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Su H, Wang X, Wang L, Yuan N. Therapeutic Targeting of Pattern Recognition Receptors to Modulate Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01481-9. [PMID: 39145823 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a potentially fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory condition. The disease's onset and progression are influenced by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms. The innate immune pathways are essential in the progression of AS, as they are responsible for detecting first danger signals and causing long-term changes in immune cells. The innate immune system possesses distinct receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can identify both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular signals. Activation of PRRs initiates the inflammatory response in various physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. This review specifically examines the contribution of the innate immune response and PRRs to the formation and advancement of AS. Studying the role of these particular receptors in AS would enhance our understanding of the development of AS and offer novel approaches for directly improving the inflammatory response associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Su
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Cardiology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Rheumatology Department, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 30000, China.
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2
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Zhu K, Wang X, Weng Y, Mao G, Bao Y, Lou J, Wu S, Jin W, Tang L. Sulfated Galactofucan from Sargassum Thunbergii Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Suppressing Inflammation Via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:69-78. [PMID: 36194354 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulfated galactofucan (SWZ-4), which was extracted from Sargassum thunbergii, has recently been reported to show anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The present study aimed to evaluate whether SWZ-4 attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice by suppressing the inflammatory response through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS Male ApoE-KO mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and intraperitoneally injected with SWZ-4. RAW246.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and SWZ-4. Atherosclerotic lesions were measured by Sudan IV and oil red O staining. Serum lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, and mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS SWZ-4 decreased serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 levels, but did not reduce blood lipid profiles. SWZ-4 downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88, reduced the phosphorylation of p65, and attenuated atherosclerosis in the ApoE-KO mice (p < 0.01). In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, SWZ-4 inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production and the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, and p65 and reduced the protein expression of TLR4 and MyD88 and the phosphorylation of p65 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that SWZ-4 may exert an anti-inflammatory effect on ApoE-KO atherosclerotic mice by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages and therefore may be a treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xihao Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingzheng Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yizhong Bao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiangjie Lou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaoze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang Province, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Pyrpyris N, Dimitriadis K, Beneki E, Iliakis P, Soulaidopoulos S, Tsioufis P, Adamopoulou E, Kasiakogias A, Sakalidis A, Koutsopoulos G, Aggeli K, Tsioufis K. LOX-1 Receptor: A Diagnostic Tool and Therapeutic Target in Atherogenesis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102117. [PMID: 37802161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are major contributors to atherogenesis, as endogenous antigens, via several receptors such as LOX 1. A PubMed search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles regarding LOX-1's role in the atherosclerosis, diagnosis, prognostic use and molecules that could be used for therapy. The references of the manuscripts obtained were also reviewed, in order to find additional relevant bibliography. LOX-1 is a lectin-like pattern recognition receptor, mostly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) which can bind a variety of molecules, including oxLDL and C-reactive protein (CRP). LOX-1 plays a key role in oxLDL's role as a causative agent of atherosclerosis through several pathologic mechanisms, such as oxLDL deposition in the subintima, foam cell formation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, LOX-1 acts a scavenger receptor for oxLDL in macrophages and can be responsible for oxLDL uptake, when stimulated. Serum LOX-1 (sLOX-1) has emerged as a new, potential biomarker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, and it seems promising for use along with other common biomarkers in everyday clinical practice. In a therapeutic perspective, natural as well as synthetic molecules exert anti-LOX-1 properties and attain the receptor's pathophysiological effects, thus extensive research is ongoing to further evaluate molecules with therapeutic potential. However, most of these molecules need further trials in order to properly assess their safety and efficacy for clinical use. The aim of this review is to investigate LOX-1 role in atherogenesis and explore its potential as diagnostic tool and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pyrpyris
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Beneki
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Iliakis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Soulaidopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Adamopoulou
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kasiakogias
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Sakalidis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Koutsopoulos
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Aggeli
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Zhao M, Wu F, Tang Z, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang F, Chen B. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of ursolic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1256946. [PMID: 37841938 PMCID: PMC10568483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1256946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is currently evidence suggesting that ursolic acid may exert a favorable influence on both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impact. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of ursolic acid have not been systematically evaluated. Consequently, this study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the impact of ursolic acid on markers of inflammatory and antioxidant activity in both animal models and in vitro systems. Methods: The search encompassed databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, up until May 2023. All eligible articles in English were included in the analysis. Standard mean difference (SMD) was pooled using a random-effects model, and the included studies underwent a thorough assessment for potential bias. Results: The final review comprised 31 articles. In disease-model related studies, animal experiments have consistently shown that ursolic acid significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory parameters IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mouse tissues. In vitro studies have similarly showed that ursolic acid significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory parameters IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. Our results showed that ursolic acid could significantly elevate SOD and GSH levels, while significantly reducing MDA levels in animal tissues. The results of in vitro studies shown that ursolic acid significantly increased the level of GSH and decreased the level of MDA. Discussion: Findings from both animal and in vitro studies suggest that ursolic acid decreases inflammatory cytokine levels, elevates antioxidant enzyme levels, and reduces oxidative stress levels (graphical abstract). This meta-analysis furnishes compelling evidence for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaohong Tang
- Hebei Research Institute of Microbiology Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Sandhu SS, Rouz SK, Kumar S, Swamy N, Deshmukh L, Hussain A, Haque S, Tuli HS. Ursolic acid: a pentacyclic triterpenoid that exhibits anticancer therapeutic potential by modulating multiple oncogenic targets. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-31. [PMID: 36600517 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The world is currently facing a global challenge against neoplastic diseases. Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, surgery, and radiation therapy are some approaches used to treat cancer. However, these treatments are frequently causing side effects in patients, such as multidrug resistance, fever, weakness, and allergy, among others side effects. As a result, current research has focused on phytochemical compounds isolated from plants to treat deadly cancers. Plants are excellent resources of bioactive molecules, and many natural molecules have exceptional anticancer properties. They produce diverse anticancer derivatives such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, pigments, and tannins, which have powerful anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines and animal models. Because of their safety, eco-friendly, and cost-effective nature, research communities have recently focused on various phytochemical bioactive molecules. Ursolic acid (UA) and its derivative compounds have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, apoptosis induction, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-breast cancer proliferation properties. Ursolic acid (UA) can improve the clinical management of human cancer because it inhibits cancer cell viability and proliferation, preventing tumour angiogenesis and metastatic activity. Therefore, the present article focuses on numerous bioactivities of Ursolic acid (UA), which can inhibit cancer cell production, mechanism of action, and modulation of anticancer properties via regulating various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharareh Khorami Rouz
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Bio-Design Innovation Centre, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, India
| | - Nitin Swamy
- Fungal Biotechnology and Invertebrate Pathology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, India
| | - Loknath Deshmukh
- School of Life and Allied Science, ITM University, Raipur, India
| | - Arif Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Arabia and Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
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CHENG X, ZHAO C, JIN Z, HU J, ZHANG Z, ZHANG C. Natural products: potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:830-845. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Negm WA, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. Ursolic acid and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a new horizon and perspective. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1493-1501. [PMID: 35922738 PMCID: PMC9362167 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) has been identified as the source of a world coronavirus pandemic in 2019. Covid-19 is considered a main respiratory disease-causing viral pneumonia and, in severe cases, leads to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although, extrapulmonary manifestations of Covid-19 like neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal have been confirmed. Exaggerated immune response and release of a high amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines may progress, causing a cytokine storm. Consequently, direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection can evolve into systemic complications due to the progression of hyper inflammation, oxidative stress and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Therefore, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents could be efficient in alleviating these disorders. Ursolic acid has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects; it reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improves anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In virtue of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, ursolic acid may minimize SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced complications. Also, by regulating RAS and inflammatory signaling pathways, ursolic acid might effectively reduce the development of ALI in ARDS in Covid-19. In this state, this perspective discusses how ursolic acid can mitigate hyper inflammation and oxidative stress in Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW Australia
- AFNP Med, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AL Beheira, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
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Wei X, Lan Y, Nong Z, Li C, Feng Z, Mei X, Zhai Y, Zou M. Ursolic acid represses influenza A virus-triggered inflammation and oxidative stress in A549 cells by modulating the miR-34c-5p/TLR5 axis. Cytokine 2022; 157:155947. [PMID: 35780710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with a wide range of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and other pharmacological effects. Here, the biological roles and regulatory mechanisms of UA in influenza A virus (IAV)-treated A549 cells were investigated. METHOD The cytotoxic impacts of UA on A549 cells with or without IAV treatment were determined using MTT and LDH assays. The inflammatory responses and oxidative stress of IAV-treated A549 cells were measured by RT-qPCR, ELISA, DCFH-DA probe, and colorimetric assays. A dual luciferase assay was carried out to validate the molecular interaction between miR-34c-5p and TLR5. Promoter methylation was detected by MSP experiment. Methylation-related proteins were quantified by western blot. Virus replication was assessed by TCID50 and western blot assays. RESULTS UA significantly ameliorated IAV-triggered cell injury and inflammatory response, virus replication and oxidative stress by elevating cell viability, ROS level and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px but reducing the LDH, MDA, and TCID50 values and the expression of virus-related proteins (NP) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18). Moreover, UA promoted miR-34c-5p expression by repressing DNMTs-mediated methylation. TLR5 was verified to be a direct target of miR-34c-5p and could be downregulated by UA. Rescue experiments revealed that silencing miR-34c-5p diminished the regulatory roles of UA in IAV-treated A549 cells. CONCLUSION Our data elucidated that UA attenuated IAV-triggered inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in A549 cells by regulating the miR-34c-5p/TLR5 axis, suggesting that UA plays a protective role in IAV-induced pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Zhuang Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yuying Lan
- Zhuang Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhifei Nong
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chongjin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Maoming Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maoming 525000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiqiong Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Mei
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yang Zhai
- Zhuang Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China; Department of International Medical, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning 530200, Guangxi Province, China.
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Mioc M, Milan A, Malița D, Mioc A, Prodea A, Racoviceanu R, Ghiulai R, Cristea A, Căruntu F, Șoica C. Recent Advances Regarding the Molecular Mechanisms of Triterpenic Acids: A Review (Part I). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147740. [PMID: 35887090 PMCID: PMC9322890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids are phytocompounds with a widespread range of biological activities that have been the subject of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. However, their underlying mechanisms of action in various pathologies are not completely elucidated. The current review aims to summarize the most recent literature, published in the last five years, regarding the mechanism of action of three triterpenic acids (asiatic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid), corelated with different biological activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial. All three discussed compounds share several mechanisms of action, such as the targeted modulation of the PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, NF-kB, EMT, and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways, while other mechanisms that proved to only be specific for a part of the triterpenic acids discussed, such as the modulation of Notch, Hippo, and MALAT1/miR-206/PTGS1 signaling pathway, were highlighted as well. This paper stands as the first part in our literature study on the topic, which will be followed by a second part focusing on other triterpenic acids of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Mioc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Malița
- Department of Radiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (D.M. & A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (D.M. & A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Prodea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Cristea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
| | - Florina Căruntu
- Department of Medical Semiology II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Codruța Șoica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (A.C.); (C.Ș.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Luan M, Wang H, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao F, Liu Z, Meng Q. Advances in Anti-inflammatory Activity, Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Ursolic Acid. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:422-436. [PMID: 34517797 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210913113522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies reveal that Ursolic Acid (UA) is able to counteract endogenous and exogenous inflammatory stimuli and has favorable anti-inflammatory effects. The antiinflammatory mechanisms mainly include decreasing the release of histamine in mast cells, suppressing the activities of lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and phospholipase, and reducing the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, blocking the activation of the signal pathway, downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors, and inhibiting the activities of elastase and complement. These mechanisms can open up new avenues for the scientific community to develop or improve novel therapeutic approaches to tackle inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, neuroinflammation, liver diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, dermatitis, bowel diseases, cancer. The anti-inflammatory activity, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ursolic acid and its therapeutic applications are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Luan
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, 276826, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P.R. China
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Erdmann J, Kujaciński M, Wiciński M. Beneficial Effects of Ursolic Acid and Its Derivatives-Focus on Potential Biochemical Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Conditions. Nutrients 2021; 13:3900. [PMID: 34836155 PMCID: PMC8622438 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in a number of plants such as apples, thyme, oregano, hawthorn and others. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have presented its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways and the increased scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in numerous ways seem to be the most beneficial effects of UA. In mice and rats, administration of UA appears to slow down the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis. Upregulation of endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cystathionine-λ-lyase (CSE) by UA may suggest its vasorelaxant property. Inhibition of metalloproteinases activity by UA may contribute to better outcomes in aneurysms management. UA influence on lipid and glucose metabolism remains inconsistent, and additional studies are essential to verify its efficacy. Furthermore, UA derivatives appear to have a beneficial impact on the cardiovascular system. This review aims to summarize recent findings on beneficial effects of UA that may make it a promising candidate for clinical trials for the management of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Erdmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie 9, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
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Zhou B, Chen Y, Yuan H, Wang T, Feng J, Li M, Liu J. NOX1/4 Inhibitor GKT-137831 Improves Erectile Function in Diabetic Rats by ROS Reduction and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Reconstitution. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1970-1983. [PMID: 34649814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress contributes to hyperglycemia-induced erectile dysfunction. A preferential direct inhibitor of NOX1 and NOX4, GKT-137831, exhibited a strong anti‑oxidative role via blockade of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in endothelial cells, but whether GKT-137831 could improve erectile function was not clear. AIM Our study was designed to investigate the effect of NOX1/4 inhibition on improving diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED) in rats. METHODS We used streptozotocin to induce type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 32 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (8 weeks old). Eight weeks later, type 1 diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) in rats was confirmed using an apomorphine test. Our study consisted of 3 groups: (i) nondiabetic control group (n = 8), (ii) DMED + vehicle group (DMED group; n = 8), and (iii) DMED + GKT-137831 group (n = 9); GKT-137831 was given as a once-daily intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks. Cavernous nerve electrostimulation was used to evaluate erectile function. Western blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to measure expression of specific proteins, and DHE fluorescent probe was performed to detect ROS level. OUTCOMES Intracavernous pressure (ICP), nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway, oxidative stress level, inflammatory response, corporal autophagy, and apoptosis were measured. RESULTS Erectile function in the DMED group was significantly impaired compared to the nondiabetic control group, whereas this impairment was improved with GKT-137831 treatment by 70%. Similarly, endothelial function and overactivated oxidative stress in the corpus cavernosum (CC) of the DMED + GKT-137831 group were improved. The DMED group showed serious inflammatory responses and excessive autophagy, which were inhibited by GKT-137831 treatment in the DMED + GKT-137831 group. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Our study showed improvement in erectile function with GKT-137831 in a diabetic rat ED model. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS This study suggested for the first time that GKT-137831, an NOX1/4 inhibitor undergoing clinical trials, is effective in improving erectile function in rats with type 1 DMED. However, we only investigated GKT-137831 treatment of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats, and therapeutic evidence in other types of diabetes is lacking. CONCLUSION GKT-137831 improves erectile function by 70% in type 1 DMED rats and constitutes a promising compound for the treatment of type 1 DMED, likely by inhibition of overactivated oxidative stress, down-regulation of proinflammatory factors, and amelioration of excessive autophagy and endothelial function. B Zhou, Y Chen, H Yuan, et al. NOX1/4 Inhibitor GKT-137831 Improves Erectile Function in Diabetic Rats by ROS Reduction and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Reconstitution. J Sex Med 2021;XX:XXX-XXX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Zhou
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinwei Chen
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huixing Yuan
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiexiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingchao Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Fujiwara Y, Okada S, Uryu K, Maru I, Komohara Y. The extract of Ilex kudingcha inhibits atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by suppressing cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2177-2184. [PMID: 34369980 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, triterpenoid compounds occurring in Ilex kudingcha, ameliorate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. In the present study, we investigated whether I. kudingcha extract exerts similar inhibitory effects on cholesterol accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. I. kudingcha extract significantly inhibited cholesterol ester (CE) accumulation induced by acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL) in HMDMs; however, it generated no effect on cell viability in HMDMs. I. kudingcha extract also suppressed CE accumulation in acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, thereby indicating that it inhibits ACAT activity. Furthermore, the oral administration of I. kudingcha extract to apoE-deficient mice significantly decreased the levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, sLOX-1, as well as the regions of atherosclerotic lesions in the mice. Our study reveals crucial new-found evidence that I. kudingcha extract significantly inhibits ACAT activity and suppresses atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Naß J, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. The triterpenoid ursolic acid ameliorates stress in Caenorhabditis elegans by affecting the depression-associated genes skn-1 and prdx2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:153598. [PMID: 34111615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Lower antioxidant concentrations and increased oxidative stress levels contribute to the development of depression. Effective and tolerable medications are urgently needed. Nrf2 and PRDX2 are promising targets in the treatment of oxidative stress and, therefore, promising for the development of novel antidepressants. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural triterpenoid found in various plants is known to exert neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. Skn-1 (which corresponds to human Nrf2) and prdx2 deficient mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are suitable models to study the effect of UA on these targets. Additionally, stress assays are used to mimic stress or depressed state. METHODS We examined the antioxidant activity of UA in Caenorhabditis elegans wildtype and skn-1- and prdx2-deficient strains by H2DCF-DA and juglone assays as well as osmotic and heat stress assays. Additionally, we analyzed the binding of UA to human PRDX2 and Skn-1 proteins by molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis. RESULTS UA exerted strong antioxidant activities. Additionally, induction of stress resistance towards osmotic and heat stress was observed. qRT-PCR revealed that UA upregulated the gene expression of skn-1 and prdx2. Molecular docking studies supported these findings. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate that the strong antioxidant activity of UA may exert anti-depressive effects by its interaction with the Skn-1 transcription factor, which is part of a detoxification network, and the antioxidant PRDX2 protein, which protects the organism from the detrimental effects of radical oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Enayati A, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-atherosclerotic Effects of Spice-Derived Phytochemicals. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1197-1223. [PMID: 32368966 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200505084620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. Atherosclerosis is characterized by oxidized lipid deposition and inflammation in the arterial wall and represents a significant problem in public health and medicine. Some dietary spices have been widely used in many countries; however, the mechanism of their action as it relates to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is still poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the properties of various spice-derived active ingredients used in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as associated atherosclerotic risk factors. We provide a summary of the mechanisms of action, epidemiological analyses, and studies of various components of spice used in the clinic, animal models, and cell lines related to atherosclerosis. Most notably, we focused on mechanisms of action by which these spice-derived compounds elicit their lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, as well as their involvement in selected biochemical and signal transduction pathways. It is suggested that future research should aim to design well-controlled clinical trials and more thoroughly investigate the role of spices and their active components in the prevention/treatment of atherosclerosis. Based on this literature review, it appears that spices and their active components are well tolerated and have few adverse side effects and, therefore, provide a promising adjunctive treatment strategy for patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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Wang C, Nan X, Pei S, Zhao Y, Wang X, Ma S, Ma G. Salidroside and isorhamnetin attenuate urotensin II-induced inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro: Involvement in regulating the RhoA/ROCK II pathway. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:292. [PMID: 33732368 PMCID: PMC7905674 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII), a vital vasoconstrictor peptide, causes an inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have reported that the Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA)/Rho kinases (ROCK) pathway modulates the inflammatory response of the atherosclerotic process. However, to the best of our knowledge, whether the RhoA/ROCK pathway mediates the inflammatory effect of UII has not been previously elucidated. Salidroside and isorhamnetin are two early developed antioxidant Tibetan drugs, both displaying cardioprotective effects against atherosclerosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of salidroside, isorhamnetin or combination of these two drugs on the UII-induced inflammatory response in vivo (rats) or in vitro [primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)], as well as to examine the role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in these processes. The levels of inflammatory markers were measured via ELISA. The mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA and ROCK II were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assay and western blot analysis. It was demonstrated that salidroside, isorhamnetin and both in combination decreased the levels of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats with subacute infusion of UII and in the culture supernatant from primary VSMCs-exposed to UII. Moreover, salidroside, isorhamnetin and both in combination attenuated the mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA and ROCK II in vivo and in vitro, at concentrations corresponding to human therapeutic blood plasma concentrations. Thus, these drugs could inhibit the RhoA/ROCK II pathway under UII conditions. The combination of salidroside and isorhamnetin did not display a stronger inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response and the RhoA/ROCK II pathway compared with salidroside and isorhamnetin in isolation. Collectively, the results indicated that salidroside, isorhamnetin and both in combination inhibited the RhoA/ROCK II pathway, which then attenuated the inflammatory response under UII-induced conditions, resulting in cardioprotection in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Nan
- Intensive Care Unit, Gansu Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Guoyan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Northwest Minzu University Health Science Center, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Cuthbert GA, Shaik F, Harrison MA, Ponnambalam S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger Receptors as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112453. [PMID: 33182772 PMCID: PMC7696859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of atherosclerosis leads to the formation of plaques in the arterial wall, resulting in a decreased blood supply to tissues and organs and its sequelae: morbidity and mortality. A class of membrane-bound proteins termed scavenger receptors (SRs) are closely linked to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Increasing interest in understanding SR structure and function has led to the idea that these proteins could provide new routes for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, management, and treatment. In this review, we consider the main classes of SRs that are implicated in arterial disease. We consider how our understanding of SR-mediated recognition of diverse ligands, including modified lipid particles, lipids, and carbohydrates, has enabled us to better target SR-linked functionality in disease. We also link clinical studies on vascular disease to our current understanding of SR biology and highlight potential areas that are relevant to cardiovascular disease management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Cuthbert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44 113 3433007
| | - Faheem Shaik
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
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The Interplay between Oxidative Stress and miRNAs in Obesity-Associated Hepatic and Vascular Complications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070607. [PMID: 32664383 PMCID: PMC7402144 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the obesity pandemic is one of the most relevant health issues worldwide. This condition is tightly related to comorbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), namely atherosclerosis. Dysregulated lipid metabolism and inflammation link these three diseases, leading to a subsequent increase of oxidative stress (OS) causing severe cellular damage. On the other hand, microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression, thus being involved in the molecular mechanisms that promote the development of many pathologies including obesity and its comorbidities. The involvement of miRNAs in promoting or opposing OS in disease progression is becoming more evident. Some miRNAs, such as miR-200a and miR.421, seem to play important roles in OS control in NAFLD. On the other hand, miR-92a and miR-133, among others, are important in the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, since both diseases are linked to obesity, they share common altered miRNAs, being miR-34a and miR-21 related to OS. This review summarizes the latest advances in the knowledge about the mechanisms of oxidative stress (OS) generation in obesity-associated NAFLD and atherosclerosis, as well as the role played by miRNAs in the regulation of such mechanisms.
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Inhibition of LOX-1 prevents inflammation and photoreceptor cell death in retinal degeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106190. [PMID: 31945611 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the expression and role of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in retinal degeneration. METHODS The retinal degeneration of BALB/c mice was induced by light exposure. BV2 cells were activated by LPS stimulation. Retinas or BV2 cells were pretreated with LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or Polyinosinic acid (PolyI) (the inhibitor of LOX-1) before light damage (LD) or LPS stimulation. LOX-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 and NF-κB expression were detected in retinas or BV2 cells by real-time RT-PCR, western blot or ELISA. Histological analyses of retinas were performed. Photoreceptor cell death was assessed by TUNEL assay in retinas or by flow cytometry in 661W cells cultured in microglia-conditioned medium. RESULTS Photoreceptor cell death and elevated expression of LOX-1 were induced by LD in retinas of BALB/c mice. LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or PolyI pretreatment significantly reduced the elevated expression of LOX-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 and p-NF-κB caused by LD in retinas. Inhibition of LOX-1 by LOX-1 neutralizing antibody or PolyI significantly reduced photoreceptor cell death induced by LD in retinas. Elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and CCL2 caused by LPS were down-regulated by inhibition of LOX-1 in BV2 cells. Inhibition of LOX-1 reduces microglial neurotoxicity on photoreceptors. CONCLUSIONS LOX-1 expression is increased in light induced retinal degeneration, what's more, inhibition of LOX-1 prevents inflammation and photoreceptor cell death in retinal degeneration and reduces microglial neurotoxicity on photoreceptors. Therefore, LOX-1 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for such retinal degeneration diseases.
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Zeng X, Chen X, Qin H, Han Y, Chen X, Han Z, Zhao W. Preventive effects of a natural anti-inflammatory agent Salvianolic acid A on acute kidney injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang N, Zhang X, Ma Z, Niu J, Ma S, Wenjie W, Chen J. Combination of tanshinone IIA and astragaloside IV attenuate atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in ApoE(-/-) mice by activating PI3K/AKT signaling and suppressing TRL4/NF-κB signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 123:109729. [PMID: 31887543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TS IIA) and Astragaloside IV (AS IV) are natural herbal products which exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in order to eliminate unstable plaque in atherosclerosis. However, the combined effect of these two drugs on atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of TS IIA and AS IV on atherosclerotic unstable plaque stability, and then further explore the mechanism of TS IIA and AS IV intervention on unstable plaque in vivo and in vitro. Histological characterization of atherosclerotic plaques was measured by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Masson's Trichrome and Oil Red O staining. Cellular lipid droplet was measured by Oil Red O staining. The size of atherosclerotic lesion areas and content of lipids and collagen in the right common carotid arteries of apoE-/- mice were examined by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Oil-red O, and Masson staining, respectively. The protein expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) in ApoE-/- mice and RAW264.7 cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in ApoE-/- mice and RAW264.7 cells were determined by western blotting. In addition, the PI3K/AKT and TRL4/NF-κB signaling were determined by western blotting. Our results revealed that the combination of TS IIA and AS IV significantly decreased lipid areas, increased collagen content and thickened fibrous cap in the right common carotid arteries compared with ApoE (-/-) mice model group. TS IIA and AS IV visibly reduced the cytoplasmic lipid droplet accumulation induced by oxLDL in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The ApoE-/- mice model group and oxLDL -stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with TS IIA and AS IV showed a downregulation in IL-6, MMP-9, TNF-α and CRP protein expression and upregulation in eNOS protein expression. Furthermore, TSIIA and AS IV may activate PI3K/AKT signaling and suppress TLR4/NF-κB signaling in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling enhanced the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus, TLR4, IL-6, MMP-9, TNF-α and CRP expression and inhibited eNOS expression in TS IIA and AS IV-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, the present study implicates that TS IIA and AS IV reinforces plaque stability via PI3K/AKT and TLR4/NF-κB signaling. TS IIA and AS IV administration may provide the basis for a potential therapeutic approach for the inhibition of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanding Wang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinghu Niu
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shihang Ma
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wang Wenjie
- Shaanxi university of Chinese medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Luo H, Vong CT, Chen H, Gao Y, Lyu P, Qiu L, Zhao M, Liu Q, Cheng Z, Zou J, Yao P, Gao C, Wei J, Ung COL, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med 2019; 14:48. [PMID: 31719837 PMCID: PMC6836491 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural products originated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibit anti-cancer activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects, as well as regulate autophagy, reverse multidrug resistance, balance immunity, and enhance chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To provide new insights into the critical path ahead, we systemically reviewed the most recent advances (reported since 2011) on the key compounds with anti-cancer effects derived from Chinese herbal medicine (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, artemisinin, ginsenoside Rg3, ursolic acid, silibinin, emodin, triptolide, cucurbitacin B, tanshinone I, oridonin, shikonin, gambogic acid, artesunate, wogonin, β-elemene, and cepharanthine) in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Clinical Trials). With a broader perspective, we focused on their recently discovered and/or investigated pharmacological effects, novel mechanism of action, relevant clinical studies, and their innovative applications in combined therapy and immunomodulation. In addition, the present review has extended to describe other promising compounds including dihydroartemisinin, ginsenoside Rh2, compound K, cucurbitacins D, E, I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in view of their potentials in cancer therapy. Up to now, the evidence about the immunomodulatory effects and clinical trials of natural anti-cancer compounds from Chinese herbal medicine is very limited, and further research is needed to monitor their immunoregulatory effects and explore their mechanisms of action as modulators of immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Lyu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zehua Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peifen Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Caifang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Zagayko A, Briukhanova T, Lytkin D, Kravchenko A, Fylymonenko V. Prospects for Using the Natural Antioxidant Compounds in the Obesity Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.83421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Efficacy of Terpenoid in Attenuating Aortic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E Deficient Mice: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2931831. [PMID: 31392210 PMCID: PMC6662500 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2931831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE -/-) mouse model is well established for the study of terpenoids in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Studies investigating the clinical benefit of terpenoids in humans are scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of terpenoid administration on atherosclerotic lesion area in ApoE -/- mice. Methods A comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify studies that assessed the effects of terpenoids on atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. The primary outcome was atherosclerotic lesion area, and study quality was estimated using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Results The meta-analysis included 25 studies. Overall, terpenoids significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion area when compared to vehicle control (P<0.00001; SMD: -0.55; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.39). In terpenoid type and dose subgroup analyses, sesquiterpenoid (P=0.002; SMD -0.93; 95% CI: -1.52, -0.34), diterpenoid (P=0.01; SMD: -0.30; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.06), triterpenoid (P<0.00001; SMD: -0.66; 95% CI: -0.94, -0.39), tetraterpenoid (P<0.0001; SMD: -1.81; 95% CI: -2.70, -0.91), low dose (P=0.0001; SMD: -0.51; 95% CI: -0.76, -0.25), medium dose (P<0.0001; SMD: -0.48; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.24), and high dose (P=0.002; SMD: -1.07; 95% CI: -1.74, -0.40) significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesion area when compared to vehicle control. PROSPERO register number is CRD42019121176. Conclusion Sesquiterpenoid, diterpenoid, triterpenoid, and tetraterpenoid have potential as antiatherosclerotic agents with a wide range of doses. This systematic review provides a reference for research programs aimed at the development of terpenoid-based clinical drugs.
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25
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Upregulated LOX-1 Receptor: Key Player of the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2019; 21:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-019-0801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Habtemariam S. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by Ursolic Acid: Addressing Brain Injury, Cerebral Ischemia, Cognition Deficit, Anxiety, and Depression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8512048. [PMID: 31223427 PMCID: PMC6541953 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8512048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene which is found in common herbs and medicinal plants that are reputed for a variety of pharmacological effects. Both as an active principle of these plants and as a nutraceutical ingredient, the pharmacology of UA in the CNS and other organs and systems has been extensively reported in recent years. In this communication, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory axis of UA's pharmacology is appraised for its therapeutic potential in some common CNS disorders. Classic examples include the traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral ischemia, cognition deficit, anxiety, and depression. The pharmacological efficacy for UA is demonstrated through the therapeutic principle of one drug → multitargets → one/many disease(s). Both specific enzymes and receptor targets along with diverse pharmacological effects associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling are scrutinised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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27
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Polyphenolic Composition of Rosa canina, Rosa sempervivens and Pyrocantha coccinea Extracts and Assessment of Their Antioxidant Activity in Human Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040092. [PMID: 30959906 PMCID: PMC6523071 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the investigation of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts from Rosa canina, Rosa sempervivens and Pyrocantha coccinea. The results showed that the bioactive compounds found at higher concentrations were in the R. canina extract: hyperoside, astragalin, rutin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin; in the R. sempervirens extract: quinic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, astragalin and hyperoside; and in the P. coccinea extract: hyperoside, rutin, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, astragalin, vanillin, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid. The total polyphenolic content was 290.00, 267.67 and 226.93 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g dw, and the total flavonoid content 118.56, 65.78 and 99.16 mg Catechin Equivalent (CE)/g dw for R. caninna, R. sempervirens and P. coccinea extracts, respectively. The extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity in DPPH and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)•+ assays and protection from ROO•-induced DNA damage in the following potency order: R. canina > R. sempervirens > P. coccinea. Finally, treatment with R. canina and P. coccinea extract significantly increased the levels of the antioxidant molecule glutathione, while R. canina extract significantly decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in endothelial cells. The results herein indicated that the R. canina extract in particular may be used for developing food supplements or biofunctional foods for the prevention of oxidative stress-induced pathological conditions of endothelium.
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Jin P, Cong S. LOX-1 and atherosclerotic-related diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:24-29. [PMID: 30639239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), a scavenger receptor of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) found in various cells, plays a crucial role in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Animal studies have suggested that LOX-1 mediates the balance between internalization and degeneration of endothelial cells, thereby contributing to various steps in the atherosclerotic process, from initiation to plaque rupture. Under pathological conditions, the extracellular domain of membrane bound LOX-1 can be largely proteolytically cleaved into a soluble form (sLOX-1), which is proportional and linked to the LOX-1 expression level. Circulating levels of sLOX-1 are regarded as a risk biomarker for plaque rupture and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recently, studies have shown that sLOX-1 is also elevated in patients with acute stroke and can be a predictive biomarker for acute stroke. With the discovery of the vital role of LOX-1 in atherosclerosis, there is growing focus on the influence of LOX-1 in atherosclerotic-related diseases, including coronary arterial disease(CAD), stroke, and other cardiovascular events. Genetic polymorphisms of LOX-1 have been investigated and have been found to modulate the risk of these diseases. Most polymorphisms have been found to be risk factors, except for the splicing isoform LOXIN. This review concludes with a discussion of the potential future applications of LOX-1 for atherosclerotic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfei Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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29
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Sharma H, Kumar P, Deshmukh RR, Bishayee A, Kumar S. Pentacyclic triterpenes: New tools to fight metabolic syndrome. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:166-177. [PMID: 30466975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a combination of dysregulated cardiometabolic risk factors characterized by dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, obesity as well as hypertension. These factors are tied to the increased risk for type-II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. PURPOSE To review the proposed molecular mechanisms of pentacyclic triterpenes for their potential use in the metabolic syndrome. METHODS PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar database were searched from commencement to April 2018. Following keywords were searched in the databases with varying combinations: "metabolic syndrome", "pentacyclic triterpenes", "transcription factors", "protein kinase", "lipogenesis", "adipogenesis", "lipolysis", "fatty acids", "gluconeogenesis", "cardiovascular", "mitochondria", "oxidative stress", "pancreas", "hepatic cells", "skeletal muscle", "3T3-L1", "C2C12", "obesity", "inflammation", "insulin resistance", "glucose uptake", "clinical studies" and "bioavailability". RESULTS Pentacyclic triterpenes, such as asiatic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, α,β-amyrin, celastrol, carbenoxolone, corosolic acid, maslinic acid, bardoxolone methyl and lupeol downregulate several metabolic syndrome components by regulating transcription factors, protein kinases and enzyme involved in the adipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, insulin resistance, mitochondria biogenesis, gluconeogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo studies suggests that pentacyclic triterpenes effectively downregulate various factors related to metabolic syndrome. These phytochemicals may serve as promising candidates for clinical trials for the management of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitender Sharma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India
| | - Pushpander Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India
| | - Rahul R Deshmukh
- School of Pharmacy, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136 119 Haryana, India.
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Allam G, Abdel-Moneim A, Gaber AM. The pleiotropic role of interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1412-1418. [PMID: 30119214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which considers the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of arterials' wall in which the development and the destabilization of plaque occur. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a significant role in modifying lipoproteins in arterials' wall. Recent investigations have demonstrated the opposing roles of CD4+ T cells subtypes in atherosclerosis. T helper-1 (Th1) response and pro-inflammatory cytokines possess proatherogenic effects, whereas T regulatory (Treg) cells have an atheroprotective role. Th17 cells have emerged as a new CD4+ T-cell subtype, which produce IL-17 that plays a crucial role in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, several studies have investigated the potential role of IL-17 in atherosclerosis. Some investigations have suggested a proatherogenic effect, however the others proposed an atheroprotective role. Hence, the exact role of IL-17 in the disease development and plaque stability is still debatable. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on both atherogenesis and atheroprotective roles of IL-17. In addition, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of IL-17 with other cytokines in atherosclerosis will be discussed. On the basis of the current understanding of these roles, the possibility of developing novel therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis may be evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Allam
- Immunology Section, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Immunology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Gaber
- Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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