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Tak Y, Samota MK, Meena NK, Kaur G, Jain MC, Kumar R, Kaur M, Amarowicz R. Underutilized fruit lasoda (Cordia myxa L.): Review on bioactive compounds, antioxidant potentiality and applications in health bioactivities and food. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105898. [PMID: 38467280 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Underutilized fruits are thought to be nutrient and antioxidant gold mines. Despite their high nutritive value, therapeutic properties, and ability to grow in adverse soil and climatic conditions, they have received little attention. However, these underutilized fruits are an important component of traditional foods, particularly in arid and semiarid regions of Rajasthan. Lasoda (Cordia myxa) contains numerous phytochemicals that contribute to its antioxidant potential, including tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, xanthones, terpenes, and saponins. The primary goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of extracting bioactive compounds from lasoda and evaluating their antioxidant potential. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the major areas for the application of lasoda and its extract as prospective positive health agents that can be used in the preparation of functional foods. The use of lasoda may also improve the value of bakery products and meat quality and prevent postharvest losses. This review is a pilot article that can aid in the nutritional profiling of Cordia fruits and seeds, and it provides information on the effective and efficient use of this underutilized fruit in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Tak
- Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan 324001, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Samota
- HCP Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Abohar 152116, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Meena
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalawar 326023, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Agriculture, Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar 144030, Punjab, India
| | - M C Jain
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan 324001, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Hindoli, Bundi, Rajasthan 323023, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Nakashima K, Miyashita H, Yoshimitsu H, Fujiwara Y, Nagai R, Ikeda T. Prenylflavonoids isolated from Epimedii Herba show inhibition activity against advanced glycation end-products. Front Chem 2024; 12:1407934. [PMID: 38882216 PMCID: PMC11176478 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1407934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As inhibitors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as pyridoxamine, significantly inhibit the development of retinopathy and neuropathy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, treatment with AGE inhibitors is believed to be a potential strategy for the prevention of aging, age-related diseases, and lifestyle-related diseases, including diabetic complications. In the present study, the MeOH extract of Epimedii Herba (EH; aerial parts of Epimedium spp.) was found to inhibit the formation of N ε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N ω -(carboxymethyl) arginine (CMA) during the incubation of collagen-derived gelatin with ribose. Materials and methods: EH was purchased from Uchida Wakan-yaku Co., and a MeOH extract was prepared. Several steps of column chromatography purified the extract. Each fraction was tested for inhibitory activity by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for CML and CMA. Results: After activity-guided fractionation and purification by column chromatography, three new prenylflavonoids [named Koreanoside L (1), Koreanoside E1 (2), and Koreanoside E2 (3)] and 40 known compounds (4-43) were isolated from EH, and their inhibitory effects against CML and CMA formation were tested. Among these, epimedokoreanin B (8), epimedonin E (21), epicornunin B (22), and epicornunin F (24) inhibited the formation of both CML and CMA, with epimedokoreanin B (8) having the most potent inhibitory effect among the isolated compounds. To obtain the structure-activity relationships of 8, the phenolic hydroxy groups of 8 were methylated by trimethylsilyl-diazomethane to afford the partially and completely methylated compounds of 8. Prenyl derivatives of propolis (artepillin C, baccharin, and drupanin) were used in the assay. Discussion: As only 8 showed significant activity among these compounds, the catechol group of the B ring and the two prenyl groups attached to the flavanone skeleton were essential for activity. These data suggest that 8 could prevent the clinical complications of diabetes and age-related diseases by inhibiting AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoji Nagai
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Wujiamaiti Z, Kizaibek M, Bahetijian D, Li Y, Gui Y, Abula A. Urtica cannabina L. water extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by regulating inflammatory cytokines: In vitro and in vivo evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116907. [PMID: 37453626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Urtica cannabina L. (U. cannabina) is a medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese and Kazakh medicine for treatment of various ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic pain, high blood pressure, and snake bites. However, very few studies have focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of U. cannabina and the mechanisms underlying these effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This study to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of U. cannabina, the underlying mechanisms, and its phytochemical profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the U. cannabina water extract on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and paw edema in rats and analyzed its chemical components using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). RESULTS U. cannabina water extract effectively inhibited the secretion of multiple inflammatory factors, and its corresponding mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). Tincture of U. cannabina water extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and levels of inflammatory factors (p < 0.05). A total of 31 compounds, which mainly include organic acids, were tentatively identified based on the comparison of their mass spectrum profiles with those recorded in a mass spectra database. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study elucidated the anti-inflammatory effect of U. cannabina water extract in vitro and in vivo and showed that the extract elicits the anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the activity of inflammatory cytokines. The results prove that U. cannabina is a valuable source of active compounds with anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Kizaibek
- Traditional Kazakh Medicine Research Institute of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, 835000, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, 835000, China.
| | - Didaer Bahetijian
- Traditional Kazakh Medicine Research Institute of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, 835000, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, 835000, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China.
| | - Yingying Gui
- Xinjiang Enze Chinese Medicine Yinpian Co. Ltd., Yining, 835000, China.
| | - Ajiranmu Abula
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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Debiasi BW, Dourado SHA, Andrighetti CR, Ribeiro EB, Battirola LD, Valladão DMS. Incorporation of Cordia glabrata (Mart.) A.DC. extract in microemulsions and their potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activities. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e259451. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.259451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Extracts of species from the Cordia genus have been reported with potential biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The aim of this study was to develop microemulsions containing ethanolic extracts of C. glabrata leaves and to evaluate their stability and biological activities. The five developed microemulsions presented physicochemical stability and presented Newtonian behavior when submitted to rheological analysis. The diameter values of the globules ranged between 225.74 and 273.33 nm and the zeta potential of the formulations remained between -22.40 and -25.08. All phenolic acids of the extract, quantified by HPLC, showed consistency after being microemulsified. The EC50 values for the antioxidant activity by the DPPH scavenging method ranged between 38.13 and 45.54 µgmL-1, and between 34.46 and 39.60 mM for the ABTS+ scavenging method. The virucidal activity presented a CV50 <0.195 µgmL-1 and a selectivity index greater than 20. The photoprotection results ranged between 2.14 to 2.84. The study revealed stable microemulsions and potentiation of the antioxidant effect in the microemulsified extracts.
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Chambon M, Ho R, Baghdikian B, Herbette G, Bun-Llopet SS, Garayev E, Raharivelomanana P. Identification of Antioxidant Metabolites from Five Plants ( Calophyllum inophyllum, Gardenia taitensis, Curcuma longa, Cordia subcordata, Ficus prolixa) of the Polynesian Pharmacopoeia and Cosmetopoeia for Skin Care. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1870. [PMID: 37891949 PMCID: PMC10604782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to impairment of skin health, the wound healing process, and pathologies such as psoriasis or skin cancer. Five Polynesian medicinal plants, among the most traditionally used for skin care (pimples, wounds, burns, dermatoses) are studied herein for their antioxidant properties: Calophyllum inophyllum, Gardenia taitensis, Curcuma longa, Cordia subcordata, and Ficus prolixa. Plant extracts were submitted to in vitro bioassays related to antioxidant properties and their bioactive constituents were identified by a metabolomic analytical approach. High performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis was performed leading to the characterization of 61 metabolites. Compounds annotated for F. prolixa and C. subcordata extracts were reported for the first time. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power activity (FRAP) assays. F. prolixa extract was the most active one and showed antioxidant intracellular activity on keratinocytes by Anti Oxydant Power 1 assay. Online HPLC-DPPH allowed the identification of phenolic bioactive compounds such as quercetin-O-rhamnoside, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, procyanidins, epicatechin, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, and curcumin as being responsible for the scavenging properties of these plant extracts. These results highlight the potential of F. prolixa aerial roots as a source of antioxidants for skin care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chambon
- UMR 214 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Université de Polynésie Française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, BP 6570, Tahiti, F-98702 Faaa, French Polynesia; (M.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Raimana Ho
- UMR 214 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Université de Polynésie Française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, BP 6570, Tahiti, F-98702 Faaa, French Polynesia; (M.C.); (R.H.)
