1
|
Li S, Huang X, Li Y, Ding R, Wu X, Li L, Li C, Gu R. Spectrum-Effect Relationship in Chinese Herbal Medicine: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-22. [PMID: 38127670 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2290056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The quality of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) directly impacts clinical efficacy and safety. Fingerprint technology is an internationally recognized method for evaluating the quality of CHM. However, the existing quality evaluation models based on fingerprint technology have blocked the ability to assess the internal quality of CHM and cannot comprehensively reflect the correlation between pharmacodynamic information and active constituents. Through mathematical methods, a connection between the "Spectrum" (fingerprint) and the "Effect" (pharmacodynamic data) was established to conduct a spectrum-effect relationship (SER) of CHM to unravel the active component information associated with the pharmacodynamic activity. Consequently, SER can efficiently address the limitations of the segmentation of chemical components and pharmacodynamic effect in CHM and further improve the quality evaluation of CHM. This review focuses on the recent research progress of SER in the field of CHM, including the establishment of fingerprint, the selection of data analysis methods, and their recent applications in the field of CHM. Various advanced fingerprint techniques are introduced, followed by the data analysis methods used in recent years are summarized. Finally, the applications of SER based on different research subjects are described in detail. In addition, the advantages of combining SER with other data are discussed through practical applications, and the research on SER is summarized and prospected. This review proves the validity and development potential of the SER and provides a reference for the development and application of quality evaluation methods for CHM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Canlin Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Multi-component immune knockout: A strategy for studying the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463853. [PMID: 36780848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Periploca forrestii Schltr., a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its mechanism, involving a variety of cardiac glycosides, remains largely unknown. The immune knockout strategy can highly selectively deplete target components by immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC). We aimed to identify the common structural features of cardiac glycosides in P. forrestii and design IAC to specifically recognize these features to achieve the multi-component knockout of potential active substances from the extracts of P. forrestii. A content detection experiment confirmed that the content of a compound with periplogenin structure (CPS) in the extract of P. forrestii was reduced by 45% by IAC of periplogenin. The immunosuppressive ability of the extract on H9 human T lymphocytic cells was weakened after CPS knockout from P. forrestii extract. Molecular biology experiments showed that mRNA expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in H9 cells was up-regulated after CPS knockout, while no significant changes in the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) were found. CPS knockout from P. forrestii extract did not cause significant changes in the proliferation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells incubated with this extract. These results indicate that CPS exhibited immunosuppressive effects via inhibiting the T helper 1 (Th1) cell immune response and not via the anti-inflammatory components in P. forrestii. This is the first use of IAC to achieve multi-component knockout in TCM extracts for identifying effective compounds. This method is effective and reliable and warrants further exploration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan Z, Alimu R, Wan J, Liao X, Lin S, Dai S, Chen F, Zhang S, Tong Y, Liu H, Qin R, Liu J. Composition of major quinochalcone hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflor yellow B is associated with colour of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) during colour-transition but not with overall antioxidant capacity: A study on 144 cultivars. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112098. [PMID: 36461404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yellow pigments in the water-extract of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belong to quinochalcone flavonoid family and are widely used as food colourants. The aim of the study was to characterize the main quinochalcone compounds in safflower water-extract during blooming period when floret changed colour. Mass-spectrometry results showed that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) were the most abundant. Based on 370 florets samples collected from 144 cultivars, the contents of HSYA and AHSYB were determined, which showed that only AHSYB content had relatively strong positive association with colour indexes. The ratio of HSYA/AHSYB and visual colour exhibited certain patterns: yellow = 2, orange = 3-4, red = more dispersed, mostly falling 5-6. Most of the florets had HSYA increased first and decreased, while AHSYB decreased all the time when floret changed colour as yellow → orange → red. Regardless of the composition of HSYA/AHSYB in florets, the antioxidant capacities of safflower petal water-extracts were the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rebiguli Alimu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiawei Wan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuewei Liao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shimin Lin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shijie Dai
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yiqi Tong
