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Muchtaridi M, Triwahyuningtyas D, Muhammad Fakih T, Megantara S, Choi SB. Mechanistic insight of α-mangostin encapsulation in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for solubility enhancement. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3223-3232. [PMID: 37286382 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin is the most abundant compound contained in the mangostin (Garcinia mangostana L.) plant which have been developed and proven to have many promising pharmacological effects. However, the low water solubility of α-mangostin causes limitations in its development in clinical purpose. To increase the solubility of a compound, a method currently being developed is to make drug inclusion complexes using cyclodextrins. This research aimed to use in silico techniques namely molecular docking study and molecular dynamics simulation to explore the molecular mechanism and stability of the encapsulation of α-mangostin using cyclodextrins. Two types of cyclodextrins were used including β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin docked against α-mangostin. From the molecular docking results, it shows that the α-mangostin complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin provides the lowest binding energy value of -7.99 Kcal/mol compared to β-cyclodextrin value of -6.14 Kcal/mol. The α-mangostin complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin also showed good stability based on molecular dynamics simulation during 100 ns. From molecular motion, RDF, Rg, SASA, density, total energy analyzes, this complex shows increased solubility in water and provided good stability. This indicates that the encapsulation of α-mangostin with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can increase the solubility of the α-mangostin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Radiopharmaceuticals Theranostic, BRIN, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dian Triwahyuningtyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Taufik Muhammad Fakih
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sy Bing Choi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
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Safwan SM, Kumar N, Mehta D, Singh M, Saini V, Pandey N, Khatol S, Batheja S, Singh J, Walia P, Bajaj A. Xanthone Derivatives Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Neomycin against Polymicrobial Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:527-540. [PMID: 38294409 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infections are difficult to manage as many antibiotics are ineffective owing to the presence of impermeable bacterial membranes. Polymicrobial infections pose a serious threat due to the inadequate efficacy of available antibiotics, thereby necessitating the administration of antibiotics at higher doses. Antibiotic adjuvants have emerged as a boon as they can augment the therapeutic potential of available antibiotics. However, the toxicity profile of antibiotic adjuvants is a major hurdle in clinical translation. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and biological activities of xanthone-derived molecules as potential antibiotic adjuvants. Our SAR studies witnessed that the p-dimethylamino pyridine-derivative of xanthone (X8) enhances the efficacy of neomycin (NEO) against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and causes a synergistic antimicrobial effect without any toxicity against mammalian cells. Biochemical studies suggest that the combination of X8 and NEO, apart from inhibiting protein synthesis, enhances the membrane permeability by binding to lipopolysaccharide. Notably, the combination of X8 and NEO can disrupt the monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms and show promising therapeutic potential against a murine wound infection model. Collectively, our results unveil the combination of X8 and NEO as a suitable adjuvant therapy for the inhibition of the Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohamad Safwan
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Near Civil Hospital, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohit Singh
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Nishant Pandey
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Steffi Khatol
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Batheja
- Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Near Civil Hospital, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Near Civil Hospital, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Walia
- Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Near Civil Hospital, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
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Sang SH, Akowuah GA, Liew KB, Lee SK, Keng JW, Lee SK, Yon JAL, Tan CS, Chew YL. Natural alternatives from your garden for hair care: Revisiting the benefits of tropical herbs. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21876. [PMID: 38034771 PMCID: PMC10685248 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair shampoos containing botanical ingredients without synthetic additives, such as parabens, petrochemicals, sulfates and silicones are more skin- and environmentally friendly. In recent years, there is a growing demand for shampoo products with botanical extracts. Shampoos with botanical extracts are well-known for their perceived health benefits. They are also generally milder, non-toxic, natural, and less likely to disrupt the hair and scalp's natural pH and oil balance. Many also believe that shampoos with botanical origins have higher standards of quality. Numerous botanical extracts had been used as natural active ingredients in cosmetic formulations to meet consumer demands. In this review, we have revisited six tropical plants commonly added as natural active ingredients in shampoo formulations: Acacia concinna, Camellia oleifera, Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis, Sapindus mukorossi, and Garcinia mangostana. These plants have been traditionally used for hair care, and scientific research has shown that they exhibit relevant physicochemical properties and biological activities that are beneficial for hair care and scalp maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Huey Sang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyber 11, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Keah Lee
- M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing-Wen Keng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sue-Kei Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Siang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
| | - Yik-Ling Chew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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P JE, Tn U, Perumal E. Inhibition of Oral Fibrinogenesis Through Transforming Growth Factor-Beta/SMAD2/3 Signalling Inhibition Using Mangosteen Pericarp Extract. Cureus 2023; 15:e47899. [PMID: 38034260 PMCID: PMC10683531 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chewing areca nuts can result in an oral disorder known as oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), which has the potential to be cancerous. Although it is only beginning to spread to European and the North American continents, it is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia. The probability of malignant transformation from OSF is raised by chewing tobacco use. In the current research, our objective was to assess the potential anti-fibrosis effects and the ability to prevent malignant transformation through the application of mangosteen pericarp extract. Methodology The Ethical Approval-IHEC/SDC/OMED-2101/23/085 from the institution was obtained to conduct this ex vivo study. The cytotoxicity effect of mangosteen pericarp extract on both normal and fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts originating from OSF tissues was tested. Cell proliferation and cell migration by scratch wound healing assay was examined. Dual staining was done to determine the mode of cell death. Additionally, real-time PCR was utilized to measure the expression of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signalling, α-SMA, and type I collagen gene expression. Results Mangosteen extract exerted higher cytotoxicity of fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts compared to normal cells. Furthermore, mangosteen-receiving cells exhibited downregulation in the expression of the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway, as well as reduced expression of α-SMA and type I collagen. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that mangosteen could serve as a promising agent for averting the progression of oral fibrogenesis and halting the malignancy of the oral epithelium in patients with OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jency Evanjelin P
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Umamaheswari Tn
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Elumalai Perumal
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Vanessa VV, Teh SS, Lam KW, Mah SH. Synthesis of 1-hydroxy-3- O-substituted xanthone derivatives and their structure-activity relationship on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:2849-2861. [PMID: 36398788 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2137800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the synthesis of 1,3-dihydroxyxanthone (1) and its new derivatives with alkyl (2a-2f), alkenyl (2 g-2k), alkynyl (2 l-2n), and alkylated phenyl (2o-2r) groups at C3 position. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by MS, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic data. All the substituted xanthones (2a-2r) showed significantly stronger acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities than 1. Compounds 2g and 2j exhibited the strongest activities with the IC50 values of 20.8 and 21.5 μM and their enzyme kinetic analyses indicated a mixed-mode inhibition. Molecular docking study revealed that 2g binds favourably to the active site of AChE via π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding from the xanthone ring, in addition to π-alkyl interaction from the substituent group. These xanthone derivatives are potential lead compounds to be further developed into Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soek Sin Teh
- Energy & Environment Unit, Engineering & Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Li J, Zeng C, Huang Q, Zheng MM, Chen J, Ma D. Control release of α-mangostin by a novel dual-polysaccharides delivery system for colitis treatment under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Wu YJ, Zhang SS, Yin Q, Lei M, Wang QH, Chen WG, Luo TT, Zhou P, Ji CL. α-Mangostin Inhibited M1 Polarization of Macrophages/Monocytes in Antigen-Induced Arthritis Mice by Up-Regulating Silent Information Regulator 1 and Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor γ Simultaneously. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:563-577. [PMID: 36860800 PMCID: PMC9969869 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s397914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background α-Mangostin (MG) showed the potentials in alleviating experimental arthritis, inhibiting inflammatory polarization of macrophages/monocytes, and regulating peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) signals. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlations among the above-mentioned properties. Methods Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was established in mouse, which was treated with MG in combination with SIRT1/PPAR-γ inhibitors to clarify the role of the two signals in the anti-arthritic actions. Pathological changes were systematically investigated. Phenotypes of cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Expression and co-localization of SIRT1 and PPAR-γ proteins in joint tissues were observed by the immunofluorescence method. Finally, clinical implications from the synchronous up-regulation of SIRT1 and PPAR-γ were validated by experiments in vitro. Results SIRT1 and PPAR-γ inhibitors (nicotinamide and T0070097) reduced the therapeutic effects of MG on AIA mice, and abrogated MG-induced up-regulation of SIRT1/PPAR-γ and inhibition of M1 polarization in macrophages/monocytes. MG has a good binding affinity to PPAR-γ, and MG promoted the co-expression of SIRT1 and PPAR-γ in joints. Synchronously activating SIRT1 and PPAR-γ was revealed to be necessary by MG to repress inflammatory responses in THP-1 monocytes. Conclusion MG binds PPAR-γ and excites this signaling to initiate ligand-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Due to certain unspecified signal transduction crosstalk mechanism, it then promoted SIRT1 expression and further limited inflammatory polarization of macrophages/monocytes in AIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China,Xin’an Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China,Vascular Diseases Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sa-Sa Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Lei
- Xin’an Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-Hai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Peng Zhou; Cong-Lan Ji, Email ;
| | - Cong-Lan Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, People’s Republic of China,Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, People’s Republic of China
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Pyae NYL, Maiuthed A, Phongsopitanun W, Ouengwanarat B, Sukma W, Srimongkolpithak N, Pengon J, Rattanajak R, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Ei ZZ, Chunhacha P, Wilasluck P, Deetanya P, Wangkanont K, Hengphasatporn K, Shigeta Y, Rungrotmongkol T, Chamni S. N-Containing α-Mangostin Analogs via Smiles Rearrangement as the Promising Cytotoxic, Antitrypanosomal, and SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitory Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031104. [PMID: 36770770 PMCID: PMC9919084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
New N-containing xanthone analogs of α-mangostin were synthesized via one-pot Smiles rearrangement. Using cesium carbonate in the presence of 2-chloroacetamide and catalytic potassium iodide, α-mangostin (1) was subsequently transformed in three steps to provide ether 2, amide 3, and amine 4 in good yields at an optimum ratio of 1:3:3, respectively. The evaluation of the biological activities of α-mangostin and analogs 2-4 was described. Amine 4 showed promising cytotoxicity against the non-small-cell lung cancer H460 cell line fourfold more potent than that of cisplatin. Both compounds 3 and 4 possessed antitrypanosomal properties against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at a potency threefold stronger than that of α-mangostin. Furthermore, ether 2 gave potent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition by suppressing 3-chymotrypsinlike protease (3CLpro) activity approximately threefold better than that of 1. Fragment molecular orbital method (FMO-RIMP2/PCM) indicated the improved binding interaction of 2 in the 3CLpro active site regarding an additional ether moiety. Thus, the series of N-containing α-mangostin analogs prospectively enhance druglike properties based on isosteric replacement and would be further studied as potential biotically active chemical entries, particularly for anti-lung-cancer, antitrypanosomal, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 main protease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yadanar Lin Pyae
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arnatchai Maiuthed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wongsakorn Phongsopitanun
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bongkot Ouengwanarat
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Warongrit Sukma
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Roonglawan Rattanajak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Zin Zin Ei
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preedakorn Chunhacha
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Wilasluck
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapon Deetanya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8357
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Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Preliminary Mechanistic Study of a Novel Mitochondrial-Targeted Xanthone. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031016. [PMID: 36770683 PMCID: PMC9920806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin, a natural xanthone, was found to have anticancer effects, but these effects are not sufficient to be effective. To increase anticancer potential and selectivity, a triphenylphosphonium cation moiety (TPP) was introduced to α-mangostin to specifically target cancer cell mitochondria. Compared to the parent compound, the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compound 1b increased by one order of magnitude. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the anti-tumor effects were involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by prompting apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). More notably, the antitumor activity of compound 1b was further confirmed by zebrafish models, which remarkably inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration, as well as zebrafish angiogenesis. Taken together, our results for the first time indicated that TPP-linked 1b could lead to the development of new mitochondrion-targeting antitumor agents.
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Oka N, Doan VTH, Matsubara H, Imai T, Yoshioka Y, Katsuki J, Fujii S, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H, Sakurai K. Protective effects of alpha-mangostin encapsulated in cyclodextrin-nanoparticle on cerebral ischemia. J Control Release 2023; 353:216-228. [PMID: 36410615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during and after the onset of an ischemic stroke induces neuronal cell death and severely damages brain function. Therefore, reducing ROS by administrating antioxidant compounds is a promising approach to improving ischemic symptoms. Alpha-mangostin (α-M) is an antioxidant compound extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit. Reportedly, α-M decreases neuronal toxicity in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective activity of α-M in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Pretreatment with α-M inhibited excessive cellular ROS production after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro using an SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cell line. In addition, α-M maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed mitochondrial-specific ROS production induced by OGD/R. Meanwhile, the low bioavailability of α-M due to its poor water solubility has been an insuperable obstruction impeding extensive investigations of the biological functions of α-M and its medical applications. To overcome this problem, we synthesized a cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle (CDNP) that is known to increase the loading efficiency and binding constant of α-M, compared with cyclodextrins themselves. This nano-formulated α-M (α-M/CDNP) was optimized for an in vivo ischemic stroke model. Our results indicated that α-M/CDNP (25 mg/kg/injection) reduced infarct volume and improved neurological behavior (p = 0.036 and p = 0.046, respectively). These in vivo results suggest that α-M appears to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the help of a nano-formulation with CDNP. Combining an in vitro BBB model and a physicochemical binding assay between α-M and albumin, it is speculated that α-M released from CDNP would interact with albumin during its prolonged circulation in the blood, and the resultant α-M/albumin complex may cross the BBB through the absorptive-mediated transcytosis pathway. These findings suggest the potential clinical application of α-M in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Oka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Van Thi Hong Doan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshioka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jun Katsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shota Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248775. [PMID: 36557908 PMCID: PMC9782657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones.
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Chuprom J, Sangkanu S, Mitsuwan W, Boonhok R, Mahabusarakam W, Singh LR, Dumkliang E, Jitrangsri K, Paul AK, Surinkaew S, Wilairatana P, Pereira MDL, Rahmatullah M, Wiart C, Oliveira SMR, Nissapatorn V. Anti- Acanthamoeba activity of a semi-synthetic mangostin derivative and its ability in removal of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001 on contact lens. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14468. [PMID: 36523474 PMCID: PMC9745913 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L., also known as the mangosteen tree, is a native medicinal plant in Southeast Asia having a wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds, including xanthonoid mangostin. In this study, we examined the pharmacological activities of the selected semi-synthetic mangostin derivative, namely, amoebicidal activity, encystation inhibition, excystation activity, and removal capacity of adhesive Acanthamoeba from the surface of contact lens (CL). Among the three derivatives, C1 exhibited promising anti-Acanthamoeba activity against Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001 trophozoites and cysts. SEM images displayed morphological changes in Acanthamoeba trophozoites, including the loss of acanthopodia, pore formation in the cell membrane, and membrane damage. In addition, the treated cyst was shrunken and adopted an irregular flat cyst shape. Under a fluorescence microscope, acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining revealed C1 induced condensation of cytoplasm and chromatin with the loss of cell volume in the treated trophozoites, while calcofluor white staining demonstrated the leakage of cell wall in treated cysts, leading to cell death. Interestingly, at the concentration ranges in which C1 showed the anti-Acanthamoeba effects (IC50 values ranging from 0.035-0.056 mg/mL), they were not toxic to Vero cells. C1 displayed the highest inhibitory effect on A. triangularis encystation at 1/16×MIC value (0.004 mg/mL). While C1 demonstrated the excystation activity at 1/128×MIC value with a high rate of 89.47%. Furthermore, C1 exhibited the removal capacity of adhesive Acanthamoeba from the surface of CL comparable with commercial multipurpose solutions (MPSs). Based on the results obtained, C1 may be a promising lead agent to develop a therapeutic for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infections and disinfectant solutions for CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julalak Chuprom
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand,School of Languages and General Education (SOLGEN), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Sangkanu
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Rachasak Boonhok
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Mahabusarakam
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - L. Ravithej Singh
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR–Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India,Chemical Sciences Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ekachai Dumkliang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kritamorn Jitrangsri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Sirirat Surinkaew
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Christophe Wiart
- The Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kin-abalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Labban RSM, Alfawaz HA, Amina M, Bhat RS, Hassan WM, El-Ansary A. Synergism between Extracts of Garcinia mangostana Pericarp and Curcuma in Ameliorating Altered Brain Neurotransmitters, Systemic Inflammation, and Leptin Levels in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Albino Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214630. [PMID: 36364892 PMCID: PMC9657435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Curcuma longa independently and synergistically in modulating induced inflammation and impaired brain neurotransmitters commonly observed in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rodent models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups. Group I, control, obese, fed on a high-fat diet (HFD), and Group II-IV, fed on HFD then given mangosteen extract (400 mg/kg/day) and/or Curcuma (80 mg/kg/day), or a mixture of both for 6 weeks. Plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, leptin, and brain serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate were measured in the five studied groups. G. mangostana and Curcuma longa extracts demonstrate antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Both induced a significant reduction in the weight gained, concomitant with a non-significant decrease in the BMI (from 0.86 to 0.81 g/cm2). Curcuma either alone or in combination with MPE was more effective. Both extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and induced a significant reduction in levels of both IL-6 and IL-12. The lowest leptin level was achieved in the synergistically treated group, compared to independent treatments. Brain dopamine was the most affected variable, with significantly lower levels recorded in the Curcuma and synergistically treated groups than in the control group. Glutamate and serotonin levels were not affected significantly. The present study demonstrated that mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) and Curcuma were independently and in combination effective in treating obesity-induced inflammation and demonstrating neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyah Shaker M. Labban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Deputyship for Therapeutic Services, General, Administration of Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11595, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu Z. A review of plant antipathogenic constituents: Source, activity and mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105225. [PMID: 36464345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Green prevention and control of plant pathogens is a development direction of sustainable and low-carbon agriculture given the limitation of traditional chemicals. Plant-derived antipathogenic constituents (PAPCs) exhibit the advantages of being environmental benign and a broad spectrum of target pathogens over traditional chemicals. Here, we review the research advances on plant sources, chemical compositions, activities of antipathogenic constituents in the past 20 years. Reported PAPCs are classified into categories of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and antimicrobial peptides. Angiosperms, gymnosperms and some lower plants are the main plant source of detected PAPCs. The PAPCs act on pathogens through multiple pathways including destroying cell structures, blocking key composition synthesis and inhibiting cell metabolism. The development trends of PAPCs are finally prospected. This review serves as a comprehensive review on the study of plant antipathogenic constituents and a key reference for forecasting the source, characteristic and activity of PAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Wang
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongdong Xu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Abd Murad NB, Mustafa M, Shaari K, Mohd Zainudin NAI. Micrograph analysis of morphological alteration and cellular damage of fruit rot fungal pathogens treated with Averrhoa bilimbi fruit and Garcinia mangostana pericarp ethanolic extracts. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1319-1329. [PMID: 35934942 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the antifungal action of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit and Garcinia mangostana pericarp ethanolic extracts in altering the morphology and causing cellular damage of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Collectotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The pathogens were cultured on media containing both extracts individually and carbendazim as positive control, while media alone as negative control. All samples were processed for microscopy observations by using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes. Observation via SEM showed significant alterations in the hyphae of F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and C. gloeosporioides compared to the control in which the hyphae were in normal form. However, no significant alteration in hyphae had been observed in the treated plate compared to the control for L. theobromae. Calcium carbonate crystals development were also observed abundantly in control compared to treated pathogens for F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum only. This indicated that the plant extracts can inhibit some metabolic processes in the pathogens too. Observations via TEM had been conducted for F. proliferatum and C. gloeosporioides respectively. The results showed disintegration of cytoplasmic organelles and cell wall, intense vacuolization and lyses part of fungal cells. The plant extracts have equivalent or even greater effects compared to commercial fungicide carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Baiti Abd Murad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muskhazli Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protections, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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The Potential of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana as an Effective Antimicrobial Agent-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060717. [PMID: 35740124 PMCID: PMC9219858 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of α-mangostin derived from Garcinia mangostana against different microbes. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Science Direct until March 2022. The research question was developed based on a PICO (Population, Intervention, Control and Outcomes) model. In this study, the population of interest was microbes, α-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana was used as exposure while antibiotics were used as control, followed by the outcome which is determined by the antimicrobial activity of α-mangostin against studied microbes. Two reviewers independently performed the comprehensive literature search following the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A methodological quality assessment was carried out using a scoring protocol and the risk of bias in the studies was analyzed. Reward screening was performed among the selected articles to perform a meta-analysis based on the pre-determined criteria. Case groups where α-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana was incorporated were compared to groups using different antibiotics or antiseptic agents (control) to evaluate their effectiveness. A total of 30 studies were included; they were heterogeneous in their study design and the risk of bias was moderate. The results showed a reduction in microbial counts after the incorporation of α-mangostin, which resulted in better disinfection and effectiveness against multiple microbes. Additionally, the meta-analysis result revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in their effectiveness when α-mangostin was compared to commercially available antibiotics. α-mangostin worked effectively against the tested microbes and was shown to have inhibitory effects on microbes with antibiotic resistance.
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17
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Antioxidants of Fruit Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Pathogenic Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030602. [PMID: 35326252 PMCID: PMC8945554 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit is an essential part of the human diet and is of great interest because of its richness in phytochemicals. Various fruit extracts from citrus, berries and pomegranates have been shown to possess a broad spectrum of medicinal properties. Fruit phytochemicals are of considerable interest because of their antioxidant properties involving different mechanisms of action, which can act against different pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of fruit phytochemicals involves different kinds of reactions, such as radical scavenging and chelation or complexation of metal ions. The interaction between fruit phytochemicals and bacteria has different repercussions: it disrupts the cell envelope, disturbs cell–cell communication and gene regulation, and suppresses metabolic and enzymatic activities. Consequently, fruit phytochemicals can directly inhibit bacterial growth or act indirectly by modulating the expression of virulence factors, both of which reduce microbial pathogenicity. The aim of this review was to report our current knowledge on various fruit extracts and their major bioactive compounds, and determine the effectiveness of organic acids, terpenes, polyphenols, and other types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of antimicrobial agents.
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18
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Ruankham W, Suwanjang W, Phopin K, Songtawee N, Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S. Modulatory Effects of Alpha-Mangostin Mediated by SIRT1/3-FOXO3a Pathway in Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 8:714463. [PMID: 35155508 PMCID: PMC8835347 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.714463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroundalpha-Mangostin, a polyphenolic xanthone, is primarily found in the pericarp of mangosteen throughout Southeast Asia and is considered as the “Queen of Fruit” in Thailand. Nonetheless, it is not clarified how alpha-mangostin protects neuronal cells against oxidative stress.ObjectiveIn this study, molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of alpha-mangostin in defending hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity was explored.Methodscytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptotic cascades, and protein expression profiles were performed incorporation of molecular docking.ResultsHuman SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with 1 μM alpha-mangostin for 3 h prior to exposure to 400 μM H2O2. alpha-Mangostin significantly inhibited oxidative stress-induced cell death in neuronal cells by reducing BAX protein, decreasing caspase-3/7 activation, and increasing anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein. Collectively, alpha-mangostin was demonstrated to be a prominent ROS suppressor which reversed the reduction of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD2). Surprisingly, alpha-mangostin significantly promoted the expression of the sirtuin family and the FOXO3a transcription factor exerting beneficial effects on cell survival and longevity. A molecular docking study predicted that alpha-mangostin is directly bound to the active site of SIRT1.ConclusionFindings from this study suggest that alpha-mangostin potentially serves as a promising therapeutic compound against oxidative stress by activation of the SIRT1/3-FOXO3a pathway comparable to the effect of memantine, an anti-AD drug used for the treatment of moderate to severe dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waralee Ruankham
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Wilasinee Suwanjang
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napat Songtawee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ahmadi S, Moradi Z, Kumar A, Almasirad A. SMILES-based QSAR and molecular docking study of xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:361-372. [PMID: 34384326 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1957932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing diabetic population is one of the major health concerns all over the world. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is a clinically proved and attractive strategy to manage diabetes. In this study, robust and reliable QSAR models to predict α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of xanthone derivatives are developed by the Monte Carlo technique. The chemical structures are represented by SMILES notation without any 3D-optimization. The significance of the index of ideality correlation (IIC) with applicability domain (AD) is also studied in depth. The models developed using CORAL software by considering IIC criteria are found to be statistically more significant and robust than simple balance of correlation. The QSAR models are validated by both internal and external validation methods. The promoters of increase and decrease of activity are also extracted and interpreted in detail. The interpretation of developed models explains the role of different structural attributes in predicting the pIC50 of xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Based on the results of model interpretation, modifications are done on some xanthone derivatives and 15 new molecules are designed. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of novel molecules is further supported by docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Ali Almasirad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Alpha-mangostin inhibits dengue virus production and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in dendritic cells. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1623-1632. [PMID: 33782775 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted to humans via the bite of an Aedes mosquito, causing dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, or dengue shock syndrome. In the human skin, DENV first infects keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Monocytes that are recruited to the site of infection and differentiate into monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are also infected by DENV. DENV-infected DCs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to modulate the immune response. The viral load and massive pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, referred to as a 'cytokine storm', are associated with disease severity. We propose that an ideal drug for treatment of DENV infection should inhibit both virus production and the cytokine storm, and previously, we reported that alpha-mangostin (α-MG) inhibits both DENV replication and cytokine production in hepatocytes. However, the effect of α-MG on DENV-infected moDCs remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of α-MG on DENV infection and pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production in primary moDCs generated ex vivo from monocytes of healthy individuals. α-MG at the non-toxic concentrations of 20 and 25 μM reduced DENV production by more than 10-fold and 1,000-fold, respectively. Treatment with α-MG efficiently inhibited the infection of immature moDCs by all four serotypes of DENV. Time-of-addition studies suggested that α-MG (25 μM) inhibits DENV at the early stage of replication. In addition, α-MG markedly reduced cytokine/chemokine (TNF-α, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL10, IL6, IL1β, IL10, and IFN-α) transcription in DENV-infected immature moDCs. These findings suggest the potential of α-MG to be developed as a novel anti-DENV drug.
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Chen ME, Chen XW, Hu YH, Ye R, Lv JW, Li B, Zhang FM. Recent advances of Ritter reaction and its synthetic applications. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive survey of Ritter reactions from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-En Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Soltani Hasankiadeh F, Mohajer F. Recent Applications of Ritter Reactions in Organic Syntheses. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Physics and Chemistry Alzahra University, Tehran Iran
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23
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Ye H, Wang Q, Zhu F, Feng G, Yan C, Zhang J. Antifungal Activity of Alpha-Mangostin against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225335. [PMID: 33207599 PMCID: PMC7696833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated alpha-mangostin (α-mangostin, α-MG), a xanthone natural product extracted from the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), for its antifungal activities and possible mechanism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes mango anthracnose. The results demonstrated that α-MG had a relatively high in vitro inhibitory activity against C. gloeosporioides among 20 plant pathogenic fungi. The median effective concentration (EC50) values of α-MG against mycelial growth were nearly 10 times higher than those of spore germination inhibition for both strains of C. gloeosporioides, the carbendazim-sensitive (CBD-s) and carbendazim-resistant (CBD-r). The results suggested that α-MG exhibited a better inhibitory effect on spore germination than on the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. Further investigation indicated that the protective effect could be superior to the therapeutic effect for mango leaves for scab development. The morphological observations of mycelium showed that α-MG caused the accumulation of dense bodies. Ultrastructural observation further revealed that α-MG caused a decrease in the quantity and shape of the swelling of mitochondria in the mycelium cells of C. gloeosporioides. In addition, bioassays disclosed that the inhibitory activity of α-MG on spore germination was reduced by adding exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These results suggested that the mode of action of α-MG could be involved in the destruction of mitochondrial energy metabolism. The current study supports α-MG as a natural antifungal agent in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huochun Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fadi Zhu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chao Yan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS), Haikou 571101, China; (H.Y.); (Q.W.); (F.Z.); (C.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.Z.)
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24
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Damen F, Simo Mpetga JD, Demgne OMF, Çelik İ, Wamba BE, Tapondjou LA, Beng VP, Levent S, Kuete V, Tene M. Roeperone A, a new tetraoxygenated xanthone and other compounds from the leaves of Hypericum roeperianum Schimp. (Hypericaceae). Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:2071-2077. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1845674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Damen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Olive Monique F. Demgne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - İlhami Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Brice E.N Wamba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Veronique P. Beng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé I, Cameroon
| | - Serkan Levent
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mathieu Tene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
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25
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Mardianingrum R, Yusuf M, Hariono M, Mohd Gazzali A, Muchtaridi M. α-Mangostin and its derivatives against estrogen receptor alpha. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:2621-2634. [PMID: 33155528 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1841031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) acts as the transcription factor and the main therapeutic target against breast cancer. One of the compounds that has been shown to act as an ERα is α-mangostin. However, it still has weaknesses due to its low solubility and low potent activity. In this study, α-mangostin was modified by substituting -OH group at C6 using benzoyl derivatives through a step by step in silico study, namely pharmacokinetic prediction (https://preadmet.bmdrc.kr/adme/), pharmacophore modeling (LigandScout 4.1), molecular docking simulation (AutoDock 4.2), molecular dynamics simulation (AMBER 16) and a binding free energy analysis using MM-PBSA method. From the computational studies, three compounds which are derived from α-mangostin (AMB-1 (-9.84 kcal/mol), AMB-2 (-6.80 kcal/mol) and AMB-10 (-12.42 kcal/mol)) have lower binding free energy than α-mangostin (-1.77 kcal/mol), as evidenced by the binding free energy calculation using the MM-PBSA method. They can then be predicted to have potent activities as ERα antagonists.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mardianingrum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Perjuangan, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Maywan Hariono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amira Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
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26
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Moopayak W, Tangboriboon N. Mangosteen peel and seed as antimicrobial and drug delivery in rubber products. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Moopayak
- Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringKasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nuchnapa Tangboriboon
- Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringKasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
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27
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Singh M, Ravichandiran V, Bharitkar YP, Hazra A. Natural Products Containing Olefinic Bond: Important Substrates for Semi-synthetic Modification Towards Value Addition. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200312125734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
:
Semi-synthesis, the way of preparing novel bioactive molecules via modification
of compounds isolated from natural sources is very much useful nowadays in the drug discovery
process. The modification is based on the reaction of functional group(s) present in a
natural compound. Among the examples of functional group transformation, double bond
modification is also common in the literature. Several reactions like hydrogenation, cyclopropanation,
epoxidation, addition reaction (halogenations, hydroxylation), Michael addition,
Heck reaction, cycloaddition, dipolar cycloaddition, etc. are employed for this purpose.
In this review, we have tried to gather the reactions performed with several double bond
containing classes of natural products like diterpenes, xanthones, sesquiterpene exomethylene lactones, diaryl
heptanoids, steroidal lactones, triterpenoids, limonoids, and alkamides. Where available, the effects of transformations
on the biological activities of the molecules are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata - 700 054, India
| | - V. Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata - 700 054, India
| | - Yogesh P. Bharitkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata - 700 054, India
| | - Abhijit Hazra
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata - 700 054, India
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Garcinol Exhibits Anti-Neoplastic Effects by Targeting Diverse Oncogenic Factors in Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050103. [PMID: 32365899 PMCID: PMC7277375 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone, is the medicinal component obtained from fruits and leaves of Garcinia indica (G. indica) and has traditionally been extensively used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it has been also been experimentally illustrated to elicit anti-cancer properties. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have illustrated the potential therapeutic efficiency of garcinol in management of different malignancies. It mainly acts as an inhibitor of cellular processes via regulation of transcription factors NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 in tumor cells and have been demonstrated to effectively inhibit growth of malignant cell population. Numerous studies have highlighted the anti-neoplastic potential of garcinol in different oncological transformations including colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. However, use of garcinol is still in its pre-clinical stage and this is mainly attributed to the limitations of conclusive evaluation of pharmacological parameters. This necessitates evaluation of garcinol pharmacokinetics to precisely identify an appropriate dose and route of administration, tolerability, and potency under physiological conditions along with characterization of a therapeutic index. Hence, the research is presently ongoing in the dimension of exploring the precise metabolic mechanism of garcinol. Despite various lacunae, garcinol has presented with promising anti-cancer effects. Hence, this review is motivated by the constantly emerging and promising positive anti-cancerous effects of garcinol. This review is the first effort to summarize the mechanism of action of garcinol in modulation of anti-cancer effect via regulation of different cellular processes.
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Das PE, Majdalawieh AF, Abu-Yousef IA, Narasimhan S, Poltronieri P. Use of A Hydroalcoholic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves for the Green Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Anti-Microbial and Antioxidant Activities. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040876. [PMID: 32075305 PMCID: PMC7079629 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The employment of plant extracts in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a very attractive approach in the field of green synthesis. To benefit from the potential synergy between the biological activities of the Moringa oleifera and metallic bismuth, our study aimed to achieve a green synthesis of phytochemical encapsulated bismuth nanoparticles using a hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera leaves. The total phenolic content in the M. oleifera leaves extract used was 23.0 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried M. oleifera leaves powder. The physical properties of the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR spectrometer, TEM, SEM, and XRD. The size of the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles is in the range of 40.4–57.8 nm with amorphous morphology. Using DPPH and phosphomolybdate assays, our findings revealed that the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles possess antioxidant properties. Using resazurin microtiter assay, we also demonstrate that the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles exert potent anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (estimated MIC values for the extract: 500, 250, 250, and 250 µg/mL; estimated MIC values for the bismuth nanoparticles: 500, 500, 500, and 250 µg/mL, respectively). Similarly, the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles display relatively stronger anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata (estimated MIC values for the extract: 62.5, 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/mL; estimated MIC values for the bismuth nanoparticles: 250, 250, 62.5, and 62.5 µg/mL, respectively). Thus, green synthesis of bismuth nanoparticles using M. oleifera leaves extract was successful, showing a positive antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activity. Therefore, the synthesized bismuth nanoparticles can potentially be employed in the alleviation of symptoms associated with oxidative stress and in the topic treatment of Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Edwin Das
- Asthagiri Herbal Research Foundation, 162A, Perungudi Industrial Estate, Perungudi, Chennai 600096, India;
| | - Amin F. Majdalawieh
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, UAE;
- Correspondence: (A.F.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Imad A. Abu-Yousef
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, UAE;
| | - Srinivasan Narasimhan
- Asthagiri Herbal Research Foundation, 162A, Perungudi Industrial Estate, Perungudi, Chennai 600096, India;
- Correspondence: (A.F.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, CNR-ISPA, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.F.M.); (S.N.); (P.P.)
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30
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Langeder J, Grienke U, Chen Y, Kirchmair J, Schmidtke M, Rollinger JM. Natural products against acute respiratory infections: Strategies and lessons learned. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112298. [PMID: 31610260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A wide variety of traditional herbal remedies have been used throughout history for the treatment of symptoms related to acute respiratory infections (ARIs). AIM OF THE REVIEW The present work provides a timely overview of natural products affecting the most common pathogens involved in ARIs, in particular influenza viruses and rhinoviruses as well as bacteria involved in co-infections, their molecular targets, their role in drug discovery, and the current portfolio of available naturally derived anti-ARI drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature of the last ten years was evaluated for natural products active against influenza viruses and rhinoviruses. The collected bioactive agents were further investigated for reported activities against ARI-relevant bacteria, and analysed for the chemical space they cover in relation to currently known natural products and approved drugs. RESULTS An overview of (i) natural compounds active in target-based and/or phenotypic assays relevant to ARIs, (ii) extracts, and (iii) in vivo data are provided, offering not only a starting point for further in-depth phytochemical and antimicrobial studies, but also revealing insights into the most relevant anti-ARI scaffolds and compound classes. Investigations of the chemical space of bioactive natural products based on principal component analysis show that many of these compounds are drug-like. However, some bioactive natural products are substantially larger and have more polar groups than most approved drugs. A workflow with various strategies for the discovery of novel antiviral agents is suggested, thereby evaluating the merit of in silico techniques, the use of complementary assays, and the relevance of ethnopharmacological knowledge on the exploration of the therapeutic potential of natural products. CONCLUSIONS The longstanding ethnopharmacological tradition of natural remedies against ARIs highlights their therapeutic impact and remains a highly valuable selection criterion for natural materials to be investigated in the search for novel anti-ARI acting concepts. We observe a tendency towards assaying for broad-spectrum antivirals and antibacterials mainly discovered in interdisciplinary academic settings, and ascertain a clear demand for more translational studies to strengthen efforts for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents for patients suffering from ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Langeder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ya Chen
- University of Hamburg, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Bundesstraße 43, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway; Computational Biology Unit (CBU), University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Green Synthesis of Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles Using a Hydroalcoholic Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Assessment of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030555. [PMID: 32012912 PMCID: PMC7037650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is a very promising method in green synthesis. The medicinal value of Moringa oleifera leaves and the antimicrobial activity of metallic copper were combined in the present study to synthesize copper nanoparticles having a desirable added-value inorganic material. The use of a hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera leaves for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles is an attractive method as it leads to the production of harmless chemicals and reduces waste. The total phenolic content in the M. oleifera leaves extract was 23.0 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried M. oleifera leaves powder. The M. oleifera leaves extract was treated with a copper sulphate solution. A color change from brown to black indicates the formation of copper nanoparticles. Characterization of the synthesized copper nanoparticles was performed using ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized copper nanoparticles have an amorphous nature and particle size of 35.8-49.2 nm. We demonstrate that the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized copper nanoparticles display considerable antioxidant activity. Moreover, the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized copper nanoparticles exert considerable anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC values for the extract: 500, 250, 250, and 250 µg/mL; MIC values for the copper nanoparticles: 500, 500, 500, and 250 µg/mL, respectively). Similarly, the M. oleifera leaves extract and the synthesized copper nanoparticles exert relatively stronger anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata (MIC values for the extract: 62.5, 62.5, 125, and 250 µg/mL; MIC values for the copper nanoparticles: 125, 125, 62.5, and 31.2 µg/mL, respectively). Our study reveals that the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using a hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera leaves was successful. In addition, the synthesized copper nanoparticles can be potentially employed in the treatment of various microbial infections due to their reported antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal activities.
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Dalinova A, Chisty L, Kochura D, Garnyuk V, Petrova M, Prokofieva D, Yurchenko A, Dubovik V, Ivanov A, Smirnov S, Zolotarev A, Berestetskiy A. Isolation and Bioactivity of Secondary Metabolites from Solid Culture of the Fungus, Alternaria sonchi. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E81. [PMID: 31947939 PMCID: PMC7022477 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus, Alternaria sonchi is considered to be a potential agent for the biocontrol of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). A new chlorinated xanthone, methyl 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (1) and a new benzophenone derivative, 5-chloromoniliphenone (2), were isolated together with eleven structurally related compounds (3-13) from the solid culture of the fungus, which is used for the production of bioherbicidal inoculum of A. sonchi. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic (mostly by NMR and MS) methods. Alternethanoxins A and B, which were reported in A. sonchi earlier, were re-identified as moniliphenone and pinselin, respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for phytotoxic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, cytotoxic and esterase-inhibition activities. They did not demonstrate high phytotoxicity (lesions up to 2.5 mm in diameter/length at a concentration of 2 mg/mL) when tested on leaf disks/segments of perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) and couch grass (Elytrigia repens). They did not possess acute toxicity to Paramecium caudatum, and showed moderate to low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 25 µg/mL) for U937 and K562 tumor cell lines. However, chloromonilicin and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-chloro-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4) were shown to have antimicrobial properties with MIC 0.5-5 µg/disc. Compound 4 and chloromonilinic acid B were found to have contact insecticidal activity to wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum) at 1 mg/mL. Compounds 2 and methyl 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate displayed selective carboxylesterase inhibition activity at concentration of 100 µg/mL. Therefore, the waste solid substrate for production of A. sonchi spores can be re-utilized for the isolation of a number of valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dalinova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Leonid Chisty
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Dmitry Kochura
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Varvara Garnyuk
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Maria Petrova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Darya Prokofieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (L.C.); (D.K.); (V.G.); (D.P.)
| | - Anton Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Vsevolod Dubovik
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andrey Zolotarev
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Av. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.I.); (S.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (V.D.)
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Aizat WM, Jamil IN, Ahmad-Hashim FH, Noor NM. Recent updates on metabolite composition and medicinal benefits of mangosteen plant. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6324. [PMID: 30755827 PMCID: PMC6368837 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit has a unique sweet-sour taste and is rich in beneficial compounds such as xanthones. Mangosteen originally been used in various folk medicines to treat diarrhea, wounds, and fever. More recently, it had been used as a major component in health supplement products for weight loss and for promoting general health. This is perhaps due to its known medicinal benefits, including as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. Interestingly, publications related to mangosteen have surged in recent years, suggesting its popularity and usefulness in research laboratories. However, there are still no updated reviews (up to 2018) in this booming research area, particularly on its metabolite composition and medicinal benefits. METHOD In this review, we have covered recent articles within the years of 2016 to 2018 which focus on several aspects including the latest findings on the compound composition of mangosteen fruit as well as its medicinal usages. RESULT Mangosteen has been vastly used in medicinal areas including in anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetes treatments. Furthermore, we have also described the benefits of mangosteen extract in protecting various human organs such as liver, skin, joint, eye, neuron, bowel, and cardiovascular tissues against disorders and diseases. CONCLUSION All in all, this review describes the numerous manipulations of mangosteen extracted compounds in medicinal areas and highlights the current trend of its research. This will be important for future directed research and may allow researchers to tackle the next big challenge in mangosteen study: drug development and human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ili Nadhirah Jamil
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Eukun Sage E, Jailani N, Md. Taib AZ, Mohd Noor N, Mohd Said MI, Abu Bakar M, Mackeen MM. From the Front or Back Door? Quantitative analysis of direct and indirect extractions of α-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205753. [PMID: 30321238 PMCID: PMC6188793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulp and pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit are popular food, beverage and health products whereby 60% of the fruit consist of the pericarp. The major metabolite in the previously neglected or less economically significant part of the fruit, the pericarp, is the prenylated xanthone α-mangostin. This highly bioactive secondary metabolite is typically isolated using solvent extraction methods that involve large volumes of halogenated solvents either via direct or indirect extraction. In this study, we compared the quantities of α-mangostin extracted using three different extraction methods based on the environmentally friendly solvents methanol and ethyl acetate. The three solvent extractions methods used were direct extractions from methanol (DM) and ethyl acetate (DEA) as well as indirect extraction of ethyl acetate obtained via solvent partitioning from an initial methanol extract (IEA). Our results showed that direct extraction afforded similar and higher quantities of α-mangostin than indirect extraction (DM: 318 mg; DEA: 305 mg; IEA: 209 mg per 5 g total dried pericarp). Therefore, we suggest that the commonly used method of indirect solvent extraction using halogenated solvents for the isolation of α-mangostin is replaced by single solvent direct extraction using the environmentally friendly solvents methanol or ethyl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Eukun Sage
- Chemistry Programme, Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nashriq Jailani
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, UKM Bangi
| | | | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, UKM Bangi
| | - Md. Ikram Mohd Said
- Chemistry Programme, Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muntaz Abu Bakar
- Chemistry Programme, Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mukram Mohamed Mackeen
- Chemistry Programme, Centre for Advanced Materials and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, UKM Bangi
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Fu T, Wang S, Liu J, Cai E, Li H, Li P, Zhao Y. Protective effects of α-mangostin against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 827:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Chi XQ, Zi CT, Li HM, Yang L, Lv YF, Li JY, Hou B, Ren FC, Hu JM, Zhou J. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of mangostin analogs as cytotoxic agents. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41377-41388. [PMID: 35559306 PMCID: PMC9091619 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08409b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series xanthone derivatives were synthesized and cytotoxicity results indicated that the isopentene group at C-8 is essential.
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Barlocco D, Meneghetti F. Special Issue: Frontiers in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and Design. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071127. [PMID: 28684701 PMCID: PMC6152282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barlocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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