| | - Beatrice Baghdikian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Avignon Université, IMBE, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, Service of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 13385 Marseille, France; (B.B.); (S.-S.B.-L.); (E.G.)
| | - Gaëtan Herbette
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, FSCM, Spectropole, Service 511, Campus Saint-Jérôme, 13397 Marseille, France;
| | - Sok-Siya Bun-Llopet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Avignon Université, IMBE, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, Service of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 13385 Marseille, France; (B.B.); (S.-S.B.-L.); (E.G.)
| | - Elnur Garayev
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Avignon Université, IMBE, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, Service of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 13385 Marseille, France; (B.B.); (S.-S.B.-L.); (E.G.)
| | - Phila Raharivelomanana
- UMR 214 Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, Université de Polynésie Française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, BP 6570, Tahiti, F-98702 Faaa, French Polynesia; (M.C.); (R.H.)
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Zulfiqar F, Ali Z, Viljoen AM, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Flavonoid glycosides and ellagic acid cognates from defatted African mango ( Irvingia gabonensis) seed kernel. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2878-2887. [PMID: 36318869 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2140151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen compounds of diverse classes including four flavonoid glycosides, five ellagic acid derivatives, and eight other metabolites were isolated from the methanolic extract of the defatted seed kernel of Irvingia gabonensis. Among the isolates, quercetin 3-O-methyl-4'-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) and 3,3'-di-O-methyl-4'-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosylellagic acid 4-sulfate ester (5) were found to be previously undescribed. Structure elucidation was mainly achieved by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectral data. Though compound 6 was previously reported, its 13C NMR data is being reported herein for the first time. To the best of our literature search knowledge, this is the first phytochemical report on I. gabonensis seed kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Zulfiqar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Lin YY, Lin YK, Lin YH, Chiang CF. Novel compounds of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum Koidz) increases collagen, antioxidants, inhibits adipogenesis. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37452702 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2235064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz), is rich in nutrients and contains various bioactive components such as polyphenols and alkaloids. The new compound has a broad application prospect, including food additives, health products, drugs, etc. The purpose of this study was to find out new compounds from Djulis. It was found that 24 compounds including 7 phenols, 11 flavonoids, 4 plant alkaloids, 2 sterols. Among those, TCI-CF-22-S (Methyl 3,6-dihydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-23-S (Methyl 6-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-24-S (Kaempferol-3-O-b-D-apifuranosyl-(1→2)-a-L-arabinopyranoside) were isolated from djulis sources for the first time, and the structures of compounds were assigned by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy. TCI-CF-01(Caffeic acid), TCI-CF-02 (20-Hydroxyecdysone), TCI-CF-03 (Japonicone), TCI-CF-04 (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetiate), TCI-CF-05 (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-rhamnopyranoside), TCI-CF-06 (Guanosine), TCI-CF-07(Adenine), TCI-CF-08 (Coumaric acid) increased collagen production, and TCI-CF-03 (Japonicone), TCI-CF-04 (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetiate), TCI-CF-06 (Guanosine), TCI-CF-17 (Rutin), TCI-CF-20 (Protocatechuic acid) decreased advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In addition, TCI-CF-22-S (Methyl 6-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate), TCI-CF-23-S (Methyl 3,6-dihydroxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate) inhibited the formation of fatty oil droplets. Djulis has 24 compounds that may have various applications, including increasing collagen production and reducing advanced glycation end products and fatty oil droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-You Lin
- Research & Design Center, TCI CO., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kai Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- Research & Design Center, TCI CO., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kernou ON, Azzouz Z, Madani K, Rijo P. Application of Rosmarinic Acid with Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Microbial Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104243. [PMID: 37241981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the antimicrobial resistance phenomena on and the harmful consequences of the use of antibiotics motivate the necessity of innovative antimicrobial therapies, while natural substances are considered a promising alternative. Rosmarin is an original plant compound listed among the hydroxycinnamic acids. This substance has been widely used to fight microbial pathology and chronic infections from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Also, various derivatives of rosmarinic acid, such as the propyl ester of rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid methyl ester or the hexyl ester of rosmarinic acid, have been synthesized chemically, which have been isolated as natural antimicrobial agents. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were combined with antibiotics to obtain a synergistic effect. This review reports on the antimicrobial effects of rosmarinic acid and its associated derivatives, both in their free form and in combination with other microbial pathogens, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourdia-Nouara Kernou
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Zahra Azzouz
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée (LMA), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Centre de Recherche en Technologie Agroalimentaire (CRTAA), Route de Targua-Ouzemour, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Centro de Investigação em Biociências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Universida de Lusófona, Campo Grande 376, 1749-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Liboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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In Vitro Antiglycation Potential of Erva-Baleeira ( Varronia curassavica Jacq.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020522. [PMID: 36830081 PMCID: PMC9952575 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varronia curassavica Jacq. (Boraginaceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory processes. The ethanolic extract of its leaves (EEVc) showed anti-inflammatory properties and low toxicity. Medicinal plants have aroused interest for their antiglycation activities. The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with several chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiglycation potential of EEVc and two isolated compounds. METHODS The compounds brickellin and cordialin A were obtained by chromatographic methods and identified by spectrometric techniques. Analysis of fluorescent AGEs, biomarkers of amino acid residue oxidation, protein carbonyl groups and crosslink formation were performed in samples obtained from an in vitro model system of protein glycation with methylglyoxal. RESULTS EEVc, brickellin and cordialin A significantly reduced the in vitro formation of AGEs, and reduced the damage caused by oxidative damage to the protein. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, EEVc, brickellin and cordialin A are potential candidates against AGEs formation, which opens the way to expand the therapeutic arsenal for many pathologies resulting from glycoxidative stress.