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular Characterization of an Isoflavone 2'-Hydroxylase Gene Revealed Positive Insights into Flavonoid Accumulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Safflower. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228001. [PMID: 36432102 PMCID: PMC9697648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids with significant therapeutic properties play an essential role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to various environments. The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids has long been studied in plants; however, its regulatory mechanism in safflower largely remains unclear. Here, we carried out comprehensive genome-wide identification and functional characterization of a putative cytochrome P45081E8 gene encoding an isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase from safflower. A total of 15 CtCYP81E genes were identified from the safflower genome. Phylogenetic classification and conserved topology of CtCYP81E gene structures, protein motifs, and cis-elements elucidated crucial insights into plant growth, development, and stress responses. The diverse expression pattern of CtCYP81E genes in four different flowering stages suggested important clues into the regulation of secondary metabolites. Similarly, the variable expression of CtCYP81E8 during multiple flowering stages further highlighted a strong relationship with metabolite accumulation. Furthermore, the orchestrated link between transcriptional regulation of CtCYP81E8 and flavonoid accumulation was further validated in the yellow- and red-type safflower. The spatiotemporal expression of CtCYP81E8 under methyl jasmonate, polyethylene glycol, light, and dark conditions further highlighted its likely significance in abiotic stress adaption. Moreover, the over-expressed transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed enhanced transcript abundance in OE-13 line with approximately eight-fold increased expression. The upregulation of AtCHS, AtF3'H, and AtDFR genes and the detection of several types of flavonoids in the OE-13 transgenic line also provides crucial insights into the potential role of CtCYP81E8 during flavonoid accumulation. Together, our findings shed light on the fundamental role of CtCYP81E8 encoding a putative isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase via constitutive expression during flavonoid biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang Y, Wang L. Carthamus tinctorius L.: A natural neuroprotective source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115656. [PMID: 36041691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multicausal neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by generalized dementia. The pathogenic process of AD not only is progressive and complex but also involves multiple factors and mechanisms, including β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As the first-line treatment for AD, cholinesterase inhibitors can, to a certain extent, relieve AD symptoms and delay AD progression. Nonetheless, the current treatment strategies for AD are far from meeting clinical expectations, and more options for AD treatment should be applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, PubMed, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were "Honghua" or "Carthamus tinctorius L." or "safflower" in conjunction with "(native weeds OR alien invasive)"AND "Chinese herbal medicine". RESULTS A total of 47 literatures about C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through signaling pathways, immune cells, and disease-related mediators and systematically elucidates potential mechanisms from the point of anti-Aβ aggregation, suppressing tau protein hyperphosphorylation, increasing cholinergic neurotransmitters levels, inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation, ameliorating synaptic plasticity, and anti-apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is a treasure endowed by nature to mankind. Emerging studies have confirmed that CHM and its active constituents play a positive role in AD treatment. Carthamus tinctorius L., the most commonly used CHM, can be used with medicine and food, with the effect of activating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis. In the paper, we have concluded that the existing therapeutic mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and summarized the potential mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bao D, Xie X, Cheng M, Zhang K, Yue T, Liu A, Fang W, Wei Y, Zheng H, Piao JG, Xu D, Li Y. Hydroxy-safflower yellow A composites: An effective strategy to enhance anti-myocardial ischemia by improving intestinal permeability. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121918. [PMID: 35716973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy-safflower yellow A (HSYA) is the chief component of safflower against myocardial ischemia (MI), and belongs to biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) III drugs. Its structure contains multiple hydroxyl groups, contributing to its high polarity and poor oral bioavailability. The main objective of this study was to probe the potential of oral penetration enhancer n-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] sodium octanoate (SNAC) and cationic copolymer Eudragit®EPO (EPO) to promote absorption of HSYA. HSYA composites (SNAC-HSYA-EPO) were formed by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. SNAC-HSYA-EPO has biocompatibility, and can improve the membrane fluidity, uptake, transport, and penetration of Caco-2 cells. The mechanism of promoting of SNAC-HSYA-EPO may be related to energy and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) when compared with the inhibitor NaN3 and verapamil group. In the pharmacokinetic (PK) results, SNAC-HSYA-EPO significantly improved oral bioavailability. Pharmacodynamics (PD) results determined that SNAC-HSYA-EPO could improve the symptoms of MI. The mechanism of the SNAC-HSYA-EPO anti-MI is related to alleviating inflammation and anti-apoptosis to protect the heart. In summary, SNAC-HSYA-EPO prepared in this study possessed a complete appearance, high recombination rate and excellent oral permeability promoting ability. SNAC-HSYA-EPO has the potential to improve oral bioavailability and further enhance the anti-MI effect of HSYA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Bao
- Department of Dermatology & Cosmetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Mengying Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Tianxiang Yue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Aidi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Weixiang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yinghui Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hangsheng Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ji-Gang Piao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Donghang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yuxian Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen JQ, Chen YY, Du X, Tao HJ, Pu ZJ, Shi XQ, Yue SJ, Zhou GS, Shang EX, Tang YP, Duan JA. Fuzzy identification of bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation neural network association analysis of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS E and integrated effects. Chin Med 2022; 17:50. [PMID: 35473719 PMCID: PMC9040240 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (rhubarb), as one of the typical representatives of multi-effect traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases due to its multicomponent nature. However, there are few systematic investigations for the corresponding effect of individual components in rhubarb. Hence, we aimed to develop a novel strategy to fuzzily identify bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb by the back propagation (BP) neural network association analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for every data (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE) and integrated effects. Methods Through applying the fuzzy chemical identification, most components of rhubarb were classified into different chemical groups. Meanwhile the integration effect values of different efficacies can be determined by animal experiment evaluation and multi-attribute comprehensive indexes. Then the BP neural network was employed for association analysis of components and different efficacies by correlating the component contents determined from UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE profiling and the integration effect values. Finally, the effect contribution of one type of components may be totaled to demonstrate the universal and individual characters for different efficacies of rhubarb. Results It suggested that combined anthraquinones, flavanols and their polymers may be the universal character to the multi-functional properties of rhubarb. Other components contributed to the individuality of rhubarb efficacies, including stilbene glycosides, anthranones and their dimers, free anthraquinones, chromones, gallic acid and gallotannins, butyrylbenzenes and their glycosides. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that the bioactive components for different efficacies of rhubarb were not exactly the same and can be systematically differentiated by the network-oriented strategy. These efforts will advance our knowledge and understanding of the bioactive components in rhubarb and provide scientific evidence to support the expansion of its use in clinical applications and the further development of some products based on this medicinal herb. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-022-00612-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xia Du
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 710003, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zong-Jin Pu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu-Qin Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu R, Zeng Q, Xia C, Chen J, Wang P, Zhao S, Yuan W, Lou Z, Lin H, Xia H, Lv S, Xu T, Tong P, Gu M, Jin H. Fractions of Shen-Sui-Tong-Zhi Formula Enhance Osteogenesis Via Activation of β-Catenin Signaling in Growth Plate Chondrocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711004. [PMID: 34630086 PMCID: PMC8498212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Shen-sui-tong-zhi formula (SSTZF) has been used to treat osteoporosis for decades and shows excellent clinical efficacy. This article aims to explore the optimal anti-osteoporotic ingredient and its precise mechanisms in mice models. Methods: In this study, we first screened the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction of SSTZF extract in vivo, and then further explored the mechanism of its effects both in vivo and in vitro. Ten-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were administrated with each fraction of SSTZF. At 10 weeks after ovariectomy (OVX), femurs were collected for tissue analyses, including histology, micro-CT, biomechanical tests, and immunohistochemistry for ALP, FABP4, and β-catenin. Additionally, we also evaluated the mRNA expression level of ALP and FABP4 and the protein expression level of β-catenin after being treated with SSTZF extract in C3H10T1/2 cells. Moreover, we investigated the anti-osteoporosis effect of SSTZF extract on mice with β-catenin conditional knockout in growth plate chondrocytes (β-cateninGli1ER mice) through μCT, histology, and immunohistochemistry analyzes. Results: At 10 weeks after treatment, osteoporosis-like phenotype were significantly ameliorated in SSTZF n-butanol extract (SSTZF-NB) group mice, as indicated by increased trabecular bone area and ALP content, and decreased lipid droplet area and FABP4 content. No such improvements were observed after being treated with other extracts, demonstrating that SSTZF-NB is the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction. Additionally, the elevated β-catenin was revealed in both OVX mice and C3H10T1/2 cells with SSTZF-NB administered. Furthermore, a significant osteoporosis-like phenotype was observed in β-cateninGli1ER mice as expected. However, SSTZF-NB failed to rescue the deterioration in β-cateninGli1ER mice, no significant re-upregulated ALP and downregulated FABP4 were observed after being treated with SSTZF-NB, demonstrating that SSTZF-NB prevents bone loss mainly via β-catenin signaling. Conclusion: SSTZF-NB enhances osteogenesis mainly via activation of β-catenin signaling in growth plate chondrocytes. SSTZF-NB is the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction of SSTZF and it can be considered a salutary alternative therapeutic option for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Zeng
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenjie Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pinger Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houfu Lin
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanting Xia
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuaijie Lv
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mancang Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang P, Zhou W, Chen H, Zhou H, Duan S, Wan H, He Y. Optimized separation of anhydrosafflor yellow B from safflower by high-speed counter-current chromatography and evaluation of its cardio-protective effect. Food Funct 2021; 12:9360-9371. [PMID: 34606545 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) is a major active water-soluble pigment in Safflower, but it has not received enough attention yet. In this study, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to prepare AHSYB from safflower. The parameters of the separation process were optimized by response surface methodology for the first time. The entropy weight method (EWM) was applied to calculate the information entropy and the weight of five indexes, and then figure out a comprehensive index of the HSCCC separation effect. Under the optimized separation conditions, a HSCCC apparatus speed of 850 rpm, a flow rate of 2 mL min-1 for the mobile phase and a separation temperature of 40 °C for AHSYB were achieved with a purity of 98%. Furthermore, AHSYB was found to have cardio-protective effects by inhibiting apoptosis via the mitochondrial-mediated pathway in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced H9c2 cells. This research provides good method guides for the rapid and efficient separation of active compounds from food-grade Chinese herb medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shaobo Duan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue X, Deng Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Liao L, Wang C, Peng C, Li Y. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a natural compound from Carthamus tinctorius L with good effect of alleviating atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153694. [PMID: 34403879 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease with complex pathogenesis. Its serious consequence is insufficient blood supply to heart and brain, which eventually leads to myocardial ischemia, infarction and stroke. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a single chalcone glycoside compound with a variety of pharmacological effects, which has shown a potential biological activity for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. PURPOSE The main purpose of this review is to comprehensively elucidate the mechanism of HSYA on atherosclerosis and its risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus). METHOD The literatures on HSYA in the treatment of atherosclerosis and its risk factors were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, including in vitro (cell), in vivo (animal) and clinical (human) studies, and summarized reasonably. RESULTS HSYA is a promising natural product for treating atherosclerosis. It can suppress foam cell formation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and platelet activation. The mechanisms are achieved by regulating the reverse cholesterol transport process, fatty acid synthesis, oxidative stress, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NLRP3 inflammasome, TNFR1/NF-κB, NO-cGMP, Bax/Bcl-2, MAPKs, CDK/CyclinD and TLR4/Rac1/Akt signaling pathways. Besides, HSYA is devoted to lowering blood lipids, regulating ion channels, reducing vascular inflammation, and protecting pancreatic beta cells, which is conducive to reducing the harm of independent risk factors of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS HSYA exhibits the preventive and therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis and its risk factors in vivo and in vitro, which is relevant to multiple mechanisms. The clinical trials of HSYA need to be further investigated to provide a solid foundation for its clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tong X, Yang J, Zhao Y, Wan H, He Y, Zhang L, Wan H, Li C. Greener extraction process and enhanced in vivo bioavailability of bioactive components from Carthamus tinctorius L. by natural deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem 2021; 348:129090. [PMID: 33524695 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are promising green alternatives to conventional solvents widely applied in the extraction of natural products due to their physical and chemical superiorities. In present study, 22 NaDESs consisted from food grade ingredients were screened in ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from safflower. The oral bioavailabilities of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (ASYB) in the extracts were then investigated in SD rats with the help of HPLC-MS technique. The results revealed that l-proline-acetamide (l-Pro-Am) was an effective solvent with the yields of HSYA and ASYB at 32.83 and 8.80 mg/g. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that the blood level of HSYA and ASYB were significantly higher after oral administration of l-Pro-Am extract than that of aqueous extract. Especially, the relative bioavailabilities (to aqueous extract) of HSYA and ASYB were calculated 183.5% and 429.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China.
