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Zymonė K, Liaudanskas M, Lanauskas J, Nagelytė M, Janulis V. Variability in the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Phenolic Compounds and the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sour Cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.) Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:553. [PMID: 38790658 PMCID: PMC11118903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is a deciduous tree belonging to the Rosaceae Juss. family. Cherry leaves are an underutilized source of biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of the phenolic compounds, as well as the total antioxidant activity, in leaf samples of P. cerasus cultivars and to elucidate the cultivars with particular phytochemical compositions. The phytochemical profiles of P. cerasus leaves vary significantly in a cultivar-dependent manner. The total content of identified phenolic compounds varied from 8.254 to 16.199 mg/g in the cherry leaves. Chlorogenic acid ranged between 1413.3 µg/g ('North Star') and 8028.0 µg/g ('Note'). The total content of flavonols varied from 4172.5 µg/g ('Vytenu zvaigzde') to 9030.7 µg/g ('Tikhonovskaya'). The total content of identified proanthocyanidins varied from 122.3 µg/g ('Note') to 684.8 µg/g ('Kelleris'). The highest levels of phloridzin (38.1 ± 0.9 µg/g) were found in samples of 'Molodezhnaya', while the lowest level of this compound was determined in the leaf samples of 'Turgenevka' (6.7 ± 0.2). The strongest antiradical (138.0 ± 4.0 µmol TE/g, p < 0.05) and reducing (364.9 ± 10.5 µmol TE/g, p < 0.05) activity in vitro was exhibited by the cultivar 'Vytenu zvaigzde' cherry leaf sample extracts. 'Kelleris', 'Note', and 'Tikhonovskaya' distinguish themselves with peculiar phytochemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zymonė
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Lanauskas
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Nagelytė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Skopkó BE, Homoki JR, Fazekas MÉ, Paholcsek M, Fauszt P, Dávid P, Stündl L, Molnár PB, Forgács IN, Váradi J, Bágyi KÁ, Remenyik J. Changes in the Composition of Unstimulated and Stimulated Saliva Due to Chewing Sour Cherry Gum and a Toothbrush Change. Cells 2024; 13:251. [PMID: 38334643 PMCID: PMC10854574 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies demonstrated that sour cherry anthocyanins (AC) reduce the salivary count of Streptococcus mutans and inhibit salivary amylase activity within 30 minutes after chewing AC gum. AC gum and changing toothbrushes after scaling reduced the Gram-negative species in the unstimulated salivary microbiota. The present study examined the effect of AC gums on salivary factors, including changes in microbiome. METHODS The study was conducted over three weeks with two groups; young adults (18-30) and adults (30-45). Ten participants changed their toothbrushes, while the other 10 participants did not change after the control period. After scaling, all participants received three doses of AC gum daily. The salivary mRNA and protein levels of cytokines, mucins, melatonin, and the microbiota of unstimulated and stimulated saliva were determined by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), mucin5B (MUC5B), mucin7 (MUC7), and melatonin were detected in stimulated saliva. Correlation analysis of these factors with the microbiota showed positive correlations with the genera Lachnospiraceae, Eikenella, Saccharibacteria_(TM7), Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Haemophilus. CONCLUSIONS AC chewing gum has a beneficial effect on the composition of the oral microbiome, and toothbrush replacement leads to changes in the levels of salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Emese Skopkó
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Judit Rita Homoki
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Mónika Éva Fazekas
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Melinda Paholcsek
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Péter Fauszt
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Péter Dávid
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Piroska Bíróné Molnár
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Ildikó Noémi Forgács
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Kinga Ágnes Bágyi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (M.É.F.); (M.P.); (P.D.); (L.S.); (P.B.M.); (I.N.F.)
