Sol-gel Silica Nanoparticles in Medicine: A Natural Choice. Design, Synthesis and Products

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles induce anxiety-like behavior in a size-specific manner via the microbiota-gut-brain axis

The impacts of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) on human health have attracted increasing interest due to their widespread utilization in medicine and food additives. However, the size-dependent effects of SiO2-NPs on brain health remain sparse. Herein we investigated alterations in behavioral patterns, the gut microbiota, inflammation and oxidative stress of mice after a 12-week exposure to SiO2-NPs with either small size (NP-S) or large size (NP-L). A more pronounced deleterious effect of NP-S was found on anxiety-like behavior in mice relative to NP-L. We also found that SiO2-NPs exposure induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the colon, hippocampus and cortex of mice in a size-specific manner. Correlation network analysis revealed potential links between anxiety-like behavior and SiO2-NPs-induced shifts in the gut microbiota including Parvibacter, Faecalibaculum, Gordonibacter and Ileibacterium. Furthermore, anxiety-like behavior caused by SiO2-NPs exposure exhibited correlations with decreased levels of hippocampal IL-10 and cortex Nqo1 as well as increased levels of intestinal Acox1 and hippocampal TNF-α. Therefore, our findings suggest that exposure to SiO2-NPs promoted anxiety-like behavior through the mediation of interplay between the gut and the brain, and SiO2-NPs of smaller size may generate a more adverse effect on brain health.

Comparison of passive targeted delivery of inorganic and organic nanocarriers among different types of tumors

In this study, we have considered four types of nanoparticles (NPs): polylactic acid (PLA), gold (Au), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and silica (SiO2) with similar sizes (TEM: 50-110 nm and DLS: 110-140 nm) to examine their passive accumulation in three different tumors: colon (CT26), melanoma (B16-F10), and breast (4T1) cancers. Our results demonstrate that each tumor model showed a different accumulation of NPs, in the following order: CT26 > B16-F10 > 4T1. The Au and PLA NPs were evidently characterized by a higher delivery efficiency in case of CT26 tumors compared to CaCO3 and SiO2 NPs. The Au NPs demonstrated the highest accumulation in B16-F10 cells compared to other NPs. These results were verified using SPECT, ex vivo fluorescence bioimaging, direct radiometry and histological analysis. Thus, this work contributes to new knowledge in passive tumor targeting of NPs and can be used for the development of new strategies for delivery of bioactive compounds.

Silica nanoparticles enhance interfacial self-adherence of a multi-layered extracellular matrix scaffold for vascular tissue regeneration

PURPOSE

Based on the clinical need for grafts for vascular tissue regeneration, our group developed a customizable scaffold derived from the human amniotic membrane. Our approach consists of rolling the decellularized amniotic membrane around a mandrel to form a multilayered tubular scaffold with tunable diameter and wall thickness. Herein, we aimed to investigate if silica nanoparticles (SiNP) could enhance the adhesion of the amnion layers within these rolled grafts.

METHODS

To test this, we assessed the structural integrity and mechanical properties of SiNP-treated scaffolds. Mechanical tests were repeated after six months to evaluate adhesion stability in aqueous environments.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the rolled SiNP-treated scaffolds maintained their tubular shape upon hydration, while non-treated scaffolds collapsed. By scanning electron microscopy, SiNP-treated scaffolds presented more densely packed layers than untreated controls. Mechanical analysis showed that SiNP treatment increased the scaffold's tensile strength up to tenfold in relation to non-treated controls and changed the mechanism of failure from interfacial slipping to single-point fracture. The nanoparticles reinforced the scaffolds both at the interface between two distinct layers and within each layer of the extracellular matrix. Finally, SiNP-treated scaffolds significantly increased the suture pullout force in comparison to untreated controls.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that SiNP prevents the unraveling of a multilayered extracellular matrix graft while improving the scaffolds' overall mechanical properties. In addition to the generation of a robust biomaterial for vascular tissue regeneration, this novel layering technology is a promising strategy for a number of bioengineering applications.

Green biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles: biological applications, optimizations and future prospects

In green biological synthesis, metal nanoparticles are produced by plants or microorganisms. Since it is ecologically friendly, economically viable and sustainable, this method is preferable to other traditional ones. For their continuous groundbreaking advancements and myriad physiochemical and biological benefits, nanotechnologies have influenced various aspects of scientific fields. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are the field anchor for their outstanding optical, electrical and chemical capabilities that outperform their regular-sized counterparts. This review discusses the most current biosynthesized metal nanoparticles synthesized by various organisms and their biological applications along with the key elements involved in MNP green synthesis. The review is displayed in a manner that will impart assertiveness, help the researchers to open questions, and highlight many points for conducting future research.

Factors Affecting Silica/Cellulose Nanocomposite Prepared via the Sol-Gel Technique: A Review

Cellulose/silica nanocomposites, synthesised through the sol-gel technique, have garnered significant attention for their unique properties and diverse applications. The distinctive characteristics of these nanocomposites are influenced by a range of factors, including the cellulose-to-silica ratio, precursor concentration, pH, catalysts, solvent selection, temperature, processing techniques, and agitation. These variables play a pivotal role in determining the nanocomposites' structure, morphology, and mechanical properties, facilitating tailoring for specific applications. Studies by Raabe et al. and Barud et al. demonstrated well-deposited silica nanoparticles within the interstitial spaces of cellulosic fibres, achieved through TEOS precursor hydrolysis and the subsequent condensation of hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibre surface. The introduction of TEOS established a robust affinity between the inorganic filler and the polymer matrix, emphasising the substantial impact of TEOS concentration on the size and morphology of silica nanoparticles in the final composites. The successful functionalisation of cellulose fibres with the TEOS precursor via the sol-gel method was reported, resulting in reduced water uptake and enhanced mechanical strength due to the strong chemical interaction between silica and cellulose. In research conducted by Feng et al., the silica/cellulose composite exhibited reduced weight loss compared to the pristine cellulose matrix, with the integration of silica leading to an elevated temperature of composite degradation. Additionally, Ahmad et al. investigated the effects of silica addition to cellulose acetate (CA) and polyethylene glycol membranes, noting an increase in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break with silica incorporation. However, concentrations exceeding 4% (w/v) resulted in significant phase separations, leading to a decline in mechanical properties.

