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Wei L, Hu Q, He L, Li G, Zhang J, Chen Y. Diversity in storage age enables discrepancy in quality attributes and metabolic profile of Citrus grandis "Tomentosa" in China. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1454-1472. [PMID: 38258880 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The folk proverb "the older, the better" is usually used to describe the quality of Citrus grandis "Tomentosa" (CGT) in China. In this study, CGT aged for 6-, 12-, 16-, and 19-years were collected for the investigation of infusion color, main bioactive components, antioxidant activity, metabolic composition, and pathway. The results found that infusion color, the total phenolic and flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of CGT were obviously changed by aging process. Through untargeted metabolomics, 55 critical metabolites were identified to in discrimination of CGT with different storage ages, mainly including phenylpropanoids, lipids, and organic oxygen compounds. Twenty compounds that showed good linear relationships with storage ages could be used for year prediction of CGT. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment pathway analysis uncovered important metabolic pathways related to the accumulation of naringin, kaempferol, and choline as well as the degradation of benzenoids, thus supporting that aged CGT might be more beneficial to health. Correlation analysis provided that some key metabolites with bitter taste and biological activity were involved in the darkening and reddening of CGT infusion during aging, and total phenolic and flavonoid were more strongly associated with the antioxidant activity of CGT. This study systematically revealed the quality changes and key metabolic pathways during CGT aging at first time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study reveals the differences in quality attributes and metabolic profile between CGT with different storage ages, providing guidance for consumers' consumption, and also providing more scientific basis for the quality evaluation and improvement of CGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wei
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Hu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Desmiaty Y, Sandhiutami NMD, Mulatsari E, Maziyah FA, Rahmadhani K, Algifari HOZ, Jantuna FA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NF-κB and sEH of some citrus peel and phytoconstituent characteristics. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101959. [PMID: 38303924 PMCID: PMC10831157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In Indonesia, there are many types of citrus where parts of the fruit, leaves, and peel can be utilized as food, drinks, spices, and medicine. This research aims to determine the phytochemical characteristics, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NF-κB and sEH, and the main phytoconstituents of three types of citrus fruits that are commonly used as herbs in Indonesia. The flesh and peel of Citrus amblycarpa/CAm, C. aurantiifolia/CAu, and C. hystrix/CH were extracted by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) with 70 % ethanol and then concentrated. All extracts were tested for total flavonoid content (TFC), total polyphenolic content (TPC), chemical constituents using LCMS, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Molecular docking tests of 33 compounds containing CAm, CAu, and CH fruit peels from the literature study against NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta) and sEH (Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase) were also conducted. The TFC in fruit peels was 13.47-17.34 mg QE/g extract, and in flesh was 1.35-2.51 mg QE/g extract. The TPC in fruit peels was 4.28-6.3 mg GAE/g extract, and in flesh was 0.85-2.09 mg GAE/g extract. The IC50 values of antioxidant activity on fruit peel were 74.01-168.54 µg/mL; and flesh 185.62-2669 µg/mL. CAu peels provided the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. The LC-MS/MS test on citrus peels shows the main chemical compounds: naringin (C27H32O14), naringenin (C15H12O5), hesperidin (C28H34O15), and hesperitin (C16H14O6). Molecular docking shows that naringin and neohesperidin predicted inhibit NF-κB, and hesperidin, neohesperidin, narirutin, naringin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, eriocitrin, sinensetin, and vitamin A predicted can inhibit sEH enzyme. All citrus peel has stronger antioxidant activity and more flavonoids and phenolics than the flesh. Naringin and neohesperidin can inhibit NF-κB and sEH enzymes. The main flavonoid contents of the citrus peels and presumed to have activity are hesperidin and naringin. These flavonoids and their glycosides can be used as marker phytoconstituents in the quality assurance of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesi Desmiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jakarta 12640, Indonesia
| | | | - Esti Mulatsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jakarta 12640, Indonesia
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Zheng Z, Xu Y, Qu H, Zhou H, Yang H. Enhancement of anti-diabetic activity of pomelo peel by the fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae CGMCC23295: In vitro and in silico docking studies. Food Chem 2024; 432:137195. [PMID: 37625298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, pomelo peel was fermented by Aspergillus oryzae CGMCC23295 to enhance its anti-diabetic properties. Results showed the total phenolic and flavonoids contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), scavenging capacities against 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals, as well as inhibitory abilities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase of pomelo peel were increased and fermentation for 8 days was the best. Additionally, the fermented sample could also enhance the glucose consumption and glycogen of HepG2 cell. Based on UPLC-MS/MS analysis, binding energy calculation, concentration determination and IC50 measurement, purpurin, apigenin, genistein, and paxilline could be concluded to be the main compounds to enhance the inhibition activities of fermented sample against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, computational studies were performed to reveal the the binding site and molecular interactions between paxilline and α-amylase, as well as purpurin and α-glucosidase. These findings provide a base for the utilization and valorization of pomelo peels as functional food additives by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yicheng Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hang Qu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huabin Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Hailong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life & Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Comparative Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Different Parts of Citrus sinensis Fruits via Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Data Analyses to Unravel Authenticity. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030579. [PMID: 36766108 PMCID: PMC9914239 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences between seven authentic samples of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peel (albedo and flavedo) and juices from Spain and Uruguay, in addition to a concentrate obtained from Brazil, were investigated by untargeted metabolic profiling. Sixty-six metabolites were detected by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (nLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) belonging to phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, limonoids, terpenes, and fatty acids. Eleven metabolites were detected for the first time in Citrus sinensis and identified as citroside A, sinapic acid pentoside, apigenin-C-hexosyl-O-pentoside, chrysoeriol-C-hexoside, di-hexosyl-diosmetin, perilloside A, gingerol, ionone epoxide hydroxy-sphingenine, xanthomicrol, and coumaryl alcohol-O-hexoside. Some flavonoids were completely absent from the juice, while present most prominently in the Citrus peel, conveying more industrial and economic prospects to the latter. Multivariate data analyses clarified that the differences among orange parts overweighed the geographical source. PCA analysis of ESI-(-)-mode data revealed for hydroxylinoleic acid abundance in flavedo peel from Uruguay the most distant cluster from all others. The PCA analysis of ESI-(+)-mode data provided a clear segregation of the different Citrus sinensis parts primarily due to the large diversity of flavonoids and coumarins among the studied samples.
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Saini MK, Capalash N, Varghese E, Kaur C, Singh SP. A Targeted Metabolomics Approach to Study Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity in 'Kinnow Mandarin' during Advanced Fruit Maturity. Foods 2022; 11:1410. [PMID: 35626980 PMCID: PMC9141733 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of harvest maturity stages and contrasting growing climates on secondary metabolites in Kinnow mandarin. Fruit samples were harvested at six harvest maturity stages (M1−M6) from two distinct growing locations falling under subtropical−arid (STA) and subtropical−humid (STH) climates. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) technique was employed to identify and quantify secondary metabolites in the fruit juice. A total of 31 polyphenolics and 4 limonoids, with significant differences (p < 0.05) in their concentration, were determined. With advancing maturity, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity were found to increase, whereas flavonoids and limonoids decreased in concentration. There was a transient increase in the concentration of some polyphenolics such as hesperidin, naringin, narirutin, naringenin, neoeriocitrin, rutin, nobiletin and tangeretin, and limonoid aglycones such as limonin and nomilin at mid-maturity stage (M3) which coincided with prevailing low temperature and frost events at growing locations. A higher concentration of limonin and polyphenolics was observed for fruit grown under STH climates in comparison to those grown under STA climates. The data indicate that fruit metabolism during advanced stages of maturation under distinct climatic conditions is fundamental to the flavor, nutrition and processing quality of Kinnow mandarin. This information can help in understanding the optimum maturity stage and preferable climate to source fruits with maximum functional compounds, less bitterness and high consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur Saini
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 160071, India;
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Eldho Varghese
- Fishery Resources Assessment Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi 682018, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Post–Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sukhvinder Pal Singh
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 160071, India;
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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Basit A, Ahmad S, Khan KUR, Naeem A, Usman M, Ahmed I, Shahzad MN. Chemical profiling of Justicia vahlii Roth. (Acanthaceae) using UPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS analysis and evaluation of acute oral toxicity, antineuropathic and antioxidant activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114942. [PMID: 34968664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Justicia vahlii Roth. (Acanthaceae), also called as kodasoori and bhekkar is an annual therophyte erect or decumbent herb used traditionally in toothache, skin diseases (itching, topical inflammation) and for the treatment of various respiratory disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study aimed at exploring pain cessation potential of J. vahlii Roth. via murine model of neuropathic pain and its phytochemical, toxicological and antioxidant profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hydro-alcoholic extract of J. vahlii (HAEJv) prepared by maceration technique was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, total bioactive content determination, UPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS analysis. Toxicity assessment was carried out by using brine shrimp lethality assay and acute oral toxicity test. Murine model of neuropathic pain was applied to assess the antineuropathic potential of the