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Li S, He RC, Wu SG, Song Y, Zhang KL, Tang ML, Bei YR, Zhang T, Lu JB, Ma X, Jiang M, Qin LJ, Xu Y, Dong XH, Wu J, Dai X, Hu YW. LncRNA PSMB8-AS1 Instigates Vascular Inflammation to Aggravate Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2024; 134:60-80. [PMID: 38084631 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.322360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs play significant roles in vascular biology and disease development. One such long noncoding RNA, PSMB8-AS1, has been implicated in the development of tumors. Nevertheless, the precise role of PSMB8-AS1 in cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, has not been thoroughly elucidated. Thus, the primary aim of this investigation is to assess the influence of PSMB8-AS1 on vascular inflammation and the initiation of atherosclerosis. METHODS We generated PSMB8-AS1 knockin and Apoe (Apolipoprotein E) knockout mice (Apoe-/-PSMB8-AS1KI) and global Apoe and proteasome subunit-β type-9 (Psmb9) double knockout mice (Apoe-/-Psmb9-/-). To explore the roles of PSMB8-AS1 and Psmb9 in atherosclerosis, we fed the mice with a Western diet for 12 weeks. RESULTS Long noncoding RNA PSMB8-AS1 is significantly elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques. Strikingly, Apoe-/-PSMB8-AS1KI mice exhibited increased atherosclerosis development, plaque vulnerability, and vascular inflammation compared with Apoe-/- mice. Moreover, the levels of VCAM1 (vascular adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM1 (intracellular adhesion molecule 1) were significantly upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions and serum of Apoe-/-PSMB8-AS1KI mice. Consistently, in vitro gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that PSMB8-AS1 induced monocyte/macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells and increased VCAM1 and ICAM1 levels in a PSMB9-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that PSMB8-AS1 induced PSMB9 transcription by recruiting the transcription factor NONO (non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein) and binding to the PSMB9 promoter. PSMB9 (proteasome subunit-β type-9) elevated VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression via the upregulation of ZEB1 (zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1). Psmb9 deficiency decreased atherosclerotic lesion size, plaque vulnerability, and vascular inflammation in Apoe-/- mice in vivo. Importantly, endothelial overexpression of PSMB8-AS1-increased atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation were attenuated by Psmb9 knockout. CONCLUSIONS PSMB8-AS1 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis via the NONO/PSMB9/ZEB1 axis. Our findings support the development of new long noncoding RNA-based strategies to counteract atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Run-Chao He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Shao-Guo Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangdong, China (S.-G.W.)
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Ke-Lan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Mao-Lin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Yan-Rou Bei
- Laboratory Medicine Center (Y.-R.B.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Jin-Bo Lu
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen (J.-B.L.)
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology (X.M.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Liang-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (L.J.Q.)
| | - Yudan Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (Y.X.)
| | - Xian-Hui Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (X.D.)
- Clinical Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hunan, China (X.D.)
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China (S.L., R.-C.H., Y.S., K.-L.Z., M.-L.T., T.Z., M.J., X.-H.D., J.W., Y.-W.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (Y.-W.H.)
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Markovics A, Csige L, Szőllősi E, Matyi H, Lukács AD, Perez NR, Bacsó ZR, Stündl L, Remenyik J, Biró A. HPLC Analysis of Polyphenols Derived from Hungarian Aszú from Tokaj Wine Region and Its Effect on Inflammation in an In Vitro Model System of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076124. [PMID: 37047095 PMCID: PMC10094128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been published in recent years regarding the fact that moderate wine consumption, as a part of a balanced diet can have a beneficial effect on human health. The biologically active components of wine continue to be the subject of intense research today. In this study, the bioactive molecules of Hungarian aszú from the Tokaj wine region were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and investigated in an in vitro model system of endothelial cells induced by bacterial-derived lipopolysaccharide. The HPLC measurements were performed on a reversed phased column with gradient elution. The non-cytotoxic concentration of the active substance was determined based on 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-, apoptosis, and necrosis assays. The antioxidant effect of the extract was determined by evaluating its ability to eliminate ROS. The expressions of the interleukin-(IL)1α, IL1-β, IL-6, and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at