Brake Fluid Condition Monitoring by a Fiber Optic Sensor Using Silica Nanomaterials as Sensing Components

In the automotive industry, there has been considerable focus on developing various sensors for engine oil monitoring. However, when it comes to monitoring the condition of brake fluid, which is crucial for ensuring safety, there has been a lack of a secure online method for this monitoring. This study addresses this gap by developing a hybrid silica nanofiber mat, or an aerogel integrated with an optical fiber sensor, to monitor brake fluid condition. The incorporation of silica nanofibers in this hybrid enhances the sensitivity of the optical fiber glass surface by at least 3.75 times. Furthermore, creating an air gap between the glass surface of the optical fiber and the nanofibers boosts sensitivity by at least 5 times, achieving a better correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98). In the case of silica aerogel, the sensitivity is enhanced by 10 times, but this enhancement relies on the presence of the established air gap. The air gap was adjusted to range from 0.5 mm to 1 mm, without any significant change in the measurement within this range. The response time of the developed sensor is a minimum of 15 min. The sensing material is irreversible and has a diameter of 2.5 mm, making it easily replaceable. Overall, the sensor demonstrates strong repeatability, with approximately 90% consistency, and maintains uncertainty levels below 5% across specific ranges: from 3% to 6% for silica aerogel and from 5% to 6% for silica nanofibers in the presence of an air gap. These findings hold promise for integrating such an optical fiber sensor into a car's electronic system, enabling the direct online monitoring of brake fluid quality. Additionally, the study elucidates the effect of water absorption on the refractive index of brake fluid, as well as on the silica nanomaterials.

Synthesis of pure and doped nano-calcium phosphates using different conventional methods for biomedical applications: a review

The applications of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (alpha and beta), fluorapatite, di-calcium phosphate anhydrous, and amorphous calcium-phosphate) are increasing day by day. Calcium hydroxyapatite, commonly known as hydroxyapatite (HAp), represents a mineral form of calcium apatite. Owing to its close molecular resemblance to the mineral constituents of bones, teeth, and hard tissues, HAp is often employed in the biomedical domain. In addition, it is extensively employed in various sectors such as the remediation of water, air, and soil pollution. The key advantage of HAp lies in its potential to accommodate a wide variety of anionic and cationic substitutions. Nevertheless, HAp and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) syntheses typically involve the use of chemical precursors containing calcium and phosphorus sources and employ diverse techniques, such as solid-state, wet, and thermal methods or a combination of these processes. Researchers are increasingly favoring natural sources such as bio-waste (eggshells, oyster shells, animal bones, fish scales, etc.) as viable options for synthesizing HAp. Interestingly, the synthesis route significantly influences the morphology, size, and crystalline phase of calcium phosphates. In this review paper, we highlight both dry and wet methods, which include six commonly used synthesis methods (i.e. solid-state, mechano-chemical, wet-chemical precipitation, hydrolysis, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods) coupled with the variation in source materials and their influence in modifying the structural morphology from a bulky state to nanoscale to explore the applications of multifunctional calcium phosphates in different formats.

Silica nanoparticles in medicine: overcoming pathologies through advanced drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies

Over the last decades, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been studied for their applications in biomedicine as an alternative used for conventional diagnostics and treatments. Since their properties can be modified and adjusted for the desired use, they have many different potential applications in medicine: they can be used in diagnosis because of their ability to be loaded with dyes and their increased selectivity and sensitivity, which can improve the quality of the diagnostic process. SiNPs can be functionalized by targeting ligands or molecules to detect certain cellular processes or biomarkers with better precision. Targeted delivery is another fundamental use of SiNPs. They could be used as drug delivery systems (DDS) since their structure allows the loading of therapeutic agents or other compounds, and studies have demonstrated their biocompatibility. When SiNPs are used as DDS, the drug's toxicity and the off-target effects are reduced significantly, and they can be used to treat conditions like cancer and neurological diseases and even aid in regenerative processes, such as wound healing or bone repair. However, safety concerns must be considered before SiNPs can be used extensively in clinical practice because NPs can cause toxicity in certain conditions and accumulate at undesired locations. Therefore, an overview of the potential applications that SiNPs could have in medicine, as well as their safety concerns, will be covered in this review paper.

Silica nanoparticles enhance the cyto- and hemocompatibility of a multilayered extracellular matrix scaffold for vascular tissue regeneration

PURPOSE

The limited availability of autologous vessels for vascular bypass surgeries is a major roadblock to treating severe cardiovascular diseases. Based on this clinical priority, our group has developed a novel engineered vascular graft by rolling human amniotic membranes into multilayered extracellular matrixes (ECM). When treated with silica nanoparticles (SiNP), these rolled scaffolds showed a significant improvement in their structural and mechanical properties, matching those from gold standard autologous grafts. However, it remained to be determined how cells respond to SiNP-treated materials. As a first step toward understanding the biocompatibility of SiNP-dosed biomaterials, we aimed to assess how endothelial cells and blood components interact with SiNP-treated ECM scaffolds.

METHODS

To test this, we used established in vitro assays to study SiNP and SiNP-treated scaffolds' cyto and hemocompatibility.

RESULTS

Our results showed that SiNP effects on cells were concentration-dependent with no adverse effects observed up to 10 μg/ml of SiNP, with higher concentrations inducing cytotoxic and hemolytic responses. The SiNP also enhanced the scaffold's hydrophobicity state, a feature known to inhibit platelet and immune cell adhesion. Accordingly, SiNP-treated scaffolds were also shown to support endothelial cell growth while preventing platelet and leukocyte adhesion.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the addition of SiNP to human amniotic membrane extracellular matrixes improves the cyto- and hemocompatibility of rolled scaffolds and highlights this strategy as a robust mechanism to stabilize layered collagen scaffolds for vascular tissue regeneration.

NIR-Emitting Gold Nanoclusters Encapsulated in PS-b-PEG Polymer Micelles

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are an emerging type of luminescent probe, featuring good biocompatibility, high photostability, and large Stoke shifts. Their lack of colloidal stability is, however, a drawback for many applications. Here, we report the stabilization of AuNCs emitting in the NIR by a thiol-terminated polystyrene chain (Mn = 5000 g mol-1). The optical properties of this nanocomposite remain invariant for 2 years in THF. To use the PS5k-AuNCs in an aqueous environment, these were encapsulated into polymer micelles using a polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer. The resulting hierarchical constructs, with diameters of ca. 125 to 215 nm, have promising properties for applications as luminescent probes such as contrast agents for biomedical imaging.

Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Silica-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles from Lanthanide Oxides or Nitrates Using Co-Precipitation and Sol-Gel Methods

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are under consideration for their use as bioimaging probes with enhanced optical performance for real time follow-up under non-invasive conditions. Photostable and core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+-SiO2 UCNPs obtained by a novel and simple co-precipitation method from lanthanide nitrates or oxides were herein synthesized for the first time. The sol-gel Stöber method followed by oven or supercritical gel drying was used to confer biocompatible surface properties to UCNPs by the formation of an ultrathin silica coating. Upconversion (UC) spectra were studied to evaluate the fluorescence of UCNPs upon red/near infrared (NIR) irradiation. ζ-potential measurements, TEM analyses, XRD patterns and long-term physicochemical stability were also assessed and confirmed that the UCNPs co-precipitation synthesis is a shape- and phase-controlling approach. The bio- and hemocompatibility of the UCNPs formulation with the highest fluorescence intensity was evaluated with murine fibroblasts and human blood, respectively, and provided excellent results that endorse the efficacy of the silica gel coating. The herein synthesized UCNPs can be regarded as efficient fluorescent probes for bioimaging purposes with the high luminescence, physicochemical stability and biocompatibility required for biomedical applications.

Development of Photonic Multi-Sensing Systems Based on Molecular Gates Biorecognition and Plasmonic Sensors: The PHOTONGATE Project

This paper presents the concept of a novel adaptable sensing solution currently being developed under the EU Commission-founded PHOTONGATE project. This concept will allow for the quantification of multiple analytes of the same or different nature (chemicals, metals, bacteria, etc.) in a single test with levels of sensitivity and selectivity at/or over those offered by current solutions. PHOTONGATE relies on two core technologies: a biochemical technology (molecular gates), which will confer the specificity and, therefore, the capability to be adaptable to the analyte of interest, and which, combined with porous substrates, will increase the sensitivity, and a photonic technology based on localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) structures that serve as transducers for light interaction. Both technologies are in the micron range, facilitating the integration of multiple sensors within a small area (mm2). The concept will be developed for its application in health diagnosis and food safety sectors. It is thought of as an easy-to-use modular concept, which will consist of the sensing module, mainly of a microfluidics cartridge that will house the photonic sensor, and a platform for fluidic handling, optical interrogation, and signal processing. The platform will include a new optical concept, which is fully European Union Made, avoiding optical fibers and expensive optical components.

Effects and mechanisms of anion and cation on the gelation of nanosilica sol by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation: promotion or inhibition?

Nanosilica sol (NSS) is prone to gelation due to the condensation of silicon hydroxyl at normal temperature and pressure, which is further exacerbated by the addition of electrolytes during production. Therefore, the effects of ions and the mechanism of gelation of NSS are crucial for its stability. Herein, all-atom molecular dynamics (AAMD) was carried out to explore the effects and mechanisms of cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-) on the sol-gel transition. Results indicated that highly electrophilic cations (e.g., Ca2+) and anions with slightly stronger nucleophilicity than Si(OH)3O- (e.g., NO3-) could inhibit gelation by preventing Si(OH)4 and Si(OH)3O- from approaching the silica surface. Such inhibition is more pronounced in NSS with larger particle sizes. Our findings offer some critical insights into the effects of ions on the gel stability of NSS, which also contributes significantly to screening suitable electrolytes for the production of NSS.

Unlocking cellular barriers: silica nanoparticles and fullerenol conjugated cell-penetrating agents for enhanced intracellular drug delivery

The limited delivery of cargoes at the cellular level is a significant challenge for therapeutic strategies due to the presence of numerous biological barriers. By immobilizing the Buforin II (BUF-II) peptide and the OmpA protein on magnetite nanoparticles, a new family of cell-penetrating nanobioconjugates was developed in a previous study. We propose in this study to extend this strategy to silica nanoparticles (SNPs) and silanized fullerenol (F) as nanostructured supports for conjugating these potent cell-penetrating agents. The same molecule conjugated to distinct nanomaterials may interact with subcellular compartments differently. On the obtained nanobioconjugates (OmpA-SNPs, BUF-II-PEG12-SNPs, OmpA-F, and BUF-II-PEG12-F), physicochemical characterization was performed to evaluate their properties and confirm the conjugation of these translocating agents on the nanomaterials. The biocompatibility, toxicity, and internalization capacity of nanobioconjugates in Vero cells and THP-1 cells were evaluated in vitro. Nanobioconjugates had a high internalization capacity in these cells without affecting their viability, according to the findings. In addition, the nanobioconjugates exhibited negligible hemolytic activity and a low tendency to induce platelet aggregation. In addition, the nanobioconjugates exhibited distinct intracellular trafficking and endosomal escape behavior in these cell lines, indicating their potential for addressing the challenges of cytoplasmic drug delivery and the development of therapeutics for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases. This study presents an innovative strategy for conjugating cell-penetrating agents using silica nanoparticles and silanized fullerenol as nanostructured supports, which has the potential to enhance the efficacy of cellular drug delivery.

Amorphization of Ethenzamide and Ethenzamide Cocrystals-A Case Study of Single and Binary Systems Forming Low-Melting Eutectic Phases Loaded on/in Silica Gel

The applicability of different solvent-free approaches leading to the amorphization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was tested. Ethenzamide (ET), an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, and two ethenzamide cocrystals with glutaric acid (GLU) and ethyl malonic acid (EMA) as coformers were used as pharmaceutical models. Calcinated and thermally untreated silica gel was applied as an amorphous reagent. Three methods were used to prepare the samples: manual physical mixing, melting, and grinding in a ball mill. The ET:GLU and ET:EMA cocrystals forming low-melting eutectic phases were selected as the best candidates for testing amorphization by thermal treatment. The progress and degree of amorphousness were determined using instrumental techniques: solid-state NMR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. In each case, the API amorphization was complete and the process was irreversible. A comparative analysis of the dissolution profiles showed that the dissolution kinetics for each sample are significantly different. The nature and mechanism of this distinction are discussed.

Daylight Photoactive TiO2 Sol-Gel Nanoparticles: Sustainable Environmental Contribution

Visible-light-photoactive titania micro- or nanoparticles excel in a wide range of industrial areas, particularly in environmental remediation. The sol-gel methodology is one pivotal technique which has been successfully used to synthesize either crystalline and amorphous TiO₂ micro- and nanoparticles due to its outstanding chemical simplicity and versatility, along with the green chemistry approach. This short review aims to collect and discuss the most recent developments in visible-light-photoactive titania-based nanoparticles in the environmental remediation area. Titania co-doping, titania composite design, and, recently, amorphous networks have been the most used strategies to address this goal. Finally, a prediction regarding the future of these fields is given.