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Wangchuk P, Samten, Jamtsho T. Phytopharmaceutical properties and quality assessment of two Himalayan medicinal plants, Meconopsis horridula, and Meconopsis simplicifolia. J Herb Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2023.100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ali Z, Radhakrishnan S, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Li J, Wu C, Khan IA. Eupatorin 3'- O-glucopyranoside, a trimethoxyflavonoid glucoside from the aerial parts of Salvia mellifera. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:269-276. [PMID: 34435528 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1969565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Salvia mellifera, native to California, Baja California, and Mexico, is a medicinal herb traditionally used to relieve pain, body aches, including chronic pain. A detailed phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of S. mellifera was accomplished to find species-specific markers and to differentiate the closely related, often (un)intentionally substituted with S. apiana. A total of 22 metabolites, including flavonoids (1-14), triterpenoids (15-18), diterpenoids (19-21), and phenylpropanoid (22), were isolated and characterized thoroughly. Among the isolates, eupatorin 3'-O-glucopyranoside (1) was identified as undescribed phytochemical and detailed structure elucidation was achieved through extensive NMR and mass spectral data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Srivedavyasasri Radhakrishnan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Botanical Review Team, Office of New Drug Product, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Charles Wu
- Botanical Review Team, Office of New Drug Product, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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El-Seedi HR, Kotb SM, Musharraf SG, Shehata AA, Guo Z, Alsharif SM, Saeed A, Hamdi OAA, Tahir HE, Alnefaie R, Verpoorte R, Khalifa SAM. Saudi Arabian Plants: A Powerful Weapon against a Plethora of Diseases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3436. [PMID: 36559548 PMCID: PMC9783889 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SA) ranks fifth in Asia in terms of area. It features broad biodiversity, including interesting flora, and was the historical origin of Islam. It is endowed with a large variety of plants, including many herbs, shrubs, and trees. Many of these plants have a long history of use in traditional medicine. The aim of this review is to evaluate the present knowledge on the plants growing in SA regarding their pharmacological and biological activities and the identification of their bioactive compounds to determine which plants could be of interest for further studies. A systematic summary of the plants' history, distribution, various pharmacological activities, bioactive compounds, and clinical trials are presented in this paper to facilitate future exploration of their therapeutic potential. The literature was obtained from several scientific search engines, including Sci-Finder, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, MDPI, Wiley publications, and Springer Link. Plant names and their synonyms were validated by 'The Plant List' on 1 October 2021. SA is home to approximately 2247 plant species, including native and introduced plants that belong to 142 families and 837 genera. It shares the flora of three continents, with many unique features due to its extreme climate and geographical and geological conditions. As plants remain the leading supplier of new therapeutic agents to treat various ailments, Saudi Arabian plants may play a significant role in the fight against cancer, inflammation, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To date, 102 active compounds have been identified in plants from different sites in SA. Plants from the western and southwestern regions have been evaluated for various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation, and cytotoxic activities. The aerial parts of the plants, especially the leaves, have yielded most of the bioactive compounds. Most bioactivity tests involve in vitro assessments for the inhibition of the growth of tumour cell lines, and several compounds with in vitro antitumour activity have been reported. More in-depth studies to evaluate the mode of action of the compounds are necessary to pave the way for clinical trials. Ecological and taxonomical studies are needed to evaluate the flora of SA, and a plan for the conservation of wild plants should be implemented, including the management of the protection of endemic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Safaa M. Kotb
- Department of Chemistry & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Syed G. Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Zhiming Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sultan M. Alsharif
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah 887, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Omer A. A. Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
| | | | - Rasha Alnefaie
- Department of Biology, Faculity of Science, Al-Baha University, Albaha 65779, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rob Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shaden A. M. Khalifa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hepatoprotective effect of Cordia rothii extract against CCl4-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2–NFκB pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Adebayo AA, Oboh G, Ademosun AO. Almond and date fruits enhance antioxidant status and have erectogenic effect: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14255. [PMID: 35644948 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the efficacies of almond and date fruits on redox imbalance and enzymes relevant to the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction. The total polyphenol contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and vitamin C content were determined spectrophotometrically. Phenolic and amino acid compositions were quantified using HPLC; meanwhile, the antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelation. Also, the effect of almond and date extract on advanced glycated end-products (AGEs) formation, arginase, and phosphodiesterase-5 activities was evaluated in vitro. Thereafter, the influence of almond and date supplemented diets on copulatory behaviors in normal rats was assessed, followed by arginase and phosphodiesterase-5 activities determination in vivo. The results revealed that date and almond extracts exerted antioxidant properties, prevented AGEs formation in vitro, and inhibited arginase and phosphodiesterase-5 activities in vitro and in vivo. Besides, almond and date supplemented diets significantly enhance sexual behaviors in normal rats when compared with the control. Among the active compounds identified were gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin. All the 20 basic amino acids were identified. Given the aforementioned, date and almond could represent a reliable source of functional foods highly rich in compounds with antioxidant activity, and arginase and PDE-5 inhibitory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fruits are essential part of the human diet that furnish the body with important nutrients. Despite the crucial roles of fruits in human diets, some fruits like almond and date are underutilized among Nigerians. However, we characterized the important compounds present in these fruits and how their presence contributes to the biological activities of the fruits. Finally, we relate the chemical composition and the observed biological activities to the overall health and wellness of the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi A Adebayo
- Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Chemical Sciences Department (Biochemistry Option), Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ayokunle O Ademosun
- Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Rochín-Hernández LS, Rochín-Hernández LJ, Flores-Cotera LB. Endophytes, a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds to Curtail the Formation–Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144469. [PMID: 35889349 PMCID: PMC9322667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes, microorganisms that live in the internal tissues and organs of the plants, are known to produce numerous bioactive compounds, including, at times, some phytochemicals of their host plant. For such reason, endophytes have been quoted as a potential source for discovering bioactive compounds, particularly, of medical interest. Currently, many non-communicable diseases are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailment related to chronic inflammation and ageing. Intriguingly, the pathogenesis and development of these diseases have been linked to an excessive formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds that can alter the conformation, function, and lifetime of proteins. Therefore, compounds that prevent the formation and consequent accumulation of AGEs (AntiAGEs compounds) could be useful to delay the progress of some chronic diseases, and/or harmful effects of undue AGEs accumulation. Despite the remarkable ability of endophytes to produce bioactive compounds, most of the natural antiAGEs compounds reported in the literature are derived from plants. Accordingly, this work covers 26 plant antiAGEs compounds and some derivatives that have been reported as endophytic metabolites, and discusses the importance, possible advantages, and challenges of using endophytes as a potential source of antiAGEs compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Sthephany Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lory Jhenifer Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Bernardo Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-13499526
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Subchronic Toxicity Study of Alternanthera philoxeroides in Swiss Albino Mice Having Antioxidant and Anticoagulant Activities. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:8152820. [PMID: 35875616 PMCID: PMC9300360 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8152820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternanthera philoxeroides, a tropical herb and edible vegetable, has been popular as a medicinal plant. Applying in vitro approach, we initially attempted to assess the phytochemicals, bioactive chemicals, as well as antioxidant and anticoagulant activities of this plant. Following that, the in vivo toxicological effects of methanolic extracts of A. philoxeroides using different doses on the kidney, heart, lung, liver, stomach, brain, and blood of female Swiss Albino mice were investigated. We estimated phytochemicals content as well as antioxidant activity through DPPH, NO, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays, followed by the anticoagulant activities of PT and aPTT and bioactive compounds using HPLC. To confirm the biocompatibility of A. philoxeroides extracts, histopathological and hematological parameters were examined in a mice model. Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content in A. philoxeroides was 181.75 ± 2.47 mg/g, 101.5 ± 3 .53 mg/g, and 68.58 ± 0.80 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the HPLC study confirmed the presence of four phenolic compounds: catechin, tannic acid, gallic acid, and vanillic acid. The methanolic extract of A. philoxeroides showed considerable antioxidant activity in all four antioxidant assay methods when compared to the standard. In comparison to ascorbic acid, A. philoxeroides also demonstrated a minor concentration-dependent ferric and cupric reduction activity. In vivo evaluation indicated that A. philoxeroides extracts (doses: 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) had no negative effects on the relative organ or body weight, or hematological indicators. Our study concluded that A. philoxeroides had significant antioxidant and anticoagulant activities and demonstrated no negative effects on the body or relative organ weight, histopathological, and hematological indices in the mouse model.
