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Liu S, Jing T, Jia R, Zhang JL, Bai FQ. MD investigation on the differences in the dynamic interactions between the specific ligand azamulin and two CYP3A isoforms, 3A4 and 3A5. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38533567 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2331100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The unmarked potential drug molecule azamulin has been found to be a specific inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in recent years, but this molecule also shows different binding ability and affinity to the two CYP3A isoforms. In order to explore the microscopic mechanism, conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods were performed to study the dynamic interactions between two isoforms and azamulin. The simulation results show that the binding of the ligand leads to different structural properties of two CYP3A proteins. First of all, compared with apo-CYP3A4, the binding of the ligand azamulin can lead to changes in the structural flexibility of CYP3A4, i.e., holo-CYP3A4 is more flexible than apo-CYP3A4. The structural changes of CYP3A5 are just the opposite. The ligand binding increases the rigidity of CYP3A5. Furthermore, the representative structures of the production phase in the MD simulation were in details analyzed to obtain the microscopic interactions between the ligand azamulin and two CYP3A isoforms at the atomic level. It is speculated that the difference of composition and interaction of the active sites is the fundamental cause of the change of structural properties of the two proteins.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jing
- Depatment of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Jia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Long Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang J, Liu Q, Zhao H, Li G, Yi Y, Shang R. Design and Synthesis of Pleuromutilin Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2256. [PMID: 38396934 PMCID: PMC10888563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is one of the most popular methods for the virtual screening of new drug leads and optimization. Herein, we collected a dataset of 955 MIC values of pleuromutilin derivatives to construct a 2D-QSAR model with an accuracy of 80% and a 3D-QSAR model with a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9836 and a cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.7986. Based on the obtained QSAR models, we designed and synthesized pleuromutilin compounds 1 and 2 with thiol-functionalized side chains. Compound 1 displayed the highest antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (S. aureus) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) < 0.0625 μg/mL. These experimental results confirmed that the 2D and 3D-QSAR models displayed a high accuracy of the prediction function for the discovery of lead compounds from pleuromutilin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Haoxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Guiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Yunpeng Yi
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
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Zhang QW, Ren J, Lu JX, Chen XY, He XJ, Wang Q, Zhou ZD, Jin Z, Zeng ZL, Tang YZ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing benzimidazoles as effective anti-MRSA agents. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1437-1452. [PMID: 37534779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of pleuromutilin derivatives containing benzimidazole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in this study. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized derivatives against four strains of S. aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300, S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus 144, and S. aureus AD3) were determined by the broth dilution method. Among these derivatives, compound 58 exhibited superior in vitro antibacterial effect against MRSA (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 0.0625 μg/mL) than tiamulin (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL). Compound 58 possessed a faster bactericidal kinetic and a longer post-antibiotic effect time against MRSA than tiamulin. Meanwhile, at 8 μg/mL concentration, compound 58 did not display obviously cytotoxic effect on the RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, compound 58 (-2.04 log10 CFU/mL) displayed superior in vivo antibacterial efficacy than tiamulin (-1.02 log10 CFU/mL) in reducing MRSA load in mice thigh infection model. In molecular docking study, compound 58 can successfully attach to the 50S ribosomal active site (the binding free energy is -8.11 kcal/mol). Therefore, compound 58 was a potential antibacterial candidate for combating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xun Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Jin He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Hsu MH, Johnson EF. Structural characterization of the homotropic cooperative binding of azamulin to human cytochrome P450 3A5. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101909. [PMID: 35398097 PMCID: PMC9079302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 catalyze the metabolic clearance of a large portion of therapeutic drugs. Azamulin is used as a selective inhibitor for 3A4 and 3A5 to define their roles in metabolism of new chemical entities during drug development. In contrast to 3A4, 3A5 exhibits homotropic cooperativity for the sequential binding of two azamulin molecules at concentrations used for inhibition. To define the underlying sites and mechanisms for cooperativity, an X-ray crystal structure of 3A5 was determined with two azamulin molecules in the active site that are stacked in an antiparallel orientation. One azamulin resides proximal to the heme in a pose similar to the 3A4-azamulin complex. Comparison to the 3A5 apo structure indicates that the distal azamulin in 3A5 ternary complex causes a significant induced fit that excludes water from the hydrophobic surfaces of binding cavity and the distal azamulin, which is augmented by the stacking interaction with the proximal azamulin. Homotropic cooperativity was not observed for the binding of related pleuromutilin antibiotics, tiamulin, retapamulin, and lefamulin, to 3A5, which are larger and unlikely to bind in the distal site in a stacked orientation. Formation of the 3A5 complex with two azamulin molecules may prevent time-dependent inhibition that is seen for 3A4 by restricting alternate product formation and/or access of reactive intermediates to vulnerable protein sites. These results also contribute to a better understanding of sites for cooperative binding and the differential structural plasticity of 3A5 and 3A4 that contribute to differential substrate and inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Hsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric F Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Mulugeta E, Samuel Y. Synthesis of Benzimidazole-Sulfonyl Derivatives and Their Biological Activities. Biochem Res Int 2022; 2022:7255299. [PMID: 35425644 PMCID: PMC9005321 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7255299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the synthesis of new compounds with potential bioactivities has become a central issue in the drug discovery arena. Among these new compounds, benzimidazole-sulfonyl scaffolds have vital applications in the fields of pharmaceuticals industries. Benzimidazole and sulfonyl compounds have remarkable biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory, and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Furthermore, recent literature mentions the synthesis and bioactivities of some benzimidazole-sulfonyl hybrids. In this review, we focus on reviewing the synthesis of these hybrid scaffolds and their various types of biological activities of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Mulugeta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Yoseph Samuel
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O.Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
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Marinescu M. Synthesis of Antimicrobial Benzimidazole-Pyrazole Compounds and Their Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1002. [PMID: 34439052 PMCID: PMC8389006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a central objective today in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Benzimidazole and pyrazole compounds have remarkable biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, antiulcer, antidiabetic. Moreover, recent literature mentions the syntheses and antimicrobial properties of some benzimidazole-pyrazole hybrids, as well as other biological properties thereof. In this review, we aim to review the methods of synthesis of these hybrids, the antimicrobial activities of the compounds, their correlation with various groups present on the molecule, as well as their pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Soseaua Panduri, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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Zha GF, Preetham HD, Rangappa S, Sharath Kumar KS, Girish YR, Rakesh KP, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rangappa KS. Benzimidazole analogues as efficient arsenals in war against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105175. [PMID: 34298242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule based inhibitors development is a growing field in medicinal chemistry. In recent years, different heterocyclic derivatives have been designed to counter the infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Indeed, small molecule inhibitors can be employed as an efficient antibacterial agents with different mechanism of action. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming lethal to mankind due to easy transmission mode, rapid resistance development to existing antibiotics and affect difficult-to-treat skin and filmsy diseases. Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds which have capability to fight against MRSA. High biocompatibility of benzimidazoles, synergistic behaviour with antibiotics and their tunable physico-chemical properties attracted the researchers to develop new benzimidazole based antibacterial agents. The present review focus on recent developments of benzimidazole-hybrid molecules as anti MRSA agents and the results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies with possible mechanism of action and discussing structure-activity relationship (SAR) in different directions. Benzimdazoles act as DNA binding agents, enzyme inhibitors, anti-biofilm agents and showed synergistic effect with available antibiotics to achieve antibacterial activity against MRSA. This cumulative figures would help to design new benzimidazole-based MRSA growth inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zha
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhan 518107, China.
| | - Habbanakuppe D Preetham
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagar, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District 571448, India
| | | | - Yarabahally R Girish
- Centre for Research and Innovations, School of Natural Sciences, BGSIT, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Mandya, 571448, India
| | - Kadalipura P Rakesh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
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Fu Y, Yi Y, Fan Y, Shang R. Cytochrome P450 inhibition potential and initial genotoxic evaluation of 14-O-[(4,6-diaminopyrimidine-2-yl)thioacetyl] mutilin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13474. [PMID: 32778735 PMCID: PMC7417534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
14-O-[(4,6-Diaminopyrimidine-2-yl)thioacetyl] mutilin (DPTM) is a promising drug candidate with excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The present study was designed to characterize its Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes inhibition activities and the genotoxicity with the standard Ames test. We determined the inhibitory effects of DPTM on CYP1A2, CYP2D1/6, CYP2E1, CYP2C11/9 and CYP3A/4 in rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The mRNA expressions of the above CYP isoforms and their transcriptional regulators were also evaluated using the Hep G2 cell model. The results showed DPTM exhibited a moderate inhibitory potential against CYP3A/4 (IC50 values of 10 ± 2 and 8 ± 2 μM, respectively) and weak against the other CYP enzymes based on their IC50 values. Compared to the control, CYP isoforms and their transcriptional regulators mRNA expressions significantly increased when the Hep G2 cells were treated with DPTM for a certain period of time. In the Ames test, Salmonella strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 were treated with or without the metabolic activation (S9). Analysis showed the average number of revertant colonies per plate was less in double in the groups treated with DPTM than that in the negative control plate and showed no dose-related increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxing Fu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Yi
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Qilihe District, No. 335, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.
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Yi Y, Fu Y, Dong P, Qin W, Liu Y, Liang J, Shang R. Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Novel Heterocyclic Pleuromutilin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:E996. [PMID: 28617344 PMCID: PMC6152684 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pleuromutilin derivatives were synthesized by two synthetic procedures under mild reaction conditions and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), and High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS). Most of the derivatives with heterocyclic groups at the C-14 side of pleuromutilin exhibited excellent in vitro antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in vitro antibacterial activity. The synthesized derivatives which contained pyrimidine rings, 3a, 3b, and 3f, displayed modest antibacterial activities. Compound 3a, the most active antibacterial agent, displayed rapid bactericidal activity and affected bacterial growth in the same manner as that of tiamulin fumarate. Moreover, molecular docking studies of 3a and lefamulin provided similar information about the interactions between the compounds and 50S ribosomal subunit. The results of the study show that pyrimidine rings should be considered in the drug design of pleuromutilin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yi
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yunxing Fu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Wenwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Jiangping Liang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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