased with increasing solution pH, showing the insignificant effects of the hydrodynamic diameter (HDD) and ζ-potential of the precipitates. However, no Sb(V) removal occurred at alkaline pH values, while a highly negative ζ-potential and the complete dissolution of precipitates were observed in the aqueous solution. The solution pH was also useful in determining the dominant coagulation mechanisms, such as co-precipitation and adsorption. The Fe solubility substantially affects the Sb removal at a certain pH range, while the HDD of the precipitates plays an insignificant role in Sb removal. The presence of divalent cations brings the ζ-potential of the precipitates close to point of zero charge (pzc), thus enhancing the Sb(V) removal at alkaline pH conditions. Pronounced adverse effects of humic acid were observed on Sb removal, ζ-potential and HDD of the precipitates. In general, this study may provide critical information to a wide group of researchers dealing with environmental protection from heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ick Tae Yeom
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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15
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Selective Separation of Arsenic from Lead Smelter Flue Dust by Alkaline Pressure Oxidative Leaching. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using an alkaline pressure oxidative leaching process to treat lead smelter flue dust containing extremely high levels of arsenic with the aim of achieving the selective separation of arsenic. The effects of different parameters including NaOH concentration, oxygen partial pressure, liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, and time for the extraction of arsenic were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation. The results indicated that the leaching efficiency of arsenic reached 95.6% under the optimized leaching conditions: 80 g/L of NaOH concentration, 1.0 MPa of oxygen partial pressure, 8 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio, 120 °C of temperature, 2.0 h of time. Meanwhile, the leaching efficiencies of antimony, cadmium, indium and lead were less than 4.0%, basically achieving the selective separation of arsenic from lead smelter flue dust. More than 99.0% of arsenic was converted into calcium arsenate product and thus separated from the leach solution by a causticization process with CaO after other metal impurities were removed from the solution with the addition of Na2S. The optimized causticization conditions were established as: 4.0 of the mole ratio of calcium to arsenic, temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 2.0 h. The resulting product of calcium arsenate may be used for producing metallic arsenic.
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Interaction of Arsenic Species with Organic Ligands: Competitive Removal from Water by Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation (C/F/S). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081619. [PMID: 31022881 PMCID: PMC6515111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of arsenic (As) and organic ligands in water bodies has raised environmental concerns due to their toxicity and adverse effects on human health. The present study aims to elucidate the influences of hydrophobic/hydrophilic organic ligands, such as humic acid (HA) and salicylic acid (SA), on the interactive behavior of As species in water. Moreover, the competitive removal behaviors of As(III, V) species and total organic carbon (TOC) were systematically investigated by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (C/F/S) under various aqueous matrices. The results showed the stronger binding affinity of As(V) than As(III) species, with a higher complexation ability of hydrophobic ligands than hydrophilic. The media containing hydrophilic ligands require smaller ferric chloride (FC) doses to achieve the higher As(III, V) removal, while the optimum FC dose required for As(III) removal was found to be higher than that for As(V). Moreover, hydrophobic ligands showed higher TOC removal than hydrophilic ligands. The pronounced adverse effect of a higher concentration of hydrophobic ligands on the removal efficiencies of As(V) and TOC was observed. The adsorption of As(V) on Fe precipitates was better fitted with the Langmuir model but the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for As(III) in the presence of hydrophilic SA. Moreover, TOC removal was substantially decreased in the As(V) system as compared to the As(III) system due to the dissolution of Fe precipitates at higher As(V) concentrations. The results of FC composite flocs demonstrated that the combined effect of oxidation, charge neutralization and adsorption played an important role in the removal of both toxicants during the C/F/S process. In summary, the findings of the present study provide insights into the fate, mobility and competitive removal behavior of As(III, V) species and organic ligands in the water treatment process.