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou P, Fangma Y, Jin W, Jin Z, Li X, He Y. Response surface optimization of the water immersion extraction and macroporous resin purification processes of anhydrosafflor yellow B from Carthamus tinctorius L. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3191-3201. [PMID: 32860216 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study,based on a developed high performance liquid chromatographic quantitative method, the suitable extraction and purification conditions of anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) from safflower were determined by response surface methodology. The optimal water immersion extraction parameters were as follows: liquid to solid ratio of 22:1; extraction temperature of 75 °C; extraction time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the maximum extraction yield of AHSYB reached 0.465%. The aqueous extract was further purified by HPD-300 macroporous resin. The optimum adsorption conditions were: pH 2.8; adsorption flow rate of 1.9 mL/min; solution concentration of 0.06 g/mL. The optimum desorption conditions were: ethanol concentrations of 74%; desorption flow rate of 1.6 mL/min; elution volume of 4.4 BV. Under these conditions, the maximum adsorption ratio and desorption ratio reached 1.095 and 0.906 mg/g, respectively. The content of AHSYB reached 6.83%, which was 2.91 times higher than that before purification. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The suitable conditions for water immersion extraction and macroporous resin purification of AHSYB are first determined, which facilitates the further utilization of AHSYB as a food and drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yijia Fangma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin L, Xu M, Ma L, Zeng J, Zhang F, Qiao Y, Wu Z. A rapid analysis method of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using combination of computer vision and near-infrared. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118360. [PMID: 32330825 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the market is uneven due to the problems of dyeing and adulteration of safflower, and there is no perfect standard for the classification of quality grade of safflower at present. In this study, computer vision (CV) and near-infrared (NIR) were combined to realize the rapid and nondestructive analysis of safflower. First, the partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model was used to qualitatively identify the dyed safflower from 150 samples. Then the partial least squares (PLS) model was used for quantitative analysis of the hydroxy safflower yellow pigment A (HSYA) and water extract of undyed safflower. Herein, the discrimination rate of PLS-DA model reached 100%, and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) values of the PLS models for HSYA and water extract were 2.5046 and 5.6195, respectively. It indicated that the rapid analysis method combining CV and NIR was reliable, and its results can provide important reference for the formulation of safflower quality classification standards in the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Manfei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen J, Wang J, Wang R, Xian B, Ren C, Liu Q, Wu Q, Pei J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis on flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under MeJA treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 32727365 PMCID: PMC7391820 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important cash crop, of which the dried tube flower is not only an important raw material for dyes and cosmetics but also an important herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The pigment and bioactive compounds are composed of flavonoids (mainly quinone chalcones), and studies have reported that MeJA can promote the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones, but the mechanism underlying the effect of MeJA in safflower remains unclear. Here, we attempt to use metabolomics and transcriptome technologies to analyse the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under MeJA treatment in safflower. RESULTS Based on a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS detection platform and a self-built database (including hydroxysafflor yellow A, HSYA), a total of 209 flavonoid metabolites were detected, and 35 metabolites were significantly different after treatment with MeJA. Among them, 24 metabolites were upregulated upon MeJA treatment, especially HSYA. Eleven metabolites were downregulated after MeJA treatment. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis showed that MeJA might upregulate the expression of upstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (such as CHSs, CHIs and HCTs) and downregulate the expression of downstream genes (such as F3Ms, ANRs and ANSs), thus promoting the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones, such as HSYA. The transcription expressions of these genes were validated by real-time PCR. In addition, the promoters of two genes (CtCHI and CtHCT) that were significantly upregulated under MeJA treatment were cloned and analysed. 7 and 3 MeJA response elements were found in the promoters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MeJA might upregulate the expression of the upstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and downregulate the expression of the downstream genes, thus promoting the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones. Our results provide insights and basic data for the molecular mechanism analysis of flavonoid synthesis in safflower under MeJA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Yu L, Jin W, Li C, Wang Y, Wan H, Yang J. Simultaneous Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction Method and Determination of the Antioxidant Activities of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Anhydrosafflor Yellow B from Safflower Using a Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051226. [PMID: 32182800 PMCID: PMC7179454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the ultrasonic extraction process and the antioxidant activities of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (AHSYB) from safflower are presented herein. Using response surface methodology (RSM), based on a four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD), the extraction parameters, namely, temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-material ratio, and extraction power, were optimized for maximizing the yields of HSYA and AHSYB. The maximum yield was obtained at a temperature of 66 °C with an extraction time of 36 min, solvent-to-material ratio of 16 mL/g, and the extraction power of 150 W, which was adjusted according to the actual conditions. The HSYA and AHSYB contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The yield and the comprehensive evaluation value of HSYA and AHSYB were calculated. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined using a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) kit and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The results suggested that the safflower extracts possessed obvious ferric reducing and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The antioxidant activity increased with increasing concentration. The results suggested that optimizing the conditions of ultrasonic extraction using RSM can significantly increase the yields of HSYA and AHSYB from safflower. The safflower extracts showed better antioxidant activity. This study can encourage future research on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Chang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haitong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (C.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiehong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song L, Wang Q, Chai Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Ma J, Guo J, Yu J, Xiao B, Han G, Huang J, Ma C. Anhydrosafflor Yellow B alleviates brain injury of acute permanent cerebral ischemia in rats by anti-inflammatory mechanism. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1750492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chai
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingping Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiezhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Han
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Datong Coalmine Group, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cungen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Safflower Yellow B Protects Brain against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through AMPK/NF-kB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7219740. [PMID: 30854014 PMCID: PMC6378026 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7219740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation had showed its important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and secondary damage. Safflower yellow B (SYB) had neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-induced brain injuries, but the mechanisms were still largely unknown to us. In this study, we tried to investigate the anti-inflammation effects of SYB and the possible roles of AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway on these protective effects. In vivo, brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h and reperfusion for 20 h. Neurofunctional evaluation, infarction area, and brain water contents were measured. Brain injury markers and inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by ELISA kits. In vitro, cell viability, apoptosis, and LDH leakage were measured after I/R in PC12 cells. The expression and phosphorylation levels of AMPK, NF-κB p65, and P-IκB-α in cytoplasm and nuclear were measured by Western blotting. SiRNA experiment was performed to certify the role of AMPK. The results showed SYB reduced infarct size, improved neurological outcomes, and inhibited brain injury after I/R. In vitro test, SYB treatment alleviated PC12 cells injury and apoptosis and inhibited the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. SYB treatment induced AMPK phosphorylation and inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation both in brain and in PC12 cells. Further studies also showed that the inhibition of NF-κB activity of SYB was through AMPK. In conclusion, SYB protected brain I/R injury through reducing expression of inflammatory cytokines and this effect might be partly due to the inhibition of NF-κB mediated by AMPK.
Collapse
|
18
|
Full-length transcriptome sequences and the identification of putative genes for flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:548. [PMID: 30041604 PMCID: PMC6057038 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flower of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the primary bioactive components in safflower, and their biosynthesis has attracted widespread interest. Previous studies mostly used second-generation sequencing platforms to survey the putative flavonoid biosynthesis genes. For a better understanding of transcription data and the putative genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower, we carry our study. Results High-quality RNA was extracted from six types of safflower tissue. The RNAs of different tissues were mixed equally and used for multiple size-fractionated libraries (1–2, 2–3 and 3-6 k) library construction. Five cells were carried (2 cells for 1–2 and for 2-3 k libraries and 1 cell for 3-6 k libraries). 10.43Gb clean data and 38,302 de-redundant sequences were captured. 44 unique isoforms were annotated as encoding enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The full length flavonoid genes were characterized and their evolutional relationship and expressional pattern were analyzed. They can be divided into eight families, with a large differences in the tissue expression. The temporal expressions under MeJA treatment were also measured, 9 genes are significantly up-regulated and 2 genes are significantly down-regulated. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Besides, the SSR and lncRNA are also analyzed in our study. Conclusions Full-length transcriptome sequences were used in our study. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Combined the determination of flavonoids, CtC4H2, CtCHS3, CtCHI3, CtF3H3, CtF3H1 are mainly participated in MeJA promoting the synthesis of flavonoids. Our results also provide a valuable resource for further study on safflower. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4946-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|