Cooperative Functionalities in Porous Nanoparticles for Seeking Extracellular DNA and Targeting Pathogenic Biofilms via Photodynamic Therapy

Many pathogenic bacteria are getting more and more resistant against antibiotic treatment and even become up to 1.000× times more resilient in the form of a mature biofilm. Thus, one is currently prospecting for alternative methods for treating microbial infections, and photodynamic therapy is a highly promising approach by creating so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a photosensitizer (PS) upon irradiation with light. Unfortunately, the unspecific activity of ROS is also problematic as they are harmful to healthy tissue as well. Notably, one knows that uncontrolled existence of ROS in the body plays a major role in the development of cancer. These arguments create need for advanced theranostic materials which are capable of autonomous targeting and detecting the existence of a biofilm, followed by specific activation to combat the infection. The focus of this contribution is on mesoporous organosilica colloids functionalized by orthogonal and localized click-chemistry methods. The external zone of the particles is modified by a dye of the Hoechst family. The particles readily enter a mature biofilm where adduct formation with extracellular DNA and a resulting change in the fluorescence signal occurs, but they cannot cross cellular membranes such as in healthy tissue. A different dye suitable for photochemical ROS generation, Acridine Orange, is covalently linked to the surfaces of the internal mesopores. The spectral overlap between the emission of Hoechst with the absorption band of Acridine Orange facilitates energy transfer by Förster resonance with up to 88% efficiency. The theranostic properties of the materials including viability studies were investigated in vitro on mature biofilms formed by Pseudomonas fluorescens and prove the high efficacy.

Synthesis of gold decorated silica nanoparticles and their photothermal properties

Silica-Gold Nanostructures (SGNs), composed of a silica core decorated by gold nanoparticles, have the photothermal capacity to transform near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths into heat. This work presents a simple, efficient, and replicable method of synthesis of SGNs and their characterization by: (1) transmission electron microscopy to obtain micrographs of the particles and their corresponding diameter distribution; (2) diffraction patterns showing the amorphous atomic arraignment of the silica and the crystalline atomic arrangement of the gold nanoparticles; (3) zeta potential confirming the stability of the SGNs in a colloidal solution; and (4) thermal images displaying the capacity of SGNs to convert NIR irradiation into heat and their respective increment in temperature. SGNs were synthesized over silica cores with diameters of 63, 83, and 132 nm and decorated with a partial gold shell. They were heated with a coherent light intensity of 340 mW/cm² with a wavelength of 852 nm. This wavelength is within the range of the optical window of the human body; therefore, SGNs may be used for the photothermal ablation of tumors with no damage to the tissue. The heating of different dimensions of SGNs took 6-8 min of NIR radiation, and their cooling, once the laser was turned off, was in the order of 2-3 min. It was found that SGNs, with a core diameter of 132 nm, have a notable photothermal capacity. That enables them to increase the temperature of their surroundings by 4.4 ºC. This increment in temperature is sufficient to induce cellular necrosis, which makes SGNs a good option for photothermal treatments.

Dual Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties of Silica-Based Theranostic Nanomaterials Functionalized with Coumarin343, Folic Acid and a Cytotoxic Organotin(IV) Metallodrug

Five different silica nanoparticles functionalized with vitamin B12, a derivative of coumarin found in green plants and a minimum content of an organotin(IV) fragment (1-MSN-Sn, 2-MSN-Sn, 2-SBA-Sn, 2-FSPm-Sn and 2-FSPs-Sn), were identified as excellent anticancer agents against triple negative breast cancer, one of the most diagnosed and aggressive cancerous tumors, with very poor prognosis. Notably, compound 2-MSN-Sn shows selectivity for cancer cells and excellent luminescent properties detectable by imaging techniques once internalized. The same compound is also able to interact with and nearly eradicate biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, the most common bacteria isolated from chronic wounds and burns, whose treatment is a clinical challenge. 2-MSN-Sn is efficiently internalized by bacteria in a biofilm state and destroys the latter through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Its internalization by bacteria was also efficiently monitored by fluorescence imaging. Since silica nanoparticles are particularly suitable for oral or topical administration, and considering both its anticancer and antibacterial activity, 2-MSN-Sn represents a new dual-condition theranostic agent, based primarily on natural products or their derivatives and with only a minimum amount of a novel metallodrug.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporated with Ir(III) complexes: From photophysics to photodynamic therapy

Organically modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing Ir complexes (Ir1, Ir2 and Ir3) were successfully synthesized. These Ir-entrapped MCM41-COOH nanoparticles have shown relevant photophysical characteristics including high efficiency in the photoproduction and delivery of singlet oxygen (¹O₂), which is particularly promising for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. In vitro tests have evidenced that complex@MCM41-COOH are able to reduce cell proliferation after 10 min of blue-light irradiation in Hep-G2 liver cancer cells.

Mechanisms of Metallic Nanomaterials to Induce an Antibacterial Effect

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, are becoming resistant to most existing drugs, which increases the failure of pharmacologic treatment. Therefore, new nanomaterials were studied to spearhead improvement against the same resistant pathogenic bacteria. This has increased the mortality in the world population, principally in under-developed countries. Moreover, recently there has been research to find new drug formulations to kill the most dangerous microorganisms, such as bacteria cells which should avoid the spread of disease. Therefore, lately, investigations have been focusing on nanomaterials because they can exhibit the capacity to show an antibacterial effect. These studies have been trying oriented in their ability to produce an improvement to get antibacterial damage against the same pathogenic bacteria resistance. However, there are many problems with the use of nanoparticles. One of them is understanding how they act against bacteria, "their mechanism(s) action" to induce reduction or even kill the bacterial strains. Therefore, it is essential to understand the specific mechanism(s) of each nanomaterial used to observe the interaction between bacteria cells and nanoparticles. In addition, since nanoparticles can be functionalized with different antibacterial drugs, it is necessary to consider and distinguish the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles from the antibacterial activity of the drugs to avoid confusion about how the nanoparticles work. Knowledge of these differences can help better understand the applications of the primary nanoparticles (i.e., Ag, Au, CuO, ZnO, and TiO², among others) described in detail in this review which are toxic against various bacterial strains.

Novel lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with thymoquinone formulation to increase its bioavailability in the brain and organs of Wistar rats

AIMS

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a filter for most medications and blocks their passage into the brain. More effective drug delivery strategies are urgently needed to transport medications into the brain. This study investigated the biodistribution of thymoquinone (TQ) and the effect on enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress indicators in different brain regions, either in free form or incorporated into nanocarriers as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Lipid bilayer-coated MSNs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MSNs and LB-MSNs were synthesized and characterized using a transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering to determine the particle size and zeta potential. TQ encapsulation efficiency and TQ's release profile from LB-MSNs were also examined. The impact of loading LB-MSNs with TQ-on-TQ delivery to different brain areas was examined using chromatographic measurement. Furthermore, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione, and catalase were evaluated as oxidant and antioxidant stress biomarkers.

KEY FINDINGS

The LB-MSNs formulation successfully transported TQ to several areas of the brain, liver, and kidney, revealing a considerable increase in TQ delivery in the thalamus (81.74%) compared with that in the free TQ group and a considerable reduction in the cortex (-44%). The LB-MSNs formulation had no significant effect on TQ delivery in the cerebellum, striatum, liver, and kidney.