species. Furthermore effect of the extract on catalase, superoxide oxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and total necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was also studied. In vitro antioxidant profile was explored by using four methods; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), CUPric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. RESULTS The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids and lignans as the major classes of secondary metabolites. The extract was found rich in total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) with identification of total 59 bioactives in UPLC-QTOF-MS and 40 compounds in GC-MS analysis. The extract was found nontoxic up to 4000 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice and no mortality observed in brine shrimp lethality assay. The HAEJv significantly reduced number of acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions at 100 mg/kg (p < 0.01) and 200 mg/kg (p < 0.001) and increased paw withdrawal threshold p < 0.05 at 100 mg/kg and p < 0.001 at 200 mg/kg, and an increase in tail withdrawal latency time p < 0.001 at 200 mg/kg was observed. The extract significantly increased levels of catalase, SOD and GSH while decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels in sciatic nerve tissue of mice. HAEJv showed highest antioxidant activity through CUPRAC method 121.32 ± 1.22 mg trolox equivalent per gram of dry extract (mg TE/g DE) followed by DPPH 81.334 ± 4.35 mg TE/g DE, FRAP 69.89 ± 3.05 mg TE/g DE and ABTS 38.17 ± 2.12 mg TE/g DE. CONCLUSION The current study back the traditional use of J. vahlii in pain cessation through antioxidant based antineuropathic pain activity and revealed the extract non-toxic with number of functional phytoconstituents and warrants further research on isolation of the compounds and sub-acute toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Kashif Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Shahzad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
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Salvino RA, Aroulanda C, De Filpo G, Celebre G, De Luca G. Metabolic composition and authenticity evaluation of bergamot essential oil assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2297-2313. [PMID: 35048138 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a sample of pure and certified bergamot essential oil (BEO) was extensively studied for the first time directly by NMR spectroscopy with the aim of investigating its metabolic composition, quantifying the main components of this complex natural matrix and simultaneously assessing whether the NMR technique is able to highlight possible frauds to which this high-cost product may be subjected. Eleven low molecular weight compounds have been identified by using 1D 1H and 13C-{1H} NMR experiments, 2D homo- and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectra, and 2D 1H DOSY experiments; the most abundant of them, i.e., about 90% of the sample analyzed, has been quantified by employing benzoic acid as an internal standard by 1H NMR spectrum. Moreover, since the commercial fraud of this precious oil is often due to the addition of less expensive oils, we have simulated a possible adulteration through the preparation of BEO samples to which different percentages of orange essential oil (OEO) were added. The results, obtained by combining the 1H NMR spectra collected on the adulterated samples and on pure BEO, with chemometric analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), indicate that it is possible to distinguish the sample of pure BEO from the adulterated ones and also, among them, to differentiate between the degrees of adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosachiara A Salvino
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.,Université Paris-Saclay, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, RMN en Milieu Orienté, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christie Aroulanda
- Université Paris-Saclay, ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, RMN en Milieu Orienté, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Giovanni De Filpo
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giorgio Celebre
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Luca
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Zhang H, Yang S, Lin T. Bergamottin exerts anticancer effects on human colon cancer cells via induction of apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest and deactivation of the Ras/Raf/ERK signalling pathway. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1572-1581. [PMID: 36457958 PMCID: PMC9710293 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence has shown the potential of bergamottin as an anticancer agent. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticancer affects of bergamottin (μM) against colon cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Antiproliferative effects were evaluated by WST-1 cell viability assay. Apoptotic effects were studied by DAPI and Annexin V/PI staining. Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry. Transwell assay was used to study the effects on cell invasion. Protein expression was estimated by the western blot method. RESULTS The results showed that bergamottin suppresses the proliferation of all the human colon cancer cell lines. Nonetheless, the growth inhibitory effects of bergamottin on the HT-29 and RKO cells were more significant (IC50, 12.5 μM). The anticancer effects of bergamottin on the HT-29 and RKO cells were mainly due to apoptosis. Bergamottin could considerably increase the expression of Bax and reduce the expression Bcl-2. The cleavage of caspase-3, 8 and 9 was also enhanced upon bergamottin treatment of the colon cancer cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that bergamottin also induced G2/M cell cycle arrest of the HT-29 and RKO cells. Additionally, bergamottin could also suppress the invasion of HT-29 and RKO cells. The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is regarded as one of the essential pathways involved in the development and progression of cancers. Herein, it was observed that bergamottin could concentration dependently block this pathway in colon cancer cells. In