the mRNA level were evaluated using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We found that the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced increases in the expressions of the investigated cytokines were significantly suppressed by Hungarian aszú extract, excluding IL-6. In our experimental setup, our treatment had a positive effect on the eNOS expression, which was impaired as a result of the inflammatory manipulation. In our experimental model, the Hungarian aszú extract decreased the LPS-induced increases in the expression of the investigated cytokines and eNOS at the mRNA level, which presumably had a positive effect on the endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammation due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Collectively, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of the bioactive molecules of aszú from the Tokaj wine region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Markovics
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csige
- Research Laboratory and Wine Academy of Mad, University of Debrecen, H-3909 Mád, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Szőllősi
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Matyi
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Diána Lukács
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra Réka Perez
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Réka Bacsó
- Research Laboratory and Wine Academy of Mad, University of Debrecen, H-3909 Mád, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Biró
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Jing P, Luo Y, Chen Y, Tan J, Liao C, Zhang S. Aspirin-Loaded Cross-Linked Lipoic Acid Nanodrug Prevents Postoperative Tumor Recurrence by Residual Cancer Cell Killing and Inflammatory Microenvironment Improvement. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:366-376. [PMID: 36626242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to residual cancer cells, the surgery resection-induced hyperinflammatory microenvironment is a key factor that leads to postsurgical cancer recurrence. Herein, we developed a dual-functional nanodrug Asp@cLANVs for postsurgical recurrence inhibition by loading the classical anti-inflammatory drug aspirin (Asp) into cross-linked lipoic acid nanovesicles (cLANVs). The Asp@cLANVs can not only kill residual cancer cells at the doses comparable to common cytotoxic drugs by synergistic interaction between Asp and cLANVs, but also improve the postsurgical inflammatory microenvironment by their strongly synergistic anti-inflammation activity between Asp and cLANVs. Using mice bearing partially removed NCI-H460 tumors, we found that Asp@cLANVs gave a much lower recurrence rate (33.3%) compared with the first-line cytotoxic drug cisplatin (100%), and no mice died for at least 60 days after Asp@cLANV treatment while no mouse survived beyond day 43 in the cisplatin group. This dual-functional nanodrug constructs the first example that combines residual cancer cell killing and postoperative inflammation microenvironment improvement to suppress postsurgical cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jing
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiangbing Tan
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Liao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
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Remenyik J, Biró A, Klusóczki Á, Juhász KZ, Szendi-Szatmári T, Kenesei Á, Szőllősi E, Vasvári G, Stündl L, Fenyvesi F, Váradi J, Markovics A. Comparison of the Modulating Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Sour Cherry Extract on Occludin and ZO-1 on Caco-2 and HUVEC Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169036. [PMID: 36012299 PMCID: PMC9408816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability of the epithelial and endothelial cell layers results in the onset of pathogenic mechanisms. In both cell types, cell–cell connections play a regulatory role in altering membrane permeability. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulating effect of anthocyanin-rich extract (AC) on TJ proteins in inflammatory Caco-2 and HUVEC monolayers. Distribution of Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and the protein levels were measured by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values were measured during a permeability assay on HUVEC cell culture. As a result of inflammatory induction by TNF-α, redistribution of proteins was observed in Caco-2 cell culture, which was reduced by AC treatment. In HUVEC cell culture, the decrease in protein and mRNA expression was more dominant during inflammatory induction, which was compensated for by the AC treatment. Overall, AC positively affected the expression of the examined cell-binding structures forming the membrane on both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Biró
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Klusóczki
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Zoltán Juhász
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tímea Szendi-Szatmári
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Szőllősi
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasvári
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Arnold Markovics
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (A.M.)