SIGNIFICANCE

TQ was redistributed in different brain areas after being encapsulated in LB-MSNs, indicating that LB-MSNs have the potential to be developed as a drug delivery system for selective clinical application of specific brain regions.

CONCLUSIONS

LB-MSNs are capable nanoplatforms that can be used to target medications precisely to specific brain regions.

A review on the latest developments of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a promising platform for diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Cancer is the second cause of human mortality after cardiovascular disease around the globe. Conventional cancer therapies are chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In fact, due to the lack of absolute specificity and high drug concentrations, early recognition and treatment of cancer with conventional approaches have become challenging issues in the world. To mitigate against the limitations of conventional cancer chemotherapy, nanomaterials have been developed. Nanomaterials exhibit particular properties that can overcome the drawbacks of conventional therapies such as lack of specificity, high drug concentrations, and adverse drug reactions. Among nanocarriers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have gained increasing attention due to their well-defined pore size and structure, high surface area, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, ease of surface modification, and stable aqueous dispersions. This review highlights the current progress with the use of MSNs for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Various stimuli-responsive gatekeepers, which endow the MSNs with on-demand drug delivery, surface modification strategies for targeting purposes, and multifunctional MSNs utilized in drug delivery systems (DDSs) are also addressed. Also, the capability of MSNs as flexible imaging platforms is considered. In addition, physicochemical attributes of MSNs and their effects on cancer therapy with a particular focus on recent studies is emphasized. Moreover, major challenges to the use of MSNs for cancer therapy, biosafety and cytotoxicity aspects of MSNs are discussed.

Silica nanoparticles: Biomedical applications and toxicity

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are composed of silicon dioxide, the most abundant compound on Earth, and are used widely in many applications including the food industry, synthetic processes, medical diagnosis, and drug delivery due to their controllable particle size, large surface area, and great biocompatibility. Building on basic synthetic methods, convenient and economical strategies have been developed for the synthesis of SiNPs. Numerous studies have assessed the biomedical applications of SiNPs, including the surface and structural modification of SiNPs to target various cancers and diagnose diseases. However, studies on the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of SiNPs remain in the exploratory stage, and the toxicity mechanisms of SiNPs are poorly understood. This review covers recent studies on the biomedical applications of SiNPs, including their uses in drug delivery systems to diagnose and treat various diseases in the human body. SiNP toxicity is discussed in terms of the different systems of the human body and the individual organs in those systems. This comprehensive review includes both fundamental discoveries and exploratory progress in SiNP research that may lead to practical developments in the future.

Gómez C, Pérez-Larios A. Study of the Interaction of Ti-Zn as a Mixed Oxide at Different pH Values Synthesized by the Sol-Gel Method and Its Antibacterial Properties

TiO2, ZnO, and their combination (TiO2−ZnO) at different molar ratios and pH values (Ti−Zn A and B 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) via the sol−gel method were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, and FT-IR. Moreover, antibacterial tests of the nanoparticles were conducted against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella paratyphi (S. paratyphi), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The indirect bandgap of the Ti−Zn binary oxide synthesized in the basic process at molar ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 exhibited a higher eV (3.31, 3.30, and 3.19 eV, respectively) compared to pure TiO2 (3.2 eV) and synthesized in the acid process (3.22, 3.29, and 3.19 eV at same molar ratio, respectively); in addition, the results of the indirect bandgap were interesting due to a difference found by other authors. Moreover, the sol−gel method promoted the formation of a spherical, semi-sphere, and semi-hexagonal shape (TiO2, Ti−Zn 1:1, and Ti−Zn 1:3) with a size ≤ 150 nm synthesized during the acid process, with a crystallite size of ~71, ~12, ~34, and ~21 nm, respectively, while ZnO NPs developed a hexagonal and large size (200−800 nm) under the same synthesis process (acid). Samples were classified as TiO2 anatase phase (basic synthesis); however, the presented changes developed in the rutile phase (24% rutile phase) at an acid pH during the synthesis process. Moreover, Ti−Zn maintained the anatase phase even with a molar ratio of 1:3. The most interesting assessment was the antibacterial test; the Ti−Zn A (1:3) demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect compared with all treatments except ZnO, which showed a similar effect in dark conditions, and only Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible (Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus). Therefore, the Ti−Zn characteristic suggests that the results have potential in treating wastewater as well as in pharmaceutical (as drug carriers) and medical applications.

Optimization of mirtazapine loaded into mesoporous silica nanostructures via Box-Behnken design: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo assessment

Employment of mesoporous silica nanostructures (MSNs) in the drug delivery field has shown a significant potential for improving the oral delivery of active pharmaceutical products with low solubility in water. Mirtazapine (MRT) is a tetracyclic antidepressant with poor water solubility (BCS Class II), which was recently approved as a potent drug used to treat severe depression. The principle of this research is to optimize the incorporation of Mirtazapine into MSNs to improve its aqueous solubility, loading efficiency, release performance, and subsequent bioavailability. The formulation was optimized by using of Box-Behnken Design, which allows simultaneous estimation of the impact of different types of silica (SBA-15, MCM-41, and Aluminate-MCM-41), a different drug to silica ratios (33.33%, 49.99%, and 66.66%), and different drug loading procedures (Incipient wetness, solvent evaporation, and solvent impregnation) on the MRT loading efficiency, aqueous solubility and dissolution rate. The optimized formula was achieved by loading MRT into SBA-15 at 33.33% drug ratio prepared by the incipient wetness method, which displayed a loading efficiency of 104.05%, water solubility of 0.2 mg/ml, and 100% dissolution rate after 30 min. The pharmacokinetic profile of the optimized formula was obtained by conducting the in-vivo study in rabbits which showed a marked improvement (2.14-fold) in oral bioavailability greater than plain MRT. The physicochemical parameters and morphology of the optimized formula were characterized by; gas adsorption manometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD).