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Phytochemical Investigation of Cordia africana Lam. Stem Bark: Molecular Simulation Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134039. [PMID: 35807285 PMCID: PMC9268672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current work planned to evaluate Cordia africana Lam. stem bark, a traditionally used herb in curing of different ailments in Africa such as gastritis and wound infections, based on phytochemical and antibacterial studies of two pathogenic microorganisms: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Helicobacter pylori. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiling was used for qualitative and quantitative investigation of the ethanol extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract and isolated compounds was estimated using the broth microdilution method and evidenced by molecular dynamics simulations. Results: Four compounds were isolated and identified for the first time: α-amyrin, β-sitosterol, rosmarinic acid (RA) and methyl rosmarinate (MR). HPLC analysis illustrated that MR was the dominant phenolic acid. MR showed the best bacterial inhibitory activity against MRSA and H. pylori with MIC 7.81 ± 1.7 μg/mL and 31.25 ± 0.6, respectively, when compared to clarithromycin and vancomycin, respectively. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of the stem bark of Cordia africana Lam. was evidenced against MRSA and H. pylori. Computational modeling of the studied enzyme-ligands systems reveals that RA and MR can potentially inhibit both MRSA peptidoglycan transpeptidases and H. pylori urease, thereby creating a pathway via the use of a double target approach in antibacterial treatment.
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Guan H, Luo W, Bao B, Cao Y, Cheng F, Yu S, Fan Q, Zhang L, Wu Q, Shan M. A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight. Molecules 2022; 27:3292. [PMID: 35630768 PMCID: PMC9143754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic acids are the widely occurring natural products in almost each herbal plant, among which rosmarinic acid (RA, C18H16O8) is well-known, and is present in over 160 species belonging to many families, especially the Lamiaceae. Aside from this herbal ingredient, dozens of its natural derivatives have also been isolated and characterized from many natural plants. In recent years, with the increasing focus on the natural products as alternative treatments, a large number of pharmacological studies have been carried out to demonstrate the various biological activities of RA such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-virus, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. In addition, investigations concerning its biosynthesis, extraction, analysis, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics have also been performed. Although many achievements have been made in various research aspects, there still exist some problems or issues to be answered, especially its toxicity and bioavailability. Thus, we hope that in the case of natural products, the present review can not only provide a comprehensive understanding on RA covering its miscellaneous research fields, but also highlight some of the present issues and future perspectives worth investigating later, in order to help us utilize this polyphenolic acid more efficiently, widely, and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaquan Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Wenbin Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yudan Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiaoling Fan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (W.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (B.B.); (Y.C.); (F.C.); (S.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Lin TF, Qiu JN, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Sun M, Zhang JH, Liu B, Cheng FF, Jiang YY. Screening out the anti-insomnia components from Prunella vulgaris L. based on plasma pharmacochemistry combined with pharmacodynamic experiments and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114373. [PMID: 34181959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Prunella vulgaris L. (P. vulgaris) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Labiatae family, and its dried spikes is called as Xiakucao in China, which is a common traditional Chinese medicine with the activities of clearing the liver and expelling fire, improving eyesight, dispersing nodules and detumescence. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that P. vulgaris has various pharmacological activities such as immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-insomnia activities. AIMS OF THIS REVIEW P. vulgaris have been reported to have anti-insomnia effects. Nevertheless, the pharmacodynamic substance basis of this anti-insomnia effect is still unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the active components responsible for evoking the anti-insomnia effect of P. vulgaris and to evaluate its anti-insomnia effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we proposed a method combined with pharmacodynamic experiments, extraction and enrichment of chemical components, and the plasma pharmacochemistry to screen out the anti-insomnia components of P. vulgaris. Firstly, the active eluted fraction of the ethanol extract was screened out based on pharmacodynamic tracing method, and then the chemical composition was analyzed systematically by UPLC-MS/MS. Thirdly, pharmacodynamic tracing method and silica gel column chromatography were employed to screen out the active fraction of 70% ethanol eluted fraction, and its bioactive components in vitro and in vivo were identified by UPLC-MS/MS. Finally, screening out the anti-insomnia components of P. vulgaris by comparing the difference between in vivo and in vitro components, and three potentially bioactive ingredients were validated experimentally. RESULTS It was confirmed that the fraction eluted with 70% ethanol from macroporous adsorption resin column was responsible for the anti-insomnia efficacy, and 55 compounds were identified or preliminarily identified. Then totally 9 compounds in vitro and 12 compounds in vivo from the active fraction of 70% ethanol eluted fraction were tentatively identified. Among them, mangiferin, rosmarinic acid and salviaflaside were the prototype components of P. vulgaris, which indicated that the three compounds might play the key role in the anti-insomnia activities. In vivo, compared to blank control group, the three compounds significantly shortened the sleeping latency and prolonged the sleeping time produced by pentobarbital sodium. CONCLUSIONS This study clarified that mangiferin, rosmarinic acid and salviaflaside were considered as the anti-insomnia components of P. vulgaris. This is the first study on screening out the active ingredients responsible for evoking the anti-insomnia effect of P. vulgaris. The three compounds of P. vulgaris may help develop one or more drugs to prevent or treat insomnia. Further investigations are recommended to define the mechanism of the anti-insomnia activity of P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Feng Lin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun-Na Qiu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fa-Feng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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Dang J, Wang Q, Wang Q, Yuan C, Li G, Ji T. Preparative isolation of antioxidative gallic acid derivatives from Saxifraga tangutica using a class separation method based on medium-pressure liquid chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3734-3746. [PMID: 34435450 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Saxifraga tangutica is widely used as a medicinal herb to treat hepatic diseases. Here, we developed a class separation method to separate gallic acid derivatives 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from the methanol extract of Saxifraga tangutica. Firstly, an MCI GEL CHP20P medium-pressure liquid chromatography was used to pretreat the crude extract from Saxifraga tangutica (500 g) and the target sample (fraction Fr1, 1.7 g) was obtained. Then, an online reversed-phase liquid chromatography-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was employed for recognizing potential 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors and six 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors fractions were recognized from fraction Fr1. Subsequently, the six 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors fractions were isolated via a ReproSil-Pur C18 AQ preparative column. During the separation process, the hydrophilic liquid chromatography was used to enrich the target compounds (Fr1-3-1-1 and Fr1-3-1-2) from the fraction Fr1-3, which were hardly isolated only by one step reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Finally, six gallic acid derivatives were obtained and identified as gallic acid (Fr1-1-1), gallic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside (Fr1-1-2), protocatechuic acid (Fr1-2), 4-O-galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid (Fr1-3-1-1), 5-O-galloyl-(-)-shikimic acid (Fr1-3-1-2), and 3-O-galloyl-shikimic acid (Fr1-4), respectively. Thus, the present study indicated that this method was highly efficient for the preparative separation of gallic acid derivatives 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitors from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Qilan Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, P. R. China
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Ali MS, Lee EB, Lee SJ, Lee SP, Boby N, Suk K, Birhanu BT, Park SC. Aronia melanocarpa Extract Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014 Modulates Immune Response in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081276. [PMID: 34439524 PMCID: PMC8389331 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effects of fermented Aronia melanocarpa extract (FAME) on RAW 264.7 cells and BALB/c mice. Aronia melanocarpa fruit was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014 by adding yeast extract and monosodium glutamate for 9 days at 30 °C to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). After fermentation, significant GABA production was noted, along with minerals, polyphenols, and flavonoids (p < 0.05). The polyphenol content was confirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of FAME, and proinflammatory cytokine contents were measured by qPCR. In the in vivo experiment, female BALB/c mice were administered 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of FAME for 21 days. FAME treatment increased neutrophil migration and phagocytosis (p < 0.05). It also increased splenocyte proliferation, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell expression, and lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, it increased IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). However, it decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). These results indicate that FAME fortified with GABA including bioactive compounds exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells and modulates immune response in mice. Thus, FAME could be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sekendar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (M.S.A.); (K.S.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (N.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Development and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Sam-Pin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Naila Boby
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (N.B.)
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (M.S.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Biruk Tesfaye Birhanu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.T.B.); (S.-C.P.); Tel.: +82-10-5105-5545 (B.T.B.); +82-53-950-5964 (S.-C.P.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (E.-B.L.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.T.B.); (S.-C.P.); Tel.: +82-10-5105-5545 (B.T.B.); +82-53-950-5964 (S.-C.P.)
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22
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Debiasi BW, Raiser AL, Dourado SHA, Torres MDPR, Andrighetti CR, Bonacorsi C, Battirola LD, Ribeiro EB, Valladão DMS. Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e248083. [PMID: 34190769 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 μgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Debiasi
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences - PPGCAM, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - A L Raiser
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - S H A Dourado
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences - PPGCS, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - M de P R Torres
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - C R Andrighetti
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - C Bonacorsi
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - L D Battirola
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Campus Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - E B Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - D M S Valladão
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Health Sciences, Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
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Lupeol acetate as a potent antifungal compound against opportunistic human and phytopathogenic mold Macrophomina phaseolina. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8417. [PMID: 33875698 PMCID: PMC8055904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal activity of Monothecabuxifolia methanolic extract and its various fractions were assessed against Macrophominaphaseolina, a soil-borne fungal pathogen of more than 500 vegetal species as well as rare and emerging opportunistic human pathogen. Different concentrations of methanolic extract (3.125 to 200 mg mL−1) inhibited fungal biomass by 39–45%. Isolated n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions suppressed fungal biomass by 32–52%, 29–50% and 29–35%, respectively. Triterpenes lupeol and lupeol acetate (1, 2) were isolated from n-hexane while betulin, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, oleanolic acid (3–6) were isolated from chloroform fraction. Vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol and quercetin (7–10) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction and identified using various spectroscopic techniques namely mass spectroscopy and NMR. Antifungal activity of different concentrations (0.0312 to 2 mg mL−1) of the isolated compounds was evaluated and compared with the activity of a broad spectrum fungicide mancozeb. Different concentrations of mencozeb reduced fungal biomass by 83–85%. Among the isolated compounds lupeol acetate (2) was found the highest antifungal against M.phaseolina followed by betulin (3), vanillic acid (7), protocatechuic acid (8), β-amyrin (5) and oleanolic acid (6) resulting in 79–81%, 77–79%, 74–79%, 67–72%, 68–71% and 68–71%, respectively. Rest of the compounds also showed considerable antifungal activity and reduced M.phaseolina biomass by 41–64%.
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24
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Zhu C, Niu H, Nie A, Bian M. Bioactivity-guided separation of potential α-glycosidase inhibitor from clerodendranthus spicatus based on HSCCC coupled with molecular docking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6914. [PMID: 33767281 PMCID: PMC7994796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clerodendranthus Spicatus is a traditional Dais medi-edible plant and it has been proven to have good blood glucose-lowering efficacy. However, the material basis of Clerodendranthus Spicatus has not been clarified yet and therefore needs to be determined. In this paper, the effective ingredients of this medicine were purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Alongside, their potential hypoglycemic activity was determined by α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro and molecular docking. Finally, five compounds were purified and identified as 2-caffeoyl-L-tartaric acid (1), N-(E)-caffeoyldopamine (2), rosmarinc acid (3), methyl rosmarinate (4), 6,7,8,3',4'-Pentamethoxyflavone (5). Examination of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro showed that 2-caffeoyl-L-tartaric acid and rosmarinic acid had a higher inhibitory activity than acarbose. Molecular docking indicated that the affinity energy of the identified compounds ranged from - 7.6 to - 8.6 kcal/mol, a more desirable result than acarbose (- 6.6 kcal/mol). Particularly, rosmarinc acid with the lowest affinity energy of - 8.6 kcal/mol was wrapped with 6 hydrogen bonds. Overall, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and molecular docking suggested that rosmarinc acid was likely to be a promising hypoglycemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hongjuan Niu
- School of Pharmacy in Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Anzheng Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Meng Bian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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25
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Zhang H, Wang S, Liu Q, Zheng H, Liu X, Wang X, Shen T, Ren D. Dracomolphin A-E, new lignans from Dracocephalum moldavica. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104841. [PMID: 33539939 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eight new lignans, dracomolphin A-E (1-8), together with eight known lignans (9-16) were isolated from the aerial part of Dracocephalum moldavica. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on NMR and HRESIMS data. Dracomolphin A (1-4) was elucidated as a lignan possessed a 5-membered ketal ring formed between C-8' and C-3, C-4. The two stereogenic centers rendered dracomolphin A as a mixture of two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers (1-4). All of the four isomers were separated successfully by using chiral HPLC and their stereochemical features were determined by CD spectra. Bioactivity screening revealed that compounds 1-4, 6, 7, 12, 15 and 16 were potential Nrf2 transcriptional activators. Dracomolphin E (8) reduced cell viability of lung cancer NCI-H292 cells associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Qingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Tao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Dongmei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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26
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Ravichandran G, Lakshmanan DK, Murugesan S, Elangovan A, Rajasekaran NS, Thilagar S. Attenuation of protein glycation by functional polyphenolics of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus); an in vitro and in silico evaluation. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110081. [PMID: 33648300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress promote non-enzymatic glycation that leads to the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs casue significant damage to physiological proteins which result in several complications. The scenario also corresponds to the chronic consumption of a diet rich in AGEs. Despite understanding these mechanisms at the molecular level, the discovery of new drugs for these complications is under progress. Natural compounds might have great therapeutic potential for treating glycative consequences. In view of this, the study aimed to evaluate fruit extracts of Hylocereus polyrhizus towards determining its phenolics and flavonoid contents, as well as assessing it's in vitro antiglycative potential through the use of multistage glycation markers (early, intermediate and end stage products of β-aggregation) in sugar-protein model. In vitro hypoglycemic activity of H. polyrhizus extracts was evaluated through α-amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory activities. In vitro antioxidant potential of the fruit extracts was also examined against different free radical types including DPPH and ABTS. Among the different in vitro assays performed, methanolic and acetone extracts of the fruit, with higher phenolics and flavonoid content, have exerted significant antiglycation and antioxidant activities than other extracts namely aqueous, ethanol, hydro-ethanol, hydro-methanol, and petroleum ether. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis was employed to identify active polyphenolics that may be responsible for the antiglycative potential of H. polyrhizus. The analysis revealed some high-profile compounds that have well documented for their therapeutic benefits. Additionally, In silico analysis also showed the possible connection between identified compounds and mechanisms of action. 4- Prenylresveratrol, Vicenin, and Luteolin had observed as effectively interact with target protein in molecular docking analysis. This suggests H. polyrhizus as a good source of anti-glycation and antioxidants that may have potential applications for the treatment and prevention of glycation associated diabetic and aging complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guna Ravichandran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Lakshmanan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Abbirami Elangovan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | - Sivasudha Thilagar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India.