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Zheng F, Wang YZ, Wu YX, Zhang MY, Li FT, He Y, Wen LK, Yue H. Effect of stabilization malvids anthocyanins on the gut microbiota in mice with oxidative stress. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:4892-4902. [PMID: 34755355 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malvids anthocyanins have been proven to have a significant antioxidant activity. However, natural anthocyanins are unstable as they are easily affected by temperature, light, and pH. They can produce copigmentation with caffeic acids, leading to the improvement of color stability. The objective of this research was to survey the anti-oxidative stress functional role of stabilization malvids anthocyanins (SMA) in vivo. Changes on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum and liver of oxidatively damaged mice of SMA were investigated. The effects of SMA on the diversity of gut microbiota in mice with oxidatively damage were also evaluated. Compared to oxidative damaged mice, SMA increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and T-AOC but decreased the levels of MDA in the serum and liver. SMA significantly changed the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. Specifically, SMA increased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, SMA significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, but decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides. In addition, SMA also reversed carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism to normal levels. It indicates that SMA could protect the body from oxidative damage and be used as a potential functional food to prevent diseases related to oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Anthocyanins provide protective effects against harmful effect of oxidative stress. Natural anthocyanins are safer and nutritious as compared to synthetic pigments. However, their stability is poor. The previous research done by this group showed that the anthocyanins content of variety of Vitis amurensis Rupr was as high as 180 mg/(100 g·FW), and the content of malvids anthocyanidin in its ingredients was the highest of all. Malvids anthocyanin and caffeic acid are bonded to produce stabilized malvids anthocyanins (SMA) high hydrostatic pressure technology, which has better stability. Our results indicate that SMA could increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in mice with oxidative damage. The study will help to deepen the understanding of antioxidative stress mechanism of SMA and lay a foundation for the application of natural anthocyanidin in health aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zheng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Zhu Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xi Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yu Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Tong Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Kui Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P.R. China
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8
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Daskou M, Sharma M, Mu W, Heymans R, Ritou E, Rezek V, Hamid P, Kossyvakis A, Sen Roy S, Grijalva V, Chattopadhyay A, Papesh J, Meriwether D, Kitchen SG, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST, Kelesidis T. ApoA-I mimetics favorably impact cyclooxygenase 2 and bioactive lipids that may contribute to cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic treated HIV. Metabolism 2021; 124:154888. [PMID: 34509494 PMCID: PMC8802211 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptides 4F and 6F can be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce blood and gut bioactive lipids, proinflammatory effects of endotoxin (LPS) and aberrant activation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) as instigators of increased risk for cardiometabolic disease in chronic treated HIV. METHODS We used two humanized murine models of chronic treated HIV infection (n = 109 mice) and gut explants from HIV infected (n = 10) persons to determine whether Tg6F and 4F attenuate in vivo and ex vivo increased blood and gut bioactive lipids (measured by mass spectrometry) and intestinal protein levels of COX-2 (measured by immunoassays) in chronic treated HIV. RESULTS In these models of HIV, when compared to HIV-1 infected mice on antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone, oral Tg6F in combination with ART attenuated increases in plasma and gut bioactive lipids (and particularly COX lipids) and intestinal COX-2. 4F and Tg6F also reduced ex vivo production of COX-2 protein and associated secretion of bioactive lipids in gut explants from HIV-1 infected persons treated with LPS. CONCLUSION ApoA-I mimetics favorably impact the proinflammatory effects of LPS, COX-2 and production of bioactive lipids that collectively drive gut and systemic inflammation in chronic treated HIV. Given prior experimental evidence that the proinflammatory effects of LPS, COX-2 and gut dysfunction contribute to cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic HIV, apoA-I mimetic peptides may be a novel therapy to treat cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daskou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Mu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Heymans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E Ritou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Rezek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Kossyvakis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sen Roy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Papesh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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An Insight into Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Inflammation Related Diseases of Anthocyanins: A Review of Both In Vivo and In Vitro Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011076. [PMID: 34681733 PMCID: PMC8540239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin is a type of flavonoid pigment widely present in fruits and vegetables. It can not only be used as natural pigment, but also has a variety of health functions, for instance, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective activities. Persistent proinflammatory status is a major factor in the development, progression, and complications of chronic diseases. Not surprisingly, there are thus many food ingredients that can potentially affect inflammation related diseases and many studies have shown that anthocyanins play an important role in inflammatory pathways. In this paper, the inflammation related diseases (such as, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer) of anthocyanins are introduced, and the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins is emphatically introduced. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of anthocyanins is elaborated from the aspects of NF-κB, toll like receptor, MAPKs, NO, and ROS and the main efficacy of anthocyanins in inflammation and related diseases is determined. In conclusion, this review aims to get a clear insight into the role of anthocyanins in inflammation related diseases.