Structural Rearrangements of Carbonic Anhydrase Entrapped in Sol-Gel Magnetite Determined by ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy

Enzymatically active nanocomposites are a perspective class of bioactive materials that finds their application in numerous fields of science and technology ranging from biosensors and therapeutic agents to industrial catalysts. Key properties of such systems are their stability and activity under various conditions, the problems that are addressed in any research devoted to this class of materials. Understanding the principles that govern these properties is critical to the development of the field, especially when it comes to a new class of bioactive systems. Recently, a new class of enzymatically doped magnetite-based sol-gel systems emerged and paved the way for a variety of potent bioactive magnetic materials with improved thermal stability. Such systems already showed themself as perspective industrial and therapeutic agents, but are still under intense investigation and many aspects are still unclear. Here we made a first attempt to describe the interaction of biomolecules with magnetite-based sol-gel materials and to investigate facets of protein structure rearrangements occurring within the pores of magnetite sol-gel matrix using ATR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Recent progress in the applications of silica-based nanoparticles

Functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have attracted great attention due to their promising distinctive, versatile, and privileged physiochemical characteristics. These enhanced properties make this type of functionalized nanoparticles particularly appropriate for different applications. A lack of reviews that summarizes the fabrications of such nanomaterials and their different applications in the same work has been observed in the literature. Therefore, in this work, we will discuss the recent signs of progress in the fabrication of functionalized silica nanoparticles and their attractive applications that have been extensively highlighted (advanced catalysis, drug-delivery, biomedical applications, environmental remediation applications, and wastewater treatment). These applications have been selected for demonstrating the role of the surface modification step on the various properties of the silica surface. In addition, the current challenges in the applications of functionalized silica nanoparticles and corresponding strategies to discuss these issues and future perspectives for additional improvement have been addressed.

Application of Sol–Gels Modified with Natural Plants Extracts as Stationary Phases in Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography

Ethanol extracts of three widely growing plants were added to silica sol–gel solutions, which were subsequently applied as wall surface modifiers in inner quartz capillaries. Modified capillaries were used for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of nucleotides and amino groups containing biological compounds (neurotransmitters, amino acids and oligopeptides). The experiments were performed at physiological pH 7.40, and eventual changes of effective mobilities were calculated. Specific compounds characteristic for each plant were tested as sol–gel additives as well, and thus-modified capillaries were used for the separations of the same analytes under identical conditions. The aim of this study was to find out possible interactions between physiological compounds and extracts of freely available plants anchorded in the sol-gel stationary phase in the flowing system. Even though the amount of the modifier in each capillary is very small, basic statistical evaluation showed some not negligible changes in effective mobility of tested analytes. These changes were bigger than ±5% for separations of nucleotides in capillaries with curcuma, Moringa or the mixture of synthetic additives as the sol-gel aditive, and for separations of amino compounds where these changes varying by additive, analyte by analyte.

Multifunctional Role of Silica in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Due to the high surface area, adjustable surface and pore structures, and excellent biocompatibility, nano- and micro-sized silica have certainly attracted the attention of many researchers in the medical fields. This review focuses on the multifunctional roles of silica in different pharmaceutical formulations including solid preparations, liquid drugs, and advanced drug delivery systems. For traditional solid preparations, it can improve compactibility and flowability, promote disintegration, adjust hygroscopicity, and prevent excessive adhesion. As for liquid drugs and preparations, like volatile oil, ethers, vitamins, and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, silica with adjustable pore structures is a good adsorbent for solidification. Also, silica with various particle sizes, surface characteristics, pore structure, and surface modification controlled by different synthesis methods has gained wide attention owing to its unparalleled advantages for drug delivery and disease diagnosis. We also collate the latest pharmaceutical applications of silica sorted out by formulations. Finally, we point out the thorny issues for application and survey future trends pertaining to silica in an effort to provide a comprehensive overview of its future development in the medical fields. Graphical Abstract.

Skin interaction, permeation, and toxicity of silica nanoparticles: Challenges and recent therapeutic and cosmetic advances

Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) received more attention with the emergence of nanotechnology with the aim and promise of becoming innovative drug delivery systems. They have been fulfilling this objective with excellence and nowadays they play a central role in biomedical applications. New SNPs application routes are being explored such as the epidermal, dermal, and transdermal routes. With that, novel models of synthesis, functionalization, and applications constantly appear. However, it is essential that such innovations are accompanied by in-depth studies on permeation, biodistribution, metabolization, and elimination of the generated by-products. Such studies are still incipient, if not rare. This article reviews significant findings on SNPs and their skin interactions. An extensive literature review on SNPs synthesis and functionalization methodologies was performed, as well as on the skin characteristics, skin permeation mechanisms, and in vivo toxicity assessments. Furthermore, studies of the past 5 years on the main therapeutic and cosmetic products employing SNPs, with greater emphasis on in vivo and ex vivo studies were included.

Electrode Kinetics of Ion Jelly and Ion Sol-Gel Redox Materials on Screen-Printed Electrodes

Several hydrogel materials have been proposed for drug delivery systems and other purposes as interfacial materials, such as components for fuel cells and immobilization of biomolecules. In the present work, two materials, an ion sol-gel, based on 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and an ion jelly (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate) film deposited on carbon screen-printed electrodes, were electrochemically characterized. The electrode kinetics of ion jelly and ion sol-gel materials were compared by using ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox reaction couple as a model redox process. Diffusion coefficients were calculated and compared to those obtained with the model redox couple in non-modified electrodes. Results pointed to a decrease of two and four orders of magnitude in the diffusion coefficients, respectively, for ion jelly and ion sol-gel film modified electrodes. Heterogeneous electron transfer constants for the ferrocyanide/ferricyanide ion redox process were also determined for modified and non-modified electrodes, in which the ion sol-gel film modified electrode presented the lower values. This work sought to contribute to the understanding of these materials’ properties, with emphasis on their diffusion, conductivity, and electrochemical behavior, namely reversibility, transfer coefficients, and kinetics, and optimize the most suitable properties for different possible applications, such as drug delivery.

Effects of synthesis conditions and release medium pH on release properties of acyclovir - mercaptopropyl modified silica composite

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prospect of use of mercaptopropyl modified silica as a platform for development of new oral formulation of antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) which is able to control release of the drug irrespective of release medium pH.

METHODS

The composites of ACV with mercaptopropyl modified silica were synthesized using sol-gel technology under different conditions (synthesis pH, drug loading). The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry methods. The effects of the synthesis conditions on physicochemical properties of the prepared composites and their release properties were studied.

RESULTS

The sol-gel synthesis conditions and release medium pH influence significantly release properties of the composites. The influence was explained by contributions of different factors, such as the drug-silica interactions in the composites, structure of the silica matrix and its stability in release media, hydrophobic nature of ACV, its pH-dependent solubility. It was found that all the synthesized composites followed the zero-order kinetics which is controlled by anomalous diffusion.

CONCLUSION

The studies showed that the composites exhibited controlled release of ACV up to 80 h.However, the release properties of the drug depend significantly on pH of release medium, i.e. the release properties (the release rate, the amount of released ACV) will change during transition of the composites through various segments of GIT. Therefore, the synthesized composites are not a promising basis for development of new oral dosage form of ACV.