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27
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Drosera tokaiensis extract containing multiple phenolic compounds inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end-products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Xu R, Bu YG, Zhao ML, Tao R, Luo J, Li Y. Studies on antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents of Chinese toon bud (Toona sinensis). J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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29
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Aylanc V, Eskin B, Zengin G, Dursun M, Cakmak YS. In vitro studies on different extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella spruneriana BOISS.): Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition potential. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13463. [PMID: 32931607 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The side effects of synthetic antioxidants make it necessary to find a natural alternative. Therefore, the current study investigates the potential of T. spruneriana as a new alternative in terms of natural bioactive components. In this context, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and phenolic compounds of different extracts including ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were identified. The results show that the ethyl acetate (113.59 ± 2.73 mg GAE/g) has the highest phenolic content, but ethanol extract has the highest scavenging activity for DPPH and TAC. The ethanol extract showed stronger inhibition on cholinesterase and α-amylase compared to other extracts. Besides, 12 bioactive compounds were characterized in T. spruneriana extracts by HPLC-DAD. Our findings support that T. spruneriana could be considered as a new source of active phytochemicals, as well as provide remarkable data on biological activities of some main enzymes playing role in the healing of hyperpigmentation, Alzheimer, and diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study reports the total content, types and amounts of bioactive compounds and potential beneficial bioactivities of the different extracts of T. spruneriana. Trigonella is abundant in nature and spread over a wide geographical area, and is used in making cheese, pastries, spices, and sausages in different countries, as well as for antidiabetic purposes. Trigonella leaves are a good source of bioactive compounds that contain compounds like quercetin, catechin, cinnamic acid, and coumaric acid, along with it have also a high content of soluble fibers and is suggested for body weight control. Apart from being the first study conducted to point out the potential of T. spruneriana as being a natural food additive, this study also demonstrated its medicinal importance by revealing the anti-hyperpigmentation, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties of T. spruneriana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Aylanc
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Bulent Eskin
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dursun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Letter and Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Yavuz Selim Cakmak
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Antiglycation Activities and Common Mechanisms Mediating Vasculoprotective Effect of Quercetin and Chrysin in Metabolic Syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3439624. [PMID: 32802123 PMCID: PMC7403910 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3439624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple risk factors combine to increase the risk of vascular dysfunction in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome (MetS). The current study investigates the extent to which quercetin (Q) and chrysin (CH) protect against vascular dysfunction in MetS rats. MetS was induced by feeding rats a high-salt diet (3%) and fructose-enriched water (10%) for 12 weeks. Thoracic aorta was isolated from MetS rats and from control rats, with the latter being injured by methylglyoxal (MG). Aortae were incubated with CH and Q, and vascular reactivity was evaluated through the analysis of aortic contraction and relaxation in response to PE and ACh, respectively. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the free radical scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were also evaluated following the introduction of CH and Q. The increased vasoconstriction and impaired vasodilation in MetS aortae were significantly ameliorated by Q and CH. Similarly, they ameliorated glycation-associated exaggerated vasoconstriction and impaired vasodilation produced by MG in control aortae. In addition, both Q and CH were effective in reducing the formation of AGEs and inhibition of glycosylation in response to MG or fructose treatment. Finally, Q successfully scavenged DPPH free radicals while CH showed significant vasodilation of precontracted aorta that was inhibited by L-NAME. In conclusion, Q and CH provide protection against vascular dysfunction in MetS by interfering with AGEs formations and AGEs-associated vascular deterioration, with CH being largely dependent on NO-mediated mechanisms of vasodilation.
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31
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Asif A, Zeeshan N, Mehmood S. Antioxidant and antiglycation activities of traditional plants and identification of bioactive compounds from extracts of Hordeum vulgare by LC-MS and GC-MS. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13381. [PMID: 32696536 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycation has been involved in Schiff base reaction lead to hyperglycemia at cellular level. The current study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds from selected folkloric plants for their antiglycation and antioxidant potential. Methanol extracts demonstrated the highest activities, therefore, it was further fractionated using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents to isolate the nonpolar compounds from the Hordeum vulgare. Moreover, n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions of H. vulgare demonstrated the best antioxidant (61.58% and 62.89%) and antiglycation activities (72.52% and 61.52%) at 2 mg/ml, respectively. Analytical techniques of LC-MS and GC-MS were employed for identification of bioactive compounds; Biochanin A in dichloromethane (DCM) and Vitamin E in n-hexane fractions. There was a strong correlation between antioxidant and antiglycation activities (r = 0.97 and r = 0.96) of DCM & n-hexane fractions of H. vulgare. Findings of this study established the role of Biochanin A and Vit E from H. vulgare as potent antiglycation agents. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The results of this study confirmed the potential role of Black Barley has involved in the inhibition of protein glycation, which can be the potential treatment to reduce the complications of Diabetic Patients. The Black Barley has a rich source of identified compounds Biochanin A and Vitamin E. We can use this plant as a staple food in curing the severity of diabetes. The other practical approach is to use this plant as an ingredient of different food products. The extraction of identified bioactive compounds from the plant will be a good and cheap source of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Asif
- Department of Biochemistry, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Islam Medical and Dental College, Sialkot, Pakistan
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32
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Chang FP, Huang SS, Lee TH, Chang CI, Kuo TF, Huang GJ, Kuo YH. Four New Iridoid Metabolites Have Been Isolated from the Stems of Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. with Anti-Inflammatory Activities on LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:E4271. [PMID: 31771186 PMCID: PMC6930649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One new iridoid, namely neonanin C (1) one monocyclic iridoid ring-opened derivative namely neonanin D (2), two new bis-iridoid derivatives namely reticunin A (3) and reticunin B (4) with sixteen known compounds (5-20) were isolated from the stems of Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. These new structures were determined by the detailed analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the data of known analogues. Compounds 1-20 were evaluated for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cell line. The results showed that all compounds exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity compared to the control group and five compounds including isoboonein (7), syringaresinol (10), (+)-medioresinol (12), protocatechuic acid (14) and trans-caffeic acid (15) exhibited inhibitory activities with IC50 values at 86.27 ± 3.45; 9.18 ± 1.90; 76.18 ± 2.42; 72.91 ± 4.97 and 95.16 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Pin Chang
- The Ph.D Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Fu Kuo
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- The Ph.D Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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33
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Jiang L, Belwal T, Huang H, Ge Z, Limwachiranon J, Zhao Y, Li L, Ren G, Luo Z. Extraction and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Bamboo Shoot Shell Under Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Conditions: a Potential Source of Nutraceutical Compounds. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Khan K, Rasheed M, Nadir M, Firdous S, Faizi S. GC-MS & preliminary screening profile of Cordia sinensis leaves - antiglycation, antifungal and insecticidal agents. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1212-1216. [PMID: 31311328 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1641809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Crude extracts and fractions of Cordia sinensis leaves were subjected to gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and preliminary screening for biological potentials using antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, insecticidal, antileishmanicidal and antiglycation bioassays. Overall thirty-one phytochemicals including three hydrocarbons, seven fatty acids, fifteen fatty acid esters, three terpenes, one each of phytosterol, terpenoid, and polyunsaturated aldehyde were identified. n-Hexadecanoic acid (13.2%), methyl hexadecanoate (9.0%), octadec-9Z-enoic acid (8.3%) and methyl octadec-9Z,12Z,15Z-trienoate (7.8%) were the main components. Presumably, this is a first report of twenty, thirteen and twenty phytochemicals from C. sinensis, Cordia and Boraginaceae, respectively. Moreover, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant insecticidal and antifungal activity against Sitophilus oryzae and Microsporum canis, respectively. Similarly, n-hexane fraction significantly inhibited (77.4%) advanced glycation end products in antiglycation assay. Conclusively, C. sinensis leaves with bioactive metabolites are a potential source for the development of insecticides, fungicides and pharmaceutically active antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkashan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Munawwer Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadiqa Firdous