vivo study revealed that bergamottin could also suppress the growth of tumours in xenografted mice models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, bergamottin suppresses the proliferation of colon cancer cells and may be utilised in the development of chemotherapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - ShuTao Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Myrtsi ED, Angelis A, Koulocheri SD, Mitakou S, Haroutounian SA. Retrieval of High Added Value Natural Bioactive Coumarins from Mandarin Juice-Making Industrial Byproduct. Molecules 2021; 26:7527. [PMID: 34946609 PMCID: PMC8708529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold pressed essential oil (CPEO) of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), a by-product of the juice-making industrial process known to contain large amounts of polymethoxyflavones, was exploited for its content in high added value natural coumarins. The study herein afforded a method referring to the evaporation of CPEO volatile fraction under mild conditions (reduced pressure and temperature below 35 °C) as azeotrope with isopropanol. This allowed the isolation of high added value coumarins from the non-volatile fragment using preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pilot-scale application of this procedure afforded for each kg of CPEO processed the following natural bioactive coumarins in chemically pure forms: heraclenol (38-55 mg), 8-gerayloxypsoralen (35-51 mg), auraptene (22-33 mg), and bergamottin (14-19 mg). The structures of coumarins were verified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and HPLC co-injection with authentic standards. Thus, the low market value mandarin CPEO with current value of 17 to 22 EUR/kg can be valorized through the production of four highly bioactive natural compounds worth 3479 to 5057 EUR/kg, indicating the great potentials of this methodology in the terms of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni D. Myrtsi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia D. Koulocheri
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Serkos A. Haroutounian
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
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10
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Anmol RJ, Marium S, Hiew FT, Han WC, Kwan LK, Wong AKY, Khan F, Sarker MMR, Chan SY, Kifli N, Ming LC. Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: A Review. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26:2515690X211043741. [PMID: 34657477 PMCID: PMC8527587 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211043741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus grandis or Citrus maxima, widely
recognized as Pomelo is widely cultivated in many countries because of their
large amounts of functional, nutraceutical and biological activities. In
traditional medicine, various parts of this plant including leaf, pulp and peel
are used for generations as they are scientifically proven to have therapeutic
potentials and safe for human use. The main objective of this study was to
review the different therapeutic applications of Citrus grandis
and the phytochemicals associated with its medicinal values. In this article
different pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiepileptic, stomach tonic, cardiac stimulant,
cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-diabetic activities of
the plant are highlighted. The enrichment of the fruit with flavonoids,
polyphenols, coumarins, limonoids, acridone alkaloids, essential oils and
vitamins mainly helps in exhibiting the pharmacological activities within the
body. The vitamins enriched fruit is rich in nutritional value and also has
minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium, which helps in
maintaining the proper health and growth of the bones as well as the electrolyte
balance of the body. To conclude, various potential therapeutic effects of
Citrus grandis have been demonstrated in recent literature.
Further studies on various parts of fruit, including pulp, peel, leaf, seed and
it essential oil could unveil additional pharmacological activities which can be
beneficial to the mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusat Jahin Anmol
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shabnam Marium
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fei Tsong Hiew
- Alpro Academy, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Powerlife, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Chien Han
- Alpro Academy, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Powerlife, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Lee Kuan Kwan
- Alpro Academy, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Powerlife, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Alicia Khai Yeen Wong
- Alpro Academy, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Powerlife, Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Farzana Khan
- Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Siok Yee Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Liu S, Song D, Yuan D. Bergamottin protects against LPS-induced endotoxic shock by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Immunol Res 2021; 70:33-43. [PMID: 34632552 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bergamottin is a natural furanocoumarin compound that possesses antioxidative and anti-cancer properties; however, the effect of Bergamottin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation response is unknown. In this study, we investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of Bergamottin against LPS-induced inflammatory responses.Raw264.7 cells were pre-treated with Bergamottin, then stimulated with LPS. Morphologic analysis and flow cytometry were used to measure Bergamottin-related cytotoxicity. ELISA and qPCR were performed to measure secretion and transcription activities of inflammatory cytokines. Biochemical analysis was used to determine the expression of tissues damage indicators. Western blots were used to determine protein expression, and immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the co-localization of NF-κB and RelA. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to show the pathological damages.Bergamottin had no cytotoxic effects on Raw264.7 cells. Pre-treatment with Bergamottin inhibited inflammatory cytokines expression and secretion induced by LPS, due to the inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB signaling pathway activation, and improved pathological damages. These findings suggest that Bergamottin protects against LPS-induced endotoxin shock by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research On High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Song
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research On High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dongya Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research On High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, Shaanxi, China
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Vetrichelvan O, Gorjala P, Goodman O, Mitra R. Bergamottin a CYP3A inhibitor found in grapefruit juice inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by downregulating androgen receptor signaling and promoting G0/G1 cell cycle block and apoptosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257984. [PMID: 34570813 PMCID: PMC8476002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Several therapies have been developed to treat advanced prostate cancer, but these therapies often have severe side effects. To improve the outcome with fewer side effects we focused on the furanocoumarin bergamottin, a natural product found in grapefruit juice and a potent CYP3A inhibitor. Our recent studies have shown that CYP3A5 inhibition can block androgen receptor (AR) signaling, critical for prostate cancer growth. We observed that bergamottin reduces prostate cancer (PC) cell growth by decreasing both total and nuclear AR (AR activation) reducing downstream AR signaling. Bergamottin’s role in reducing AR activation was confirmed by confocal microscopy studies and reduction in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, which is a marker for prostate cancer. Further studies revealed that bergamottin promotes cell cycle block and accumulates G0/G1 cells. The cell cycle block was accompanied with reduction in cyclin D, cyclin B, CDK4, P-cdc2 (Y15) and P-wee1 (S642). We also observed that bergamottin triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines as evident by TUNEL staining and PARP cleavage. Our data suggests that bergamottin may suppress prostate cancer growth, especially in African American (AA) patients carrying wild type CYP3A5 often presenting aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opalina Vetrichelvan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Priyatham Gorjala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Oscar Goodman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America.,Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Ranjana Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
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13
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Zhao Z, Liao N. Bergamottin Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits Malignant Progression in Melanoma by Modulating miR-145/Cyclin D1 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3769-3781. [PMID: 34168462 PMCID: PMC8216741 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s275322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a prevalent skin cancer with the high rate of metastasis and mortality, affecting the increasing number of people worldwide. Bergamottin (BGM) is a natural furanocoumarin derived from grapefruits and presents the potential anti-cancer activity in several tumor models. However, the role of BGM in the development of melanoma remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of BGM on the DNA damage and progression of melanoma. Methods The effect of BGM on the melanoma progression was analyzed by CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays, transwell assays, Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit, cell-cycle analysis, in vivo tumorigenicity analysis. The mechanism investigation was performed using luciferase reporter gene assays, qPCR assays, and Western blot analysis. Results We identified that BGM repressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. BGM induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and enhanced apoptosis of melanoma cells. The DNA damage in the melanoma cells was stimulated by the BGM treatment. Meanwhile, BGM was able to up-regulate the expression of miR-145 and miR-145 targeted Cyclin D1 in the melanoma cells. Furthermore, BGM inhibited the progression of melanoma by targeting miR-145/Cyclin D1 axis in vitro. BGM attenuated the tumor growth of melanoma in vivo. Conclusion Thus, we conclude that BGM induces DNA damage and inhibits tumor progression in melanoma by modulating the miR-145/Cyclin D1 axis. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which BGM modulates the development of melanoma. BGM may be applied as a potential anti-tumor candidate for the clinical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Nong Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
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14
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Mechanistic study of bergamottin-induced inactivation of CYP2C9. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112278. [PMID: 34019943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bergamottin (BGM) is a major furanocoumarin constituent of grapefruit and is reported to have inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes. This study investigated the chemical interactions between BGM and the enzyme CYP2C9. BGM exhibited time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9. Co-incubation with diclofenac, a reversible inhibitor of CYP2C9, attenuated the time-dependent enzyme inhibition. Exhaustive dialysis did not restore enzyme activity post-inhibition. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase failed to reverse BGM-induced CYP2C9 inactivation. A GSH trapping study suggested that BGM was metabolized to an epoxide and/or γ-ketoenal that may have been responsible for the enzyme inactivation. In conclusion, BGM can be characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9 acting via the formation of an epoxide and/or γ-ketoenal.
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Singh N, Yarla NS, Siddiqi NJ, de Lourdes Pereira M, Sharma B. Features, Pharmacological Chemistry, Molecular Mechanism and Health Benefits of Lemon. Med Chem 2021; 17:187-202. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200909104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Citrus limon, a Mediterranean-grown citrus species of plants belonging to
the Rutaceae family, occupies a place of an impressive range of food and medicinal uses with considerable
value in the economy of the fruit of the country. Citrus fruits are economically important with
large-scale production of both the fresh fruits and industrially processed products. The extracts and
phytochemicals obtained from all parts of C. limon have shown immense therapeutic potential because
of their anticancer, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory nature, and also serve as an important
ingredient in the formulation of several ethnic herbal medicines. These properties are mediated by the
presence of different phytochemicals, vitamins and nutrients in the citrus fruits.
Material and Methods:
The methods involved in the preparation of the present article included the
collection of information from various scientific databases, indexed periodicals, and search engines
such as Medline Scopus google scholar PubMed, PubMed central web of science, and science direct.
Results:
This communication presents an updated account of different pharmacological aspects of C.
limon associated with its anti-oxidative, antiulcer, antihelmintic, insecticidal, anticancer, cytotoxic,
and estrogenic activities. In addition, C. limon extracts possess hepatoprotective, anti-hyperglycemic,
and antimicrobial properties. The present article includes the structure and function of different key
chemical constituents from different parts of C. limon. Also, the possible molecular mechanisms of
actions of bioactive compounds from C. limon are displayed.
Conclusion:
The traditional and ethno-medicinal literature revealed that C. limon is very effective in
different pathologies. Most of these compounds possessing antioxidant properties would be implicated
in offering health benefits by acting as potential nutraceuticals to humans with special reference to
disease management of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telagana, India
| | - Nikhat Jamal Siddiqi
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Faculty of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
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Adhikari B, Dutt M, Vashisth T. Comparative phytochemical analysis of the fruits of four Florida-grown finger lime (Citrus australasica) selections. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Cao J, Chen Q, Li X, Sun C. Polymethoxyflavones from citrus inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis by upregulating RARβ, both in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111811. [PMID: 33058988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to discover the active anti-tumor ingredients during the flavonoids separation process of Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima), gastric cancer cell lines including AGS, BGC-823, and SGC-7901 were employed to evaluate the proliferation inhibition abilities of Ougan extracts, flavanone components, polymethoxyflavone components, neohesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of three retinoic acid receptor genes, including RARA, RARB, and RARG. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein expressions. The results showed that the polymethoxyflavone components and the PMFs monomers inhibited the proliferation of three gastric cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis. The mechanism exploration found that PMFs up-regulated the expression of the RARB gene selectively and activated the Caspase3, 9, and PARP1 proteins. In addition to 5-demethylnobiletin, other PMFs also upregulated the expression of cleaved Caspase8. The mechanism was preliminarily verified by a RARβ inhibitor AGN 193109. Moreover, a nude mice tumor xenograft model confirmed the tangeretin could exhibit in vivo anti-tumor effect through inducing apoptosis and upregulating RARβ protein. All result suggested that tangeretin may be a potentially novel, safe and effective drugs with less toxicity and lesser side effects for gastric cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yunyi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jiebiao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qingjun Chen
- Zanyu Tecnology Group Co., LTD, No. 628, Xinggang Road, Qingshan Lake Science and Technology City, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Mohan CD, Rangappa S, Preetham HD, Chandra Nayaka S, Gupta VK, Basappa S, Sethi G, Rangappa KS. Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer by agents derived from Mother Nature. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:157-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zsidó BZ, Balog M, Erős N, Poór M, Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Hetényi C, Nagane M, Hideg K, Kálai T, Bognár B. Synthesis of Spin-Labelled Bergamottin: A Potent CYP3A4 Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020508. [PMID: 31941150 PMCID: PMC7013880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergamottin (BM, 1), a component of grapefruit juice, acts as an inhibitor of some isoforms of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme, particularly CYP3A4. Herein, a new bergamottin containing a nitroxide moiety (SL-bergamottin, SL-BM, 10) was synthesized; chemically characterized, evaluated as a potential inhibitor of the CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 enzymes; and compared to BM and known inhibitors such as ketoconazole (KET) (3A4), warfarin (WAR) (2C9), and ticlopidine (TIC) (2C19). The antitumor activity of the new SL-bergamottin was also investigated. Among the compounds studied, BM showed the strongest inhibition of the CYP2C9 and 2C19 enzymes. SL-BM is a more potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 than the parent compound; this finding was also supported by docking studies, suggesting that the binding positions of BM and SL-BM to the active site of CYP3A4 are very similar, but that SL-BM had a better ∆Gbind value than that of BM. The nitroxide moiety markedly increased the antitumor activity of BM toward HeLa cells and marginally increased its toxicity toward a normal cell line. In conclusion, modification of the geranyl sidechain of BM can result in new CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitors with strong antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary (C.H.)
| | - Mária Balog
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (N.E.); (K.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Nikolett Erős
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (N.E.); (K.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.P.); (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Violetta Mohos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.P.); (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.P.); (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary (C.H.)
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Kálmán Hideg
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (N.E.); (K.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Tamás Kálai
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (N.E.); (K.H.); (T.K.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bognár
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Medical School, Honvéd utca 1, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (N.E.); (K.H.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +36-536-220
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Ramírez-Pelayo C, Martínez-Quiñones J, Gil J, Durango D. Coumarins from the peel of citrus grown in Colombia: composition, elicitation and antifungal activity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01937. [PMID: 31245648 PMCID: PMC6582165 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work analyses the chromatographic profile of the peels from fruits of different citrus cultivated in Colombia: sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck var. Valencia), mandarins (Citrus reticulata L. var. Arrayana and Oneco), Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia [Christ.] Swingle var. Pajarito), Mandarine lime (Citrus x limonia, a hybrid between Citrus reticulata and Citrus x limon) and Tahitian lime (C. latifolia Tanaka, syn. Persian lime). Coumarins, furanocoumarins and polymethoxylated flavones are the major compounds. Then, six coumarins were isolated and identified from fruits of Tahitian and Key lime corresponding to 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin; 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (syn. limettin); 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen (syn. isopimpinellin); 5-methoxypsoralen (syn. bergaptene); 5-geranoxypsoralen (syn. bergamottin) and 5-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) psoralen (syn. oxypeucedanin hydrate). Coumarins and furanocoumarins were quantified by liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Results show that the prenylated compounds were present in high concentrations in Tahitian and Key lime but in very low amounts in mandarins and sweet orange. Subsequently, the antifungal activity (inhibition of mycelial growth and germination of spores) of the coumarins against the fungus causing the anthracnose, Colletotrichum sp. (isolated from aerial parts of Tahitian lime) was determined. The compounds limettin and bergaptene, as well as mixtures of them, showed significant inhibitory effect (radial growth and spore germination) when compared to the control. Finally, the effect of some recognized elicitors to induce the coumarin production in fruits of C. latifolia was evaluated. The results showed that the chemical profiles are dependent on the applied elicitor and the post-induction time. As a result of the induction, a high concentration of some coumarins and furanocoumarins was maintained in the course of time for the Tahitian lime. In conclusion, isolated coumarins could be involved in the defense mechanisms of C. latifolia, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia and their accumulation may be modulated by the application of elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Ramírez-Pelayo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65 No. 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Janio Martínez-Quiñones
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65 No. 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola y Alimentos, Carrera 65 No. 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Durango
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Medellín. Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Carrera 65 No. 59a-110, Medellín, Colombia
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Wang Y, Zang W, Ji S, Cao J, Sun C. Three Polymethoxyflavones Purified from Ougan ( Citrus reticulata Cv. Suavissima) Inhibited LPS-Induced NO Elevation in the Neuroglia BV-2 Cell Line via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040791. [PMID: 30959824 PMCID: PMC6521056 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish an efficient method for separation of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PMF monomers, a citrus variety rich in PMFs, Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima), was selected, and three monomers, including nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin, were purified by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, solid phase extraction, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography separation. UPLC-MS was used to identify the three monomers. UPLC determined purities of 99.87% to nobiletin, 99.76% to tangeretin, and 98.75% to 5-demethylnobiletin with the standard curve method. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO releasing model was performed in the mouse microglia BV-2 cell line. Results illustrated that PMF monomers inhibited the NO release and the inflammation-related cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα elevation. QRT-PCR revealed that PMFs alleviated LPS-induced upregulation of iNOS, IL-6, JAK2, TNFα, IL-1β, and NF-κB and LPS-induced downregulation of IκBα, while they did not affect TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6. STAT3 expression was repressed by tangeretin and 5-demethylnobiletin, but not by nobiletin. Western blot assay also showed a suppression of expression and phosphorylation of JAK2 by all three PMF monomers, while STAT3 phosphorylation was restrained by tangeretin and 5-demethylnobiletin. The mechanism was primarily verified by the JAK2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wenjing Zang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shiyu Ji
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Tian D, Wang F, Duan M, Cao L, Zhang Y, Yao X, Tang J. Coumarin Analogues from the Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck and Their Hepatoprotective Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1937-1947. [PMID: 30689373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seven new coumarin analogues (1, 2, and 4-8), together with ten known analogues (3, 9-17), were isolated from the air-dried pericarp of Citrus grandis. The structures of these compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS, UV/vis, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Meanwhile, the hepatoprotective activities of all these coumarins were evaluated by MTT assays using the d-galactosamine-induced LO2 cell injury model. The results show that compounds 3 and 4 exhibited the strongest hepatoprotective activities. Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 suppressed increases in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in d-galactosamine-treated LO2 cells, further confirming the hepatoprotective effects of these compounds. Mechanistically, compounds 3 and 4 increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in injured LO2 cells induced by d-galactosamine. These findings shed light on a better understanding of the hepatoprotective effect of Citrus grandis, providing novel insights into the development of coumarin-based hepatoprotective drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Tian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Menglong Duan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Standard Material in Natural Medicine of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceutical Ltd. Co. , Guangzhou 510663 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Cao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Standard Material in Natural Medicine of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceutical Ltd. Co. , Guangzhou 510663 , People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center , Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drug Research , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Kozioł E, Deniz FSS, Orhan IE, Marcourt L, Budzyńska B, Wolfender JL, Crawford AD, Skalicka-Woźniak K. High-performance counter-current chromatography isolation and initial neuroactivity characterization of furanocoumarin derivatives from Peucedanum alsaticum L (Apiaceae). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:259-264. [PMID: 30668376 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plants are a proven source of drug-like small molecules with activity towards targets relevant for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Plant species of the Apiaceae family have to date yielded a number of neuroactive metabolites, such as coumarin derivatives with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity or anti-seizure activity. PURPOSE To accelerate the discovery of neuroactive phytochemicals with potential as CNS drug leads, we sought to rapidly isolate furanocoumarins, primary constituents of the dichloromethane (DCM) extract of the fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum L. (Apiaceae), using high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) and to evaluate their neuroactivity using both in vitro and in vivo microscale bioassays based on cholinesterase ELISAs and zebrafish epilepsy models. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE In this study the DCM extract was subjected to HPCCC for the efficient separation (60 min) and isolation of furanocoumarins. Isolated compounds were identified with TOF-ESI-MS and NMR techniques and examined as inhibitors of AChE and BChE using ELISA microtiter assays. Anti-seizure properties of the extract and of the isolated compounds were evaluated using a zebrafish epilepsy model based on the GABAA antagonist pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), which induces increased locomotor activity and seizure-like behavior. RESULTS The solvent system, composed of n-heptane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water (3:1:3:1, v/v/v/v), enabled the isolation of 2.63 mg lucidafuranocoumarin A (purity 98%) and 8.82 mg bergamottin (purity 96%) from 1.6 g crude DCM extract. The crude extract, at a concentration of 100 µg/ml, exhibited a weak inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (9.63 ± 1.59%) and a moderate inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinestrase (BChE) (49.41 ± 2.19%). Lucidafuranocoumarin A (100 µg/ml) was inactive against AChE but showed moderate inhibition towards BChE (40.66 ± 1.25%). The DCM extract of P. alsaticum fruits (0.62-1.75 µg/ml) and bergamottin (2-10 µm) exhibited weak anti-seizure activity, while lucidafuranocoumarin A (10-16 µm) was found to significantly inhibit PTZ-induced seizures. The percentage of seizure inhibition for the isolated compounds, at their most bioactive concentration, was 26% for bergamottin and 69% for lucidafuranocoumarin A. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the utility of HPCCC for the rapid isolation of rare coumarin derivatives, and the potential of microscale in vivo bioassays based on zebrafish disease models for the rapid assessment of neuroactivity of these drug-like natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kozioł
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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24
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Ko JH, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Ahn KS. Pharmacological Utilization of Bergamottin, Derived from Grapefruits, in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124048. [PMID: 30558157 PMCID: PMC6321104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer still remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In spite of significant advances in treatment options and the advent of novel targeted therapies, there still remains an unmet need for the identification of novel pharmacological agents for cancer therapy. This has led to several studies evaluating the possible application of natural agents found in vegetables, fruits, or plant-derived products that may be useful for cancer treatment. Bergamottin is a furanocoumarin derived from grapefruits and is also a well-known cytochrome P450 inhibitor. Recent studies have demonstrated potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of grapefruit furanocoumarin both in vitro and in vivo. The present review focuses on the potential anti-neoplastic effects of bergamottin in different tumor models and briefly describes the molecular targets affected by this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Ko
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Comorbidity Research Institute, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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