Medicinal Cannabis Pharmacokinetics and Potential Methods of Delivery

The evidence of cannabis exhibiting polypharmacological properties has been accumulating for the past few decades, particularly for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory abilities. However, inconsistent dosage forms and erratic absorption levels prevent medicinal cannabis products from becoming mainstream recommendations for pain management. Current cannabis products fail to address the undesirable characteristics associated with cannabinoids such as low solubility, poor bioavailability, and lack of specificity, all of which contribute to low therapeutic effect. In this narrative view, the pharmacokinetics of cannabis products and possible methods of drug delivery, in the form of carrier systems, will be explored. The incorporation of cannabinoids into carrier systems provides an opportunity to improve absorption levels, increase bioavailability and reduce adverse events allowing for a greater therapeutic effect.

Novel Cellulose Acetate-Based Monophasic Hybrid Membranes for Improved Blood Purification Devices: Characterization under Dynamic Conditions

A novel cellulose acetate-based monophasic hybrid skinned amine-functionalized CA-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 membrane was synthesized using an innovative method which combines the phase inversion and sol-gel techniques. Morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical composition was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR). The characterization of the monophasic hybrid CA-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 membrane in terms of permeation properties was carried out in an in-house-built single hemodialysis membrane module (SHDMM) under dynamic conditions. Permeation experiments were performed to determine the hydraulic permeability (Lp), molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and the rejection coefficients to urea, creatinine, uric acid, and albumin. SEM confirmed the existence of a very thin (<1 µm) top dense layer and a much thicker bottom porous surface, and ATR-FTIR showed the main bands belonging to the CA-based membranes. Permeation studies revealed that the Lp and MWCO of the CA-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 membrane were 66.61 kg·h-1·m-2·bar-1 and 24.5 kDa, respectively, and that the Lp was 1.8 times higher compared to a pure CA membrane. Furthermore, the CA-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 membrane fully permeated urea, creatinine, and uric acid while completely retaining albumin. Long-term filtration studies of albumin solutions indicated that fouling does not occur at the surface of the CA-SiO2-(CH2)3NH2 membrane.

Improving Curcumin Bioavailability: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives

Curcumin possesses a plethora of interesting pharmacological effects. Unfortunately, it is also characterized by problematic drug delivery and scarce bioavailability, representing the main problem related to the use of this compound. Poor absorption, fast metabolism, and rapid systemic clearance are the most important factors contributing to low curcumin levels in plasma and tissues. Accordingly, to overcome these issues, numerous strategies have been proposed and are investigated in this article. Due to advances in the drug delivery field, we describe here the most promising strategies for increasing curcumin bioavailability, including the use of adjuvant, complexed/encapsulated curcumin, specific curcumin formulations, and curcumin nanoparticles. We analyze current strategies, already available in the market, and the most advanced technologies that can offer a future perspective for effective curcumin formulations. We focus the attention on the effectiveness of curcumin-based formulations in clinical trials, providing a comprehensive summary. Clinical trial results, employing various delivery methods for curcumin, showed that improved bioavailability corresponds to increased therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, advances in the field of nanoparticles hold great promise for developing curcumin-based complexes as effective therapeutic agents. Summarizing, suitable delivery methods for this polyphenol will ensure the possibility of using curcumin-derived formulations in clinical practice as preventive and disease-modifying therapeutics.

Smart Shockwave Responsive Titania-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment

Nanomedicine is an emerging treatment approach for many cancers, characterized by having high sensitivity and selectivity for tumor cells and minimal toxic effects induced by the conventional chemotherapeutics. In these context, smart nanoparticles (NPs) are getting increasingly relevant in the development of new therapies. NPs with specific chemical composition and/or structure and being stimuli-responsive to magnetic, light or ultrasound waves are new promising tools. In the present work, amorphous-titania propyl-amine functionalized (a-TiO₂-NH₂) NPs, coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), are stimulated with high energy shock waves to induce cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. First, a new method to coat a-TiO₂-NH₂ NPs with BSA (a-TiO₂-NH₂/BSA) was proposed, allowing for a high dispersion and colloidal stability in a cell culture media. The a-TiO₂-NH₂/BSA NPs showed no cancer cell cytotoxicity. In a second step, the use of shock waves to stimulate a-TiO₂-NH₂/BSA NPs, was evaluated and optimized. A systematic study was performed in in vitro cell culture aiming to impair the cancer cell viability: NP concentrations, time steps and single versus multiple shock waves treatments were studied. The obtained results highlighted the relevance of NPs design and administration time point with respect to the shock wave treatment and allow to hypothesize mechanical damages to cells.

Physicochemical Characterization and Drug Release Properties of Methyl-Substituted Silica Xerogels Made Using Sol-Gel Process

In this work, a multi-analytical approach involving nitrogen porosimetry, small angle neutron and X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and electron microscopy was applied to organically modified silica-based xerogels obtained through the sol-gel process. Starting from a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) precursor, methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) was added to the reaction mixture at two different pH values (2.0 and 4.5) producing hybrid xerogels with different TEOS/MTES molar ratios. Significant differences in the structure were revealed in terms of the chemical composition of the silica network, hydrophilic/hydrophobic profile, particle dimension, pore shape/size and surface characteristics. The combined use of structural characterization methods allowed us to reveal a relation between the cavity dimensions, the synthesis pH value and the grade of methyl substitution. The effect of the structural properties on the controlled Captopril release efficiency has also been tested. This knowledge facilitates tailoring the pore network for specific usage in biological/medical applications. Knowledge on structural aspects, as reported in this work, represents a key starting point for the production of high-performance silica-based hybrid materials showing enhanced efficacy compared to bare silica prepared using only TEOS.

Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID)

Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. For the past 100 years, viral associated respiratory epidemics have been the most common cause of infectious disease worldwide. Due to several drawbacks of the current anti-viral treatments, such as drug resistance generation and non-targeting of viral proteins, the development of novel nanotherapeutic or nano-vaccine strategies can be considered essential. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections. Besides the specific physiological properties of the respiratory system, there is a significant demand for utilizing nano-designs in the production of vaccines or antiviral agents for airway-localized administration. SARS-CoV-2, as an immediate example of respiratory viruses, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. COVID-19 can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, similarly to other members of the coronaviridae. Hence, reviewing the current and past emerging nanotechnology-based medications on similar respiratory viral diseases can identify pathways towards generating novel SARS-CoV-2 nanotherapeutics and/or nano-vaccines.

The toxicity of SiO2 NPs on cell proliferation and cellular uptake of human lung fibroblastic cell line during the variation of calcination temperature and its modeling by artificial neural network

Less attention had been paid to cell toxicity of the various synthesis methods of nanoparticles, this study investigated the effect of the calcination temperature(CT) on the crystallization of SiO2 nanoparticles(NPs), cell proliferation(CP), and cellular uptake(CU) in MRC-5. In this study, parameters were adjusted as CT(70-1000 °C), calcination time(2, 12, and 24 h), and catalyst feed rate(0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mL.min1). CP was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) test after a 24-h exposure. The CU was achieved using ICP-MS. Results were analyzed using MATLAB2018. Results revealed that the size of synthesized particles was lower than 50 nm and, the XRD peak varied from 21 to 30° during the increase in CT. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of Si-O and Si-Cl bonds. The maximum level of crystallization was at 1000 °C. CP decreased with the rise in the concentration of NPs(p < 0.05), as well as an increase in feed rate. A positive relationship between increased crystallization and decreased CP(R = 0.78) was seen, while such a trend was not observed in calcination time. The suggested structure in this study was 4:10:1 with Rall = 0.97, Rtest = 0.97, RMSE = 0.25, and MSE = 0.003. Furthermore, the CU rate increased with the rise in CT and calcination time. The maximum and minimum CU levels were related to NPs calcinated in 1000 °C-24 h and 350 °C-2 h, respectively. As a consequence, the most toxicity of SiO2 NPs was related to the crystalline NP. Therefore, the increase in CT and the calcination time were significant factors affecting on crystallization of SiO2 NPs, CP of lung cell, as well as CU of SiO2.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-021-00663-4.

What Is Driving the Growth of Inorganic Glass in Smart Materials and Opto-Electronic Devices?

Inorganic glass is a transparent functional material and one of the few materials that keeps leading innovation. In the last decades, inorganic glass was integrated into opto-electronic devices such as optical fibers, semiconductors, solar cells, transparent photovoltaic devices, or photonic crystals and in smart materials applications such as environmental, pharmaceutical, and medical sensors, reinforcing its influence as an essential material and providing potential growth opportunities for the market. Moreover, inorganic glass is the only material that is 100% recyclable and can incorporate other industrial offscourings and/or residues to be used as raw materials. Over time, inorganic glass experienced an extensive range of fabrication techniques, from traditional melting-quenching (with an immense diversity of protocols) to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and wet chemistry routes as sol-gel and solvothermal processes. Additive manufacturing (AM) was recently added to the list. Bulks (3D), thin/thick films (2D), flexible glass (2D), powders (2D), fibers (1D), and nanoparticles (NPs) (0D) are examples of possible inorganic glass architectures able to integrate smart materials and opto-electronic devices, leading to added-value products in a wide range of markets. In this review, selected examples of inorganic glasses in areas such as: (i) magnetic glass materials, (ii) solar cells and transparent photovoltaic devices, (iii) photonic crystal, and (iv) smart materials are presented and discussed.

Cell behavior on silica-hydroxyapatite coaxial composite

Progress in the manufacture of scaffolds in tissue engineering lies in the successful combination of materials such as bioceramics having properties as porosity, biocompatibility, water retention, protein adsorption, mechanical strength and biomineralization. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a ceramic material with lots of potential in tissue regeneration, however, its structural characteristics need to be improved for better performance. In this study, silica-hydroxyapatite (SiO2-HA) non-woven ceramic electrospunned membranes were prepared through the sol-gel method. Infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and XRD confirmed the structure and composition of composite. The obtained SiO2-HA polymeric fibers had approximately 230±20 nm in diameter and were then sintered at 800°C average diameter decreased to 110±17 nm. Three configurations of the membranes were obtained and tested in vitro, showing that the composite of SiO2-HA fibers showed a high percentage of viability on a fibroblast cell line. It is concluded that the fibers of SiO2-HA set in a coaxial configuration may be helpful to develop materials for bone regeneration.

Sol-gel process: the inorganic approach in protein imprinting

Proteins play a central role in the signal transmission in living systems since they are able to recognize specific biomolecules acting as cellular receptors, antibodies or enzymes, being themselves recognized by other proteins in protein/protein interactions, or displaying epitopes suitable for antibody binding. In this context, the specific recognition of a given protein unlocks a range of interesting applications in diagnosis and in targeted therapies. Obviously, this role is already fulfilled by antibodies with unquestionable success. However, the design of synthetic artificial systems able to endorse this role is still challenging with a special interest to overcome limitations of antibodies, in particular their production and their stability. Molecular Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are attractive recognition systems which could be an alternative for the specific capture of proteins in complex biological fluids. MIPs can be considered as biomimetic receptors or antibody mimics displaying artificial paratopes. However, MIPs of proteins remains a challenge due to their large size and conformational flexibility, their complex chemical nature with multiple recognition sites and their low solubility in most organic solvents. Classical MIP synthesis conditions result in large polymeric cavities and unspecific binding sites on the surface. In this review, the potential of the sol-gel process as inorganic polymerization strategy to overcome the drawbacks of protein imprinting is highlighted. Thanks to the mild and biocompatible experimental conditions required and the use of water as a solvent, the inorganic polymerization approach better suited to proteins than organic polymerization. Through numerous examples and applications of MIPs, we proposed a critical evaluation of the parameters that must be carefully controlled to achieve sol-gel protein imprinting (SGPI), including the choice of the monomers taking part in the polymerization.

Delivery of Natural Agents by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres as a Promising Anticancer Strategy

Natural prodrugs derived from different natural origins (e.g., medicinal plants, microbes, animals) have a long history in traditional medicine. They exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. They have potential as safe, cost-effective treatments with few side effects, but are lacking in solubility, bioavailability, specific targeting and have short half-lives. These are barriers to clinical application. Nanomedicine has the potential to offer solutions to circumvent these limitations and allow the use of natural pro-drugs in cancer therapy. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) of various morphology have attracted considerable attention in the search for targeted drug delivery systems. MSNs are characterized by chemical stability, easy synthesis and functionalization, large surface area, tunable pore sizes and volumes, good biocompatibility, controlled drug release under different conditions, and high drug-loading capacity, enabling multifunctional purposes. In vivo pre-clinical evaluations, a significant majority of results indicate the safety profile of MSNs if they are synthesized in an optimized way. Here, we present an overview of synthesis methods, possible surface functionalization, cellular uptake, biodistribution, toxicity, loading strategies, delivery designs with controlled release, and cancer targeting and discuss the future of anticancer nanotechnology-based natural prodrug delivery systems.

[Nanomaterials in the modern dentistry (review)]

Was to study the promising areas for using nanotechnologies in dentistry, existing methods of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of the dental diseases based on the properties of nanoparticles, to review the scientific literature devoted to this problem. In this literature review we use 86 sources: 1 Russian and 85 foreign articles. Analyzed articles were published within the last 5 years. The literature review summarizes and presents up-to-date methods of diagnosing, treating, and preventing dental disease that use nanotechnologies. Development and implementation of nanotechnological treatment are a promising direction for modern dentistry.