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17
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Inam MA, Khan R, Park DR, Khan S, Uddin A, Yeom IT. Complexation of Antimony with Natural Organic Matter: Performance Evaluation during Coagulation-Flocculation Process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071092. [PMID: 30934698 PMCID: PMC6480550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water sources can stabilize toxic antimony (Sb) species, thus enhancing their mobility and causing adverse effects on human health. Therefore, the present study aims to quantitatively explore the complexation of hydrophobic/hydrophilic NOM, i.e., humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), and L-cysteine (L-cys), with Sb in water. In addition, the removal of Sb(III, V) species and total organic carbon (TOC) was evaluated with ferric chloride (FC) as a coagulant. The results showed a stronger binding affinity of hydrophobic HA as compared to hydrophilic NOM. The optimum FC dose required for Sb(V) removal was found to be higher than that for Sb(III), due to the higher complexation ability of hydrophobic NOM with antimonate than antimonite. TOC removal was found to be higher in hydrophobic ligands than hydrophilic ligands. The high concentration of hydrophobic molecules significantly suppresses the Sb adsorption onto Fe precipitates. An isotherm study suggested a stronger adsorption capacity for the hydrophobic ligand than the hydrophilic ligand. The binding of Sb to NOM in the presence of active Fe sites was significantly reduced, likely due to the adsorption of contaminants onto precipitated Fe. The results of flocs characteristics revealed that mechanisms such as oxidation, complexation, charge neutralization, and adsorption may be involved in the removal of Sb species from water. This study may provide new insights into the complexation behavior of Sb in NOM-laden water as well as the optimization of the coagulant dose during the water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Inam
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Du Ri Park
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ahmed Uddin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Sciences and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Ick Tae Yeom
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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18
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Khan R, Inam MA, Park DR, Khan S, Akram M, Yeom IT. The Removal of CuO Nanoparticles from Water by Conventional Treatment C/F/S: The Effect of pH and Natural Organic Matter. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050914. [PMID: 30841649 PMCID: PMC6429111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), such as copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), in commercial products and applications raises concern regarding their possible release into freshwater sources. Therefore, their removal from water is important to eliminate adverse environmental and human health effects. In this study, the effects of pH and natural organic matter (NOM), i.e., humic acid (HA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the removal of CuO NPs by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) were evaluated. The results indicated that pH significantly affects the coagulation efficiency, where 10–60% CuO NPs removal was achieved under extreme acidic/alkaline conditions. However, at neutral pH, removal of up to 90% was observed with a lower ferric chloride (FC) dosage (0.2 mM). The coagulation efficiency and mechanism were strongly affected by the type of Fe species present in the aqueous phase, which is mainly controlled by pH. Higher concentrations of both HA and SA decrease the CuO NPs agglomeration rate, and thereby improve the colloidal stability due to the NOM molecules adsorbed onto the NPs surface. The presence of hydrophobic HA needs a higher FC dosage of 0.5–0.8 mM than a dosage of hydrophilic SA of 0.25–0.35 mM, to obtain a similar CuO coagulation efficiency. Moreover, higher removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 were observed more in hydrophobic NOM than in hydrophilic. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of FC composite flocs confirm that the charge neutralization and enmeshment of coagulant might be a possible removal mechanism. The findings of the current study may provide critical information in the prediction of the fate, mobility, and removal of CuO NPs during C/F/S in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Khan
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Ali Inam
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Du Ri Park
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Ick Tae Yeom
- Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea.
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Release Behaviors of Arsenic and Heavy Metals from Arsenic Sulfide Sludge during Simulated Storage. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-ferrous metal smelting enterprises produce hundreds of thousands of tons of arsenic sulfide sludge (ASS) each year in China. Most of the ASS are stored at the companies without enough preventive measures. During the storage and natural drying process, arsenic sulfide is easily oxidized, thereby causing secondary pollution and increasing environmental risks. In this paper, experiments of simulated storage were used to study the release characteristics of heavy metals. During the simulated storage, the release concentrations of As, Pb, and Cd increased rapidly at first and then slowly. Although the total amount of arsenic released was the largest, the release ratio was in the order of Cd > Pb > As. The effects of different atmospheres and conditions on the release of arsenic and heavy metals were explored. The more the H2SO4 in the sludge, the higher the release concentration, and the addition of an appropriate amount of Ca(OH)2 is beneficial for reducing the release of heavy metals. Finally, SEM, XRD and TG-DTG techniques were carried out to confirm that the release of heavy metals was caused by the oxidation process resulting from the residual H2SO4 in the ASS and the air.
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Removal of ZnO Nanoparticles from Natural Waters by Coagulation-Flocculation Process: Influence of Surfactant Type on Aggregation, Dissolution and Colloidal Stability. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and surfactants that are widely used in commercial and industrial products lead to the likelihood of their co-occurrence in natural water, making it essential to investigate the effect of surfactants on the fate and mobility of ZnO NPs. The present study seeks to elucidate the effect of an anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO), on ZnO NPs adsorption, aggregation, dissolution, and removal by the coagulation process. The results indicate that the presence of SDS in ZnO NPs suspension significantly reduced the ζ-potential and hydrodynamic diameter (HDD), while the effect of NPEO was found not to be significant. The sorption of SDS and NPEO by ZnO NPs were fitted with Langmuir model, but the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for SDS at pH 9.0. Moreover, the adsorption was strongly pH-dependent due to the formation of mono-bilayer patches onto the NPs. The SDS remarkably affect the dissolution and aggregation phenomena of ZnO NPs in natural waters as compared to NPEO. Finally, the coagulation results showed that the removal efficiency of ZnO, Zn2+ and the surfactant in synthetic and wastewaters at optimum ferric chloride (FC) dosage reached around 85–98% and 20–50%, respectively. Coagulation mechanism investigation demonstrated that the cooperation of charge neutralization and adsorptive micellar flocculation (AMF) might play an important role. In summary, this study may provide new insight into the environmental behavior of coexisting ZnO NPs and surfactants in water treatment processes, and it may facilitate their sustainable use in commercial products and processes.
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