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10
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Effects of tart cherry and its metabolites on aging and inflammatory conditions: Efficacy and possible mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101254. [PMID: 33434683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an underlying cause of or a contributing factor to a number of chronic conditions, including hypertension, insulin resistance, arthritis, and cognitive disorders. A chronic inflammatory state is also associated with aging. Tart cherry (TC) has been extensively studied for its ability to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases and their associated risk factors. TC contains active compounds, including polyphenols that may contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammatory signaling pathways regulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells important for the pathogenesis of disease. Whole TC, individual compounds, and their metabolites may be viable treatment options because they can target molecules involved in inflammatory pathways. In this review, the effectiveness of TC in reducing inflammatory markers associated with chronic diseases and the effects of the active compounds in TC and their metabolites on inflammatory pathways are discussed. The main polyphenols present in TC include cyanidins, kaempferol, quercetin, melatonin, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 3-coumaroylquinic acid. Evidence supports an association between TC intake and reduced risk for inflammatory disease, which may be due to the effects of active compounds in TC on inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase.
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11
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Metabolic and transcriptomic analyses reveal different metabolite biosynthesis profiles between leaf buds and mature leaves in Ziziphus jujuba mill. Food Chem 2021; 347:129005. [PMID: 33482487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Jujube leaf is well known for its high nutritional value and medicinal benefits. However, a thorough and dynamic assessment of the metabolites present in jujube leaves is lacking. Here, the primary and secondary metabolites from purple leaf buds and green mature leaves were investigated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 778 metabolites were characterized and more than 700 compounds were reported for the first time. Analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites showed that the flavonoids were the major differential metabolites and determined the leaf coloration. The transcriptome data indicated that 20 flavonoid structural genes and three main types of flavonoid regulatory genes were significantly differentially expressed. Moreover, light had a significant influence on flavonoid accumulation. These results improve our understanding of metabolite accumulation and the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in jujube leaf.
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12
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Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Extract of Sour Cherry for Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammatory Response and Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113373. [PMID: 33147748 PMCID: PMC7692386 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM)-related morbidity and mortality are steadily rising worldwide, affecting about half a billion people worldwide. A significant proportion of diabetic cases are in the elderly, which is concerning given the increasing aging population. Proper nutrition is an important component in the effective management of diabetes in the elderly. A plethora of active substances of plant origin exhibit potency to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The nutraceutical and pharmaceutical effects of anthocyanins have been extensively studied. In this study, the effect of Hungarian sour cherry, which is rich in anthocyanins, on hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction was tested using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were maintained under both normoglycemic (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (30 mM) conditions with or without two concentrations (1.50 ng/µL) of anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response and damaged vasorelaxation processes were investigated by evaluating the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and gene expression of four proinflammatory cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α), as well as the gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1). It was found that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress was significantly suppressed by anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract in a concentration-dependent manner. The gene expression of the tested proinflammatory cytokines increased under hyperglycemic conditions but was significantly reduced by both 1 and 50 ng/µL anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract. Further, although increased ET-1 and ECE-1 expression due to hyperglycemia was reduced by anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract, NOS expression was increased by the extract. Collectively, these data suggest that anthocyanin-rich sour cherry extract could alleviate hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasorelaxant effects.
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang Z, Guo Z, Wang Z, Chen Q. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside attenuates endothelial cell dysfunction by modulating miR-204-5p/SIRT1-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Biofactors 2020; 46:803-812. [PMID: 32593198 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a major symptom associated with the initiation of atherosclerosis (AS). Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) has the potentials to attenuate AS symptoms. In the current study, the mechanism driving the effects of C3G on AS rabbits and injured ECs were explored by focusing on the changes in miR-204-5p/SIRT1 axis. AS symptoms were induced in rabbits using high-fatty diet (HFD) plus balloon catheter injured method and handled with C3G of two doses. Then the changes in artery wall structure, hemodynamics parameters, blood lipid level, systemic inflammation, and miR-204-5p/SIRT1 axis were detected. EC dysfunction was imitated by subjecting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to TNF-α, which was then handled with C3G. The changes in apoptosis, inflammation, and miR-204-5p/SIRT1 axis were detected. The results showed that the administrations of C3G improved artery wall structure and hemodynamics parameters, decreased blood lipid levels, and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in HFD rabbits, which was associated with the down-regulation of miR-204-5p and the up-regulation of SIRT1. In in vitro assays, the treatments of C3G suppressed apoptosis, inhibited inflammation, down-regulated miR-204-5p level, and induced SIRT1 level in HUVECs. The overexpression of miR-204-5p impaired the protective effects of C3G on the injured HUVECs by increasing cell apoptosis and inflammation. The findings outