1
|
Zhu D, Zheng N, Deng K, Li L. Aurantio-obtusin Alleviates Dry Eye Disease by Targeting NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling in Rodent Models. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1-14. [PMID: 37633872 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common inflammatory ocular surface disorder, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. Aurantio-obtusin (AO) is a bioactive anthraquinone compound isolated from Semen Cassiae which has multiple pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, the specific function of AO in DED is unclarified. In this study, a rodent DED model was established by benzalkonium chloride (BAC) induction, followed by topical administration of AO. The results showed that topical application of AO increased tear production, mitigated ocular surface disruption and maintained the number of goblet cells in BAC-induced DED rats (p˂0.05). ELISA revealed that AO treatment significantly (p˂0.001) reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the conjunctiva and cornea of BAC-induced DED rats. Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting showed that AO treatment suppressed the expression levels of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins, and inhibited activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in rat conjunctiva and cornea (p˂0.001). In conclusion, AO treatment alleviates BAC-induced DED in rats by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 430061, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 430061, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kebin Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 430061, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangchang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 430061, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4, Huayuan Hill, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei ZF, Li LL, Sun DD, Liu XY, Zhou X, Ma FY, Zhao M, Chen XD, Zhang LJ. Biotransformation of Bioactive Metabolites in Cassiae Semen by Endogenous Enzymes and Probiotics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5293-5306. [PMID: 38441033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of endogenous enzymes and probiotics in transforming bioactive metabolites to reduce the purgative effect and improve the functional activity of Cassiae Semen and verified and revealed the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes. Although probiotics, especially Lactobacillus rhamnosus, exerted the transformation effect, the endogenous enzymes proved to be more effective in transforming the components of Cassiae Semen. After biotransformation by endogenous enzymes for 12 h, the levels of six anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen increased by at least 2.98-fold, and free anthraquinones, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity also showed significant improvement, accompanied by an 82.2% reduction in combined anthraquinones responsible for the purgative effect of Cassiae Semen. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes on the bioactive metabolites of Cassiae Semen was complex and diverse, and the biotransformation of quinones and flavonoids was particularly prominent and occurred by three primary mechanisms, hydrolyzation, methylation, and dimerization, might under the action of glycosyl hydrolases, SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and CYP450s. Accordingly, biotransformation by endogenous enzymes emerges as a mild, economical, food safety risk-free, and effective strategy to modify Cassiae Semen into an excellent functional food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Fu Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Dan-Dan Sun
- School of Theater and Film and Television, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xueyong Zhou
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei-Yue Ma
- National Oat Improvement Center, Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baicheng 137000, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Chen
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lin-Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Wu H, Wang L, Yue C, Chen X, Wu T, Yang Y, Tang L, Wang Z. Chemical composition and absorption characteristics of Raw and Prepared Cassiae Semen extracts based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300826. [PMID: 38234028 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, the two commodity forms of Cassiae Semen Raw and Prepared Cassiae Semen, exert different clinical applications, in which Prepared Cassiae Semen is commonly used to treat liver and eye diseases. However, the material basis of Raw and Prepared Cassiae Semen remains unclear due to the limited studies on their overall composition and metabolism in vivo. In this study, an integrated analysis strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry was established to systematically screen the prototype and metabolite constituents of Raw and Prepared Cassiae Semen. Automatic matching analysis of metabolites was performed on Compound Discoverer software based on the function of predicting metabolites. Using this strategy, a total of 77 compounds in Raw Cassiae Semen and 71 compounds in Prepared Cassiae Semen were identified. Furthermore, in vivo study, 46 prototype components and 104 metabolites from the Raw Cassiae Semen group and 41 prototype components and 87 metabolites from the Prepared Cassiae Semen group were unambiguously or preliminarily identified in mice (plasma, urine, feces, eye, and liver). This is the first study of chemical component analysis and in vivo metabolite profiling of Raw and Prepared Cassiae Semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Yue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang P, Wei J, Hua X, Dong G, Dziedzic K, Wahab AT, Efferth T, Sun W, Ma P. Plant anthraquinones: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and regulation. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37393608 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are polycyclic compounds with an unsaturated diketone structure (quinoid moiety). As important secondary metabolites of plants, anthraquinones play an important role in the response of many biological processes and environmental factors. Anthraquinones are common in the human diet and have a variety of biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities that reduce disease risk. The biological activity of anthraquinones depends on the substitution pattern of their hydroxyl groups on the anthraquinone ring structure. However, there is still a lack of systematic summary on the distribution, classification, and biosynthesis of plant anthraquinones. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the research progress of the distribution, classification, biosynthesis, and regulation of plant anthraquinones. Additionally, we discuss future opportunities in anthraquinone research, including biotechnology, therapeutic products, and dietary anthraquinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan' University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Atia-Tul Wahab
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren Q, Bakker W, de Haan L, Rietjens IMCM, Bouwmeester H. Induction of Nrf2-EpRE-mediated gene expression by hydroxyanthraquinones present in extracts from traditional Chinese medicine and herbs. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113802. [PMID: 37116774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyanthraquinones that can be present in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and herbal extracts have claimed beneficial intestinal effects. We examined the ability of a panel hydroxyanthraquinones, and methanolic extracts from selected TCM and herbal granules to activate Nrf2-EpRE mediated gene expression using a reporter-gene assay. The results indicate that purpurin, aloe-emodin, 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone and rhein induced Nrf2 mediated gene expressions with a high induction factor (IFs>10), with BMCL10 values (the lower confidence limit of the concentration giving 10% added response above background) of 16 μM, 1.1 μM, 23 μM and 2.3 μM, respectively, while aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, rubiadin 1-methyl ether and emodin were less potent (IFs<5), with BMCL10 values for added response above background level of 4.6 μM, 15 μM, 9.8 μM and 3.8 μM, respectively. All TCM extracts and the herbal extracts of Aloe Vera, Polygonum multiflorum, Rubia (cordifolia) and Rheum officinale activated the Nrf2-EpRE pathway. Of the TCM extracts, Chuan-Xin-Lian-Kang-Yan-Pian was the most potent Nrf2-inducer. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of selected hydroxyanthraquinones in the extracts and herbs, in part explaining their Nrf2-EpRE mediated activity. In conclusion, different hydroxyanthraquinones have different potencies of Nrf2 activation. The Nrf2 activation by extracts from TCM and herbs can be partially explained by the presence of selected hydroxyanthraquinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Ren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Chen X, Yang X, Gao P, Yue C, Wang L, Wu T, Jiang T, Wu H, Tang L, Wang Z. Cassiae Semen: A comprehensive review of botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116199. [PMID: 36702448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cassiae Semen, belonging to the family Leguminosae, is derived from the dry mature seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. and has long been used as a laxative, hepatoprotective, improve eyesight, and antidiabetic complications medicine or functional food in Asia. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review summarizes the integrated research progress of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control of Cassiae Semen. Additionally, the emerging challenges and possible developing directions are discussed as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information on Cassiae Semen was collected from published scientific materials, including ancient books of traditional Chinese Medicine; Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations; monographs on medicinal plants; pharmacopoeia of various countries and electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, J-STAGE, Springer link, Taylor, CNKI and Google Scholar, etc. RESULTS: First, the traditional uses and plant origins of Cassiae Semen are outlined. Secondly, approximately 137 compounds, including anthraquinones, naphthopyranones, naphthalenes, flavones, polysaccharides and other compounds, have been isolated and identified from Cassia obtusifolia L. and Cassia tora L. Third, the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of crude extract of Cassiae Semen and its main bioactive compounds are summarized. Moreover, the processing, toxicity, and quality control are introduced briefly. CONCLUSIONS Cassiae Semen is a frequently used Chinese Materia Medica with pharmacological effects that mainly affect the digestive system, cardiovascular systems and nervous system. This review summarized its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, it also exhibited recent scientific research advances and gaps, which provide a deeper insight into the understanding and application of Cassiae Semen. In future research on Cassiae Semen, more attention should be given to the pharmacological activities of naphthopyranones and polysaccharides and the mechanism of action for improving eye diseases. Meanwhile, it is essential to focus on strengthening the study on the pharmacokinetics research and the safety evaluation of related health products research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Peiyun Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunyu Yue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen B, Shi B, Ge X, Fu Z, Yu H, Zhang X, Liu C, Han L. Integrated metabolic and transcriptomic profiles reveal the germination-associated dynamic changes for the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:240-253. [PMID: 36636016 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (Cassiae [C.] semen) have been widely used as both food and traditional Chinese medicine in China. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the metabolic mechanisms underlying C. semen germination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different samples of C. semen at various germination stages were collected. These samples were subjected to 1 H-NMR and UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis together with transcriptomics analysis. RESULTS A total of 50 differential metabolites (mainly amino acids and sugars) and 20 key genes involved in multiple pathways were identified in two comparisons of different groups (36 h vs 12 h and 84 h vs 36 h). The metabolite-gene network for seed germination was depicted. In the germination of C. semen, fructose and mannose metabolism was activated in the testa rupture period, indicating more energy was needed (36 h). In the embryonic axis elongation period (84 h), the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were activated, which suggested some nutrient sources (nitrogen and sugar) were in demand. Furthermore, oxygen, energy, and nutrition should be supplied throughout the whole germination process. These global views open up an integrated perspective for understanding the complex biological regulatory mechanisms during the germination process of C. semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Biru Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Caixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim DS, Zhang T, Park S. Protective effects of Forsythiae fructus and Cassiae semen water extract against memory deficits through the gut-microbiome-brain axis in an Alzheimer's disease model. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:212-224. [PMID: 35076339 PMCID: PMC8794073 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2025860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fruits of Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae) and seeds of Cassia obtusifolia Linne (Caesalpinaceae) have been used to treat inflammation in Asia. OBJECTIVE We examined the alleviation of memory function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats fed Forsythiae Fructus (FF) and Cassiae Semen water extracts (CS) and investigated the mechanisms responsible for the effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats had hippocampal infusions of amyloid-β(25-35) (AD rats; memory deficit), and ten rats were infused with amyloid-β(35-25) (non-AD rats; no memory deficit). For eight weeks, all rats freely consumed high-fat diets (43% lard) incorporated with 200 mg/kg body weight assigned aqueous herbal extracts: AD-FF, AD-CS, or without extracts AD-CON (control), non-AD (normal-control). RESULTS Memory impairment was prevented in the AD-FF (0.54 ± 0.06-fold) and the AD-CS rats (0.33 ± 0.04-fold) compared to the AD-CON by inhibiting amyloid-β deposition to the levels less than one-fourth of the AD-CON group. The hippocampal pAkt→pGSK-3β→pFOXO1 pathway was attenuated by approximately 3.25-fold in the AD-CON, while AD-FF prevented the attenuation better than AD-CS. The relative intensity of hippocampal tau protein based on β-actin was suppressed with AD-FF (0.68 ± 0.09) and AD-CS (0.96 ± 0.81), compared to AD-CON (1.19 ± 0.13). AD decreased the abundance of Bacteroidales by 34.2% and Lactobacillales by 23.8% and increased Clostridiales by 181% while the AD-FF, but not the AD-CS, normalised the gut microbiota changes to be similar to the non-AD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS FF improved memory deficits better than CS in an AD-induced rat model. The potential neuroprotective benefits of FF against AD may be applicable to human AD therapy with additional clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Sol Kim
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Ting Zhang
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Qin W, Yang Y, Bai H, Wang J, Zhang X, Guo Y, Hua L, Yang Y. A study on the processing technology for Rhizoma Coptidis. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 35031033 PMCID: PMC8760793 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study intends to optimize the processing technology for the wine-processing of Rhizoma Coptidis, using alkaloids as indicators. METHOD In the present study, the Box-Behnken design method was adopted to optimize the processing technology for Rhizoma Coptidis, using the alkaloid component quantities as the index. 100 g of Rhizoma Coptidis slices and 12.5 g of Rhizoma Coptidis wine were used. After full mixing, box-Behnken design method was used to optimize the processing time, processing temperature and processing time of coptis chinensis by taking alkaloid content as index. After mixing well, these components were fried in a container at 125 °C for 6 min and exhibited good parallelism. RESULTS The content of alkaloids in coptis chinensis was the highest after roasting at 125 °C for 6 min. The characteristic components were berberine hydrochloride, and the relative content was about 15.96%. And showed good parallelism. The effective components of Rhizoma Coptidis were primarily alkaloids. CONCLUSION The optimized processing technology for Rhizoma Coptidis is good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Wang
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Weihan Qin
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Chongqong University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Chongqong University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Institute of Pharmacochemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 34 of Nanshan Street, Nanan District, Chongqing, 400065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu L, Wu Q, Miao X, Fan T, Meng Z, Chen X, Zhu W. Study on toxicity effects of environmental pollutants based on metabolomics: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131815. [PMID: 34375834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on non-target organisms have received more and more attention. As a new omics technology, metabolomics can clarify the metabolic homeostasis of the organism at the overall level by studying the changes in the relative contents of endogenous metabolites in the organism. Recently, a large number of studies have used metabolomics technology to study the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on organisms. In this review, we reviewed the analysis processes and data processes of metabolomics and its application in the study of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants including heavy metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and microplastics. In addition, we emphasized that the combination of metabolomics and other omics technologies will help to explore the toxic mechanism of environmental pollutants and provide new research ideas for the toxicological evaluation of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qinchao Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xinyi Miao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Tianle Fan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song X, Yuan Y, Wang S, Sun X, Zhang C, Gao P, Shi L. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of six steroid saponins in rat plasma following oral administration of crude and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli extracts by UHPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5151. [PMID: 33939847 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Fructus Tribuli can improve sexual function and treat cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we focused on comparing the pharmacokinetics of crude Fructus Tribuli (CFT) and stir-fried Fructus Tribuli (SFT) to further clarify the changes in chemical composition in vivo. The quantitation of six analytes was performed in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Separation was performed on a Halo® C18 column using 0.05% formic acid and 5 μmol/L sodium formate in water, and 0.05% formic acid and 5 μmol/L sodium formate in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The selectivity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability of the method were fully validated. Compared with the crude group, the parameters Cmax and AUC0-t of terrestroside B and terrestrosin K increased significantly (P < 0.05), but the Cmax and AUC0-t of polianthoside D, terrestrinin D, tribuluside A and terrestrosin D were decreased, terrestrosin D being especially decreased (P < 0.05), after oral administration of SFT extract. These results showed that the developed method was suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis of the six steroid saponins of CFT and SFT in rat plasma, and can be used to facilitate future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaohui Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang D, Wang XH, Yu X, Cao F, Cai X, Chen P, Li M, Feng Y, Li H, Wang X. Pharmacokinetics of Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638993. [PMID: 33935728 PMCID: PMC8082241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, some of which are active components in medicinal medicines, especially Chinese medicines. These compounds exert actions including purgation, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, antihyperlipidemia, and anticancer effects. This study aimed to review the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of anthraquinones, which are importantly associated with their pharmacological and toxicological effects. Anthraquinones are absorbed mainly in intestines. The absorption rates of free anthraquinones are faster than those of their conjugated glycosides because of the higher liposolubility. A fluctuation in blood concentration and two absorption peaks of anthraquinones may result from the hepato-intestinal circulation, reabsorption, and transformation. Anthraquinones are widely distributed throughout the body, mainly in blood-flow rich organs and tissues, such as blood, intestines, stomach, liver, lung, kidney, and fat. The metabolic pathways of anthraquinones are hydrolysis, glycuronidation, sulfation, methylation/demethylation, hydroxylation/dehydroxylation, oxidation/reduction (hydrogenation), acetylation and esterification by intestinal flora and liver metabolic enzymes, among which hydrolysis, glycuronidation and sulfation are dominant. Of note, anthraquinones can be transformed into each other. The main excretion routes for anthraquinones are the kidney, recta, and gallbladder. Conclusion: Some anthraquinones and their glycosides, such as aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, rhein and sennosides, have attracted the most PK research interest due to their more biological activities and/or detectability. Anthraquinones are mainly absorbed in the intestines and are mostly distributed in blood flow-rich tissues and organs. Transformation into another anthraquinone may increase the blood concentration of the latter, leading to an increased pharmacological and/or toxicological effect. Drug-drug interactions influencing PK may provide insights into drug compatibility theory to enhance or reduce pharmacological/toxicological effects in Chinese medicine formulae and deserve deep investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xian-He Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu L, Zhang Z, Hao F, Zhou W, Tang X, Gao Y. A comparative study of aurantio-obtusin metabolism in normal and liver-injured rats by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113896. [PMID: 33485130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin, an anthraquinone isolated from cassiae semen, possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including hypotensive, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, our previous studies demonstrated that exposure to aurantio-obtusin induced hepatotoxicity, but the mechanisms of the toxic effects remain unknown. The purpose of the present study is to establish a strategy for the metabolite profiling of aurantio-obtusin in normal and liver-injured rats. This study aimed at identifying the in vivo metabolites and the metabolic profiling in rats after oral administration at a dose of aurantio-obtusin (4 and 200 mg/kg) by using an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and metabolynx™ software. A total of 39 metabolites were detected and 3 of them were compared with standard substances. The results indicated that the principal metabolism pathways of aurantio-obtusin in normal rats were glucuronidation and sulfation, while in rats with liver injury, demethylation, dehydroxylation and reduction were also observed and regarded as new metabolic patterns of aurantio-obtusin. These findings helped us to understand the pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of aurantio-obtusin. Moreover, this study could help to elucidate the metabolic profiling of other anthraquinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Xu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Feiran Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiao SL, Guan LJ, Jiang RF, Wang XG, Li X, Cai W. The Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Rhein and Aurantio-Obtusin. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:960-968. [PMID: 32682364 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200719002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthraquinones, rhein and aurantio-obtusin were isolated from the herb Duhaldea nervosa for the first time by our group, which were also found in plants that belong to the plant family Compositae. Anthraquinone compounds have a range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidation, anti-diabetes, etc. and can be used as a laxative, for liver protection, treatment of chronic renal failure, etc. However, in recent years, anthraquinones have been reported to be cytotoxic to the liver and kidneys. Therefore, it is very important to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin, which are common ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). According to our research, the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin are comprehensively summarized in the paper for the first time. OBJECTIVE The study provides comprehensive information on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio- obtusin in different Species; meanwhile, the aim of this review is also to provide a reference for a reasonable application of TCM enriched with these two ingredients. METHODS The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of rhein and aurantio-obtusin were searched by the Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar and some Chinese literature databases. RESULTS Rhein and aurantio-obtusin exist mainly in the form of metabolites in the body. Rhein and aurantio-obtusin and its metabolites might be responsible for pharmacological effects in the body. Therefore, the significance of studying the in vivo metabolites of rhein and aurantio-obtusin is not only essential to clarify their pharmacological mechanism, but also to find new active compound ingredients. The metabolism of rhein is different in different species, so the toxicity effects of rhein may also be different after oral administration in different species; however, the metabolic profiles of aurantio-obtusin in the liver microsomes of different species are similar. CONCLUSION This paper not only provides detail regarding the pharmacokinetics of rhein and aurantio-obtusin, but it is anticipated that it will also facilitate further study on the metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Liang-Jun Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ren-Feng Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang-Gen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Z, Sun Q, Hao W, Zhao J. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of obtusifolin in rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5009. [PMID: 33119923 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the validation of an assay for obtusifolin based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and its application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in rats. After sample preparation of plasma and tissue homogenates by protein precipitation, the analyte and internal standard (IS) were separated by a reversed-phase chromatographic system in a run time of 5.0 min and detected by negative ion electrospray ionization followed by selected reaction monitoring of the precursor-to-product ion transitions at m/z 283.0-268.1 for obtusifolin and m/z 329.0-314.1 for IS. The assay was linear in the concentration range 1.0-500 ng/ml with the LLOQ of 1.0 ng/ml. In the pharmacokinetic study of an intragastric administration of 1.3 mg/kg obtusifolin, the maximum plasma concentration of obtusifolin was 152.5 ± 62.3 ng/ml, reached at 0.39 ± 0.17 h. The AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were 491.8 ± 256.7 and 501.7 ± 256.7 ng × h/ml, respectively, with an elimination half-life of 3.1 ± 0.7 h. Obtusifolin was rapidly distributed into tissues, with the highest distribution in the liver and less in the brain. These results will give some insights for further pharmacological investigation of obtusifolin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Huang
- Ophthalmology, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Magnetic Resonance, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenwen Hao
- Ophthalmology, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Ophthalmology, Jiaozhou People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma Z, Huang Z, Tian F, Dong S, Luo S, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Li N, He X, Cao H. The scientific elucidation of daodi medicinal materials. Chin Med 2020; 15:86. [PMID: 32843892 PMCID: PMC7439724 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Daodi medicinal materials (DMMs), with unique characteristics and specific ecological growing environments, are recognized as high-quality medicinal products of Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs). The quality evaluation of CMMs is fundamental for standardization. The concept and application of DMMs have a long history as described in records in ancient books and rooted in practice and experience over generations. DMM is the specific term for pure, superior medicinal herbs with the following characteristics: optimum harvest season (reflecting the appropriate developmental stage of the plant), scrupulous processing, traditional preparation technology, etc. As DMM and high-quality medicinal products are traditionally thought to be closely related, modern scientific studies that confirm the association of these products are described. This article aims to clarify the scientific elucidation of DMMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Liu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Menghua Wu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Zihan Huang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Fang Tian
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Sihan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Simin Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Jinju Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Nanxin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xiaofang He
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Hui Cao
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang J, Zhu A, Xiao S, Zhang T, Wang L, Wang Q, Han L. Anthraquinones in the aqueous extract of Cassiae semen cause liver injury in rats through lipid metabolism disorder. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153059. [PMID: 31401496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassiae semen has been used as the tea or medicine component to treat hyperlipidemia or for hepatoprotection. However, Cassiae semen was reported to be a potentially hepatotoxic herb, and the underlying hepatotoxicity mechanisms or specific hepatotoxic components of Cassiae semen are unknown. PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to explore the potential hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the hepatotoxic components of Cassiae semen. METHODS Both young adult male and female SD rats were orally administrated with the aqueous extract of the seeds of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby at doses of 4.73, 15.75, 47.30 g/kg for 28 days, and the body weight, liver coefficient, bile acids, histopathology, serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, HDL, ALP, ALT, AST, and LDH were examined. Lipidomic analysis of rat serum was performed by LC-MS to investigate the specifically changed lipids caused by the aqueous extract treatment. The components absorbed in plasma were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of these components absorbed in plasma. RESULTS The serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT, LDH were increased on day 7 with some of which gradually dropped to normal level on day 28. In high dose of the aqueous extract treated group, the histopathological changes were observed based on the cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver and the increase of bile acids, indicating the hepatotoxicity of the aqueous extract. The changes of TC, TG, LDL, HDL indicated the disorder of lipid metabolism. By comparing the difference in lipids between high dose group and control group, the results showed that the alterations were primarily focused on glycerophospholipid metabolism in both male and female rats. In addition, the glycerolipid metabolism in female rats also changed. Further analyses found that PC (18:2/20:4) and LysoPC 18:0 were significantly increased. Among these phytochemicals detected in plasma, nine components in the aqueous extract were considered to have the highest concentrations, particularly some types of anthraquinones (AQs) existing in Cassiae semen (AQs-in-CS), such as obtusifolin, aurantio-obtusin, and obtusin. The MTT assay showed that emodin, obtusifolin, rhein, aurantio-obtusin, and obtusin inhibited cell viability. Considering plasma concentrations and cytotoxicity of these components, our study indicates that the AQs-in-CS (obtusifolin, aurantio-obtusin and obtusin), emodin and rhein are the potential hepatotoxic phytochemicals in the aqueous extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Metabolomics of Aurantio-Obtusin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats for Discovery of Potential Biomarkers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193452. [PMID: 31547563 PMCID: PMC6804130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin is an anthraquinone derived from Cassia obtusifolia (cassiae semen). It is also used as a tool and a detection index for the identification of cassiae semen, as stipulated by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Anthraquinones, the main components in cassiae semen, have been reported to show hepatotoxicity. This study investigates the hepatotoxicity of aurantio-obtusin in male Sprague–Dawley rats. We randomly divided the animals into a blank control group and treated three test groups with different doses of aurantio-obtusin: Low dose (4 mg/kg), medium dose (40 mg/kg), and high dose (200 mg/kg). Each group was treated with aurantio-obtusin for 28 days, whereas the control group was administered an equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC-Na) aqueous solution. Subsequently, we conducted biochemical, hematological, and pathological investigations and determined the weight of different organs. We used serum metabolomics to identify possible biomarkers related to hepatotoxicity. The low-dose group showed no significant liver injury, whereas the medium- and high-dose groups manifested obvious liver injury. Compared with the control group, the test groups showed an increase in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels. The liver organ coefficient also significantly increased. Additionally, we found significant changes in the hematological indices. Metabolomics analysis showed that aurantio-obtusin induced 28 endogenous markers related to liver injury. Our data indicate that aurantio-obtusin induces hepatotoxicity in rat liver in a dose-dependent manner and is mediated by pathways involving bile acids, fatty acids, amino acids, and energy metabolism. In particular, changes in bile acid content during treatment with therapeutic agents containing aurantio-obtusin deserve increased attention.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie L, Liu X, Zhu X, Xu Y, Peng S, Sun K, Cai H, Dai Q, Wang C, Zhou Q, Cai B. Development of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for comparative pharmacokinetics of nine anthraquinones in rats and application to dosage conversion between different Semen Cassiae forms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:696-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Purification of Rhein from Cassia fistula Pod Pulp. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24102013. [PMID: 31130673 PMCID: PMC6572533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhein is used as an active ingredient in laxatives in medicinal herbal products and is a chemical marker for quality control purposes. Thus, a simple and effective method for the optimized extraction of a high amount of rhein from the fruit pulp of Cassia fistula was investigated using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The response surface methodology was applied to find the most suitable parameters for optimizing the extraction process and to study the factors’ relationships with each other. The best conditions for ultrasonic extraction were the application of 1:40 g/mL solid-to-liquid ratio and 10% EtOH–H2O as a solvent at 75 °C for 40 min. This method was compared to a conventional decoction in two variations. In these experiments, it was confirmed that the UAE was more favorable than the decoction methods. The resulting crude extract was further purified by liquid–liquid extraction with a basic pH adjustment, followed by recrystallization. High-purity rhein was obtained by using chromatographic techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Therefore, this study suggests that UAE is an efficient alternative method for the extraction of rhein from C. fistula pod pulp. The resulting optimized conditions can be applied as a useful tool for the large-scale industrial production of a rhein-rich plant extract.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang H, Liu C, Tang Y, Chu C. New Vortex-Synchronized Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071312. [PMID: 30987185 PMCID: PMC6479586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a green ionic-liquid based vortex-synchronized matrix solid-phase dispersion (VS-MSPD) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed as a quantitative determination method for four anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen. Two conventional adsorbents, C18 and silica gel were investigated. The strategy included two steps: Extraction and determination. Wasted crab shells were used as an alternative adsorbent and ionic liquid was used as an alternative solvent in the first step. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were optimized: A sample/adsorbent ratio of 2:1, a grinding time of 3 min, a vortex time of 3 min, and ionic liquid ([Domim]HSO4, 250 mM) was used as eluent in the VS-MSPD procedure. As a result, the established method provided satisfactory linearity (R > 0.999), good accuracy and high reproducibility (RSD < 4.60%), and it exhibited the advantages of smaller sample amounts, shorter extraction time, less volume of elution solvent, and was much more environmental-friendly when compared with other conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Caijing Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yiping Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Influence Factors of the Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Resourced Compounds in Clinical Practice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1983780. [PMID: 30949215 PMCID: PMC6425497 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1983780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been used to prevent and cure diseases in eastern countries for thousands of years. In recent decades, these phytotherapies are becoming more and more popular in the West. As being nature-derived is the essential attribute of herbal medicines, people believe that taking them for diseases treatment is safe enough and has no side-effects. However, the efficacy of herbal resourced compounds (HRC) depends on the multiple constituents absorbed in the body and their pharmacokinetics. Thus, many factors will influence the clinical practice of HRC, i.e., their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Among these factors, herb-drug interaction has been widely discussed, as these compounds may share the same drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Meanwhile there are many other potential factors that can also change the ADME of HRC, including herb pretreatment, herb-herb interactions, pathological status, gender, age of patient, and chemical and physical modification of certain ingredients. With the aim of ensuring the efficacy of HRC and minimizing their clinical risks, this review provides and discusses the influence factors and artificial improvement of the pharmacokinetics of HRC.
Collapse
|