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Sofidiya MO, Taiwo E, Awolola V, Habila J, Koorbanally NA. Gastroprotective Effect and Chemical Constituents of Flabellaria paniculata (Malpighiaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19860342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves from Flabellaria paniculata Cav (Malpighiaceae) are used in traditional medicine for wound dressing, and to treat ulcers and inflammation in Nigeria. The present study evaluates the gastroprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic leaf extract and reports on the chemical constituents from the fraction. The methanolic crude extract and solvent fractions (100 mg/kg, PO) were screened using an ethanol-induced ulcer model. The activity of the most active EtOAc fraction (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, PO) was further evaluated in indomethacin and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models. The EtOAc fraction was chromatographed and chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The MeOH extract of F. paniculata and EtOAc fraction from this extract displayed significant gastroprotective effects. Two triterpenoids (friedelin and friedelinol), two steroids (sitosterol and sitosterol-β-d-glucoside), and a flavonoid glycoside (kaempferol-3- O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside) were identified from the EtOAc fraction. This is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from the plant. The identified compounds could be responsible in part for the observed gastroprotective effect of the EtOAc fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Taiwo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victoria Awolola
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - James Habila
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Neil A. Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Meng Q, Chen F, Xiao T, Zhang L. Inhibitory effects of polysaccharide from Diaphragma juglandis fructus on α-amylase and α-d-glucosidase activity, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia model, advanced glycation end-products formation, and H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:1080-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sánchez-Recillas A, Rivero-Medina L, Ortiz-Andrade R, Araujo-León JA, Flores-Guido JS. Airway smooth muscle relaxant activity of Cordia dodecandra A. DC. mainly by cAMP increase and calcium channel blockade. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:280-287. [PMID: 30342193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The fight against chronic respiratory diseases needs the exploration of new active compounds with properties that contribute to diminish the symptoms or resolve the disease alongside current therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight extracts obtained from the bark and leaves of a Mayan medicinal plant used to treat asthma, Cordia dodecandra A. DC., were investigated for their relaxant effect on rat isolated tracheal rings pre-contracted with carbachol [1 µM]. The underlying functional mode of action of the most effective extract was assessed and the chromatographic fingerprints of more active extracts were analyzed. RESULTS The dichloromethane bark extract (DECd-b) was the most effective and potent (Emax= 87.57 ± 1.32 %; EC50 = 392.7 ± 5.18 µg/mL). DECd-b relaxant effect was maximized in presence of isoproterenol (β-adrenergic agonist, [10 µM]) and theophylline (phosphodiesterase unspecific inhibitor, [10 µM]). DECd-b also showed efficient relaxation of KCl [80 mM]-induced contraction and inhibition of CaCl2-induced contraction. Pre-incubation with propranolol (non-selective β-adrenergic antagonist, [10 µM]), SQ22536 (adenylyl cyclase inhibitor; [100 µM]), ODQ (guanylyl cyclase inhibitor; [10 µM]), l-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; [10 µM]), indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase unspecific inhibitor; [10 µM]), glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker; [10 µM]) and 2-aminopyridine (voltage-gated potassium channel blocker [100 µM]) did not modify the DECd-b relaxant-effect curve. The chromatographic analysis of DECd-b suggests the cordiaquinones presence with double conjugated bounds such as menaquinone. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that DECd-b induces relaxation mainly by cAMP increase and Ca2+ channel blockade. The chromatographic profiles and UV spectrum of DECd-b and HECd-l suggest the presence of molecules with structure of meroterpenoid naphthoquinones. This work report scientific evidence of C. dodecandra medicinal specie, which contributes to the pharmacological and phytochemical background of C. dodecandra providing an added value to the traditional use of this specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sánchez-Recillas
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x calle 90, Colonia Inalámbrica, C.P. 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Laura Rivero-Medina
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x calle 90, Colonia Inalámbrica, C.P. 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x calle 90, Colonia Inalámbrica, C.P. 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Jesus Alfredo Araujo-León
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x calle 90, Colonia Inalámbrica, C.P. 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - J Salvador Flores-Guido
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Abstract
Flavonoids are tricyclic polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in plants. Being nature’s antioxidants flavonoids have been shown to reduce the damages induced by oxidative stress in cells. Besides being an antioxidant, flavonols are demonstrated to have anti-infective properties, i.e., antiviral, antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorigenic, and immunomodulatory bioproperties. Plants use them as one of their defense mechanisms against radiation-induced DNA damage and also for fungal infections. The use of flavonols for fabrication of new drugs has been underway with objectives to develop safer and effective therapeutic agents. This review covers 15 flavonols for their structure, biological properties, role in plant metabolisms, and current research focused on computational drug design using flavonols for searching drug leads.
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Shen YH, Wang LY, Zhang BB, Hu QM, Wang P, He BQ, Bao GH, Liang JY, Wu FH. Ethyl Rosmarinate Protects High Glucose-Induced Injury in Human Endothelial Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:E3372. [PMID: 30572638 PMCID: PMC6321336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl rosmarinate (RAE) is one of the active constituents from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze, which is used for diabetic treatment in Chinese folk medicine. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of RAE on high glucose-induced injury in endothelial cells and explored its underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that both RAE and rosmarinic acid (RA) increased cell viability, decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and attenuated high glucose-induced endothelial cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by Hochest staining, Annexin V⁻FITC/PI double staining, and caspase-3 activity. RAE and RA both elevated Bcl-2 expression and reduced Bax expression, according to Western blot. We also found that LY294002 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, or PI3K inhibitor) weakened the protective effect of RAE. In addition, PDTC (nuclear factor-κB, or NF-κB inhibitor) and SP600125 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or JNK inhibitor) could inhibit the apoptosis in endothelial cells caused by high glucose. Further, we demonstrated that RAE activated Akt, and the molecular docking analysis predicted that RAE showed more affinity with Akt than RA. Moreover, we found that RAE inhibited the activation of NF-κB and JNK. These results suggested that RAE protected endothelial cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis by alleviating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and regulating the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the JNK pathway. In general, RAE showed greater potency than RA equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Shen
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Bao-Bao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Qi-Ming Hu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Bai-Qiu He
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jing-Yu Liang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Fei-Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Rivera DE, Ocampo YC, Castro JP, Barrios L, Diaz F, Franco LA. A screening of plants used in Colombian traditional medicine revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of Physalis angulata calyces. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1758-1766. [PMID: 31762655 PMCID: PMC6864190 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products by communities from the Colombian Caribbean region to treat health issues, together with biodiversity and geographical features, constitute a great scenery to develop new therapies based on ethnopharmacological heritage. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of 10 commonly used plants in Colombian folk medicine, evaluating their effect on nitric oxide (NO) production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The most active plant was evaluated in vivo using 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema, along with its effect on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro. The extract of Physalis angulata L. calyces showed the highest activity. This extract was fractionated and its dichloromethane fraction (DF) was the most active in vitro, inhibiting the production of NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 (CCL2). In vivo, DF showed a significant inhibition of ear edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, with evident reduction of the leukocyte infiltration into tissue. Our results support the ethnopharmacological use of the selected plants in folk medicine. P. angulata dichloromethane fraction represents a promising source of pharmacological compounds with great potential therapeutic use to treat inflammatory illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Rivera
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Yanet C Ocampo
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jenny P Castro
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Lía Barrios
- Histopathology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Fredyc Diaz
- Laboratory for Phytochemical and Pharmacological Research from the University of Cartagena-LIFFUC, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Luis A Franco
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, 130015 Cartagena, Colombia
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Wang YR, Xing SF, Lin M, Gu YL, Piao XL. Determination of flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and an evaluation of their antioxidant activity in vitro. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1448281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Fang Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Man Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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Thammason H, Khetkam P, Pabuprapap W, Suksamrarn A, Kunthalert D. Ethyl rosmarinate inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 production in alveolar macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:17-23. [PMID: 29391157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of rosmarinic acid and analogs were investigated for their anti-inflammatory potential against LPS-induced alveolar macrophages (MH-S). Our results showed that, among the test compounds, ethyl rosmarinate (3) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-induced MH-S cells, with low cytotoxicity. Compound 3 exhibited remarkable inhibition of the production of PGE2 in LPS-induced MH-S cells. The inhibitory potency of compound 3 against LPS-induced NO and PGE2 release was approximately two-fold higher than that of dexamethasone. Compound 3 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 and suppressed p65 expression in the nucleus in LPS-induced MH-S cells. These results suggested that compound 3 inhibited NO and PGE2 production, at least in part, through the down-regulation of NF-κB activation. Analysis of structure-activity relationship revealed that the free carboxylic group did not contribute to inhibitory activity and that the alkyl group of the corresponding alkyl ester analogs produced a strong inhibitory effect. We concluded that compound 3, a structurally modified rosmarinic acid, possessed potent inhibitory activity against lung inflammation, which strongly supported the development of this compound as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of macrophage-mediated lung inflammatory diseases, such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathairat Thammason
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Pichit Khetkam
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Wachirachai Pabuprapap
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
| | - Duangkamol Kunthalert
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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Cai S, Kong Y, Xiao D, Chen Y, Wang Q. Primary aminomethyl derivatives of kaempferol: hydrogen bond-assisted synthesis, anticancer activity and spectral properties. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1921-1931. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aminomethyl derivatives of kaempferol with anticancer activity were synthesized by a combination strategy involving a hydrogen bond-assisted process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yangyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Dan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Qiuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
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Arshad N, Mehreen A, Liaqat I, Arshad M, Afrasiab H. In vivo screening and evaluation of four herbs against MRSA infections. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:498. [PMID: 29169369 PMCID: PMC5701375 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we reported high in vitro antibacterial efficacy of Althaea officinalis, Ziziphus jujuba, Cordia latifolia and Thymus vulgaris out of a total 21 plants against wide range of bacteria including MRSA. This study was therefore, designed to confirm efficacy of these four herbs against MRSA in an animal model. METHODS A pilot study was conducted to establish the dose of S. aureus (KY698020) required to induce clinical infection. Afterword, in main trial, efficacy of aforementioned plant extracts on the course of sore throat was checked by evaluating general health, gross lesion score, bacterial load and hematology in mice. RESULTS Pilot study revealed that 40 μl dose of 107 CFU/ml could induce infection which persist upto 08 days post infection. Mice treated with T. vulgaris and Z. jujuba showed reduction in gross lesion score of both heart and lungs. Treatment with only some plants could significantly decrease bacterial load of throat (T. vulgaris) heart, blood and joint (C. latifolia, and T. vulagris). Hematological indicators confirmed in vivo control of MRSA infection in all treatment groups except A. officinalis. CONCLUSION This is first report confirming in vivo anti-MRSA potential of C. latifolia and T. vulgaris and highlight the need to explore bioactive constituents of these plants. Moreover, previously reported in vitro antibacterial efficiency of A. officinalis could not be validated in current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najma Arshad
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Arifa Mehreen
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Humera Afrasiab
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Kazeem MI, Bankole HA, Fatai AA, Adenowo AF, Davies TC. Antidiabetic Functional Foods with Antiglycation Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_16-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Evaluation of Antiulcer and Cytotoxic Potential of the Leaf, Flower, and Fruit Extracts of Calotropis procera and Isolation of a New Lignan Glycoside. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8086791. [PMID: 28951762 PMCID: PMC5603131 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8086791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calotropis procera is traditionally used for treating many diseases including ulcers and tumors. It was thus deemed of interest to investigate and compare the antiulcer and cytotoxic activities of C. procera leaf, flower, and fruit extracts in an attempt to verify its traditional uses. Phytochemical studies on the fruits, flowers, and leaves of C. procera, collected from the desert of Saudi Arabia, led to the isolation of one new lignan 7′-methoxy-3′-O-demethyl-tanegool-9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and five known compounds from the flowers, four compounds from leaves, and a flavonoid glycoside and a lignan glycoside from the fruits. The structures of compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques. Ethanol extracts of the three parts of C. procera were evaluated for their antiulcer activity and we found that the leaf extract possessed a powerful antiulcer activity which could be considered as a promising drug candidate. All the extracts and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2, and A-549 human cancer cell lines. Compound 2 was highly active on all the cell lines, whereas compounds 5 and 11 were more selective on colon and liver cell lines. Compound 10 demonstrated a significant activity on liver and lung cancer cell lines.
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Kuang H, Tang Z, Wang X, Yang B, Wang Z, Wang Q. Chemical constituents from Sambucus williamsii Hance fruits and hepatoprotective effects in mouse hepatocytes. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:2008-2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1361948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenqiu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xinguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Hiep NT, Kwon J, Kim DW, Hong S, Guo Y, Hwang BY, Kim N, Mar W, Lee D. Neuroprotective constituents from the fruits of Maclura tricuspidata. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ahmadvand H, Shahsavari G, Tavafi M, Bagheri S, Moradkhani MR, Kkorramabadi RM, Khosravi P, Jafari M, Zahabi K, Eftekhar R, Soleimaninejad M, Moghadam S. Protective effects of oleuropein against renal injury oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats; a histological and biochemical study. J Nephropathol 2017; 6:204-209. [PMID: 28975102 PMCID: PMC5607984 DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Oleuropein is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger with antiinflammatory
properties.
Objectives:
In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of oleuropein on
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitrite, urea, creatinine and glomerulosclerosis in
alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods:
Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3
groups: group 1 as control; group 2 as untreated diabetic; and group 3 as treated with
oleuropein 15 mg/kg i.p daily. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by
subcutaneous alloxan injection. After 48 days, the animals were anaesthetized and then
the livers and kidneys were removed immediately and used fresh or kept frozen until MPO
activity analysis. Blood samples were also collected before sacrificing to measure nitrite,
urea, and creatinine. Kidney paraffin sections were prepared to estimate glomerular
volume, leukocyte infiltration, and glomerulosclerosis.
Results:
Oleuropein significantly decreased leukocyte infiltration and glomerulosclerosis in
the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Oleuropein significantly
decreased the levels of urea, nitrite, and creatinine in the treated group compared with the
diabetic untreated group. Moreover, oleuropein significantly decreased MPO activity in
the treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group.
Conclusions:
Oleuropein has antioxidative and antiatherogenic activities and exerts beneficial
effects on inflammation and kidney function test and decreases diabetic complication in
diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ahmadvand
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Shahsavari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Majid Tavafi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Bagheri
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Moradkhani
- Department of Anesthesia, Madani Heart Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Peyman Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Khadije Zahabi
- Department of Animal Biology, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Soleimaninejad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sanaz Moghadam
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Their Derivatives: Cosmeceutical Significance, Challenges and Future Perspectives, a Review. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020281. [PMID: 28208818 PMCID: PMC6155946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from natural sources, due to their widely-recognized benefits, have been exploited as cosmeceutical ingredients. Among them, phenolic acids emerge with a very interesting potential. In this context, this review analyzes hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives as multifunctional ingredients for topical application, as well as the limitations associated with their use in cosmetic formulations. Hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives display antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-tyrosinase activities, as well as ultraviolet (UV) protective effects, suggesting that they can be exploited as anti-aging and anti-inflammatory agents, preservatives and hyperpigmentation-correcting ingredients. Due to their poor stability, easy degradation and oxidation, microencapsulation techniques have been employed for topical application, preventing them from degradation and enabling a sustained release. Based on the above findings, hydroxycinnamic acids present high cosmetic potential, but studies addressing the validation of their benefits in cosmetic formulations are still scarce. Furthermore, studies dealing with skin permeation are scarcely available and need to be conducted in order to predict the topical bioavailability of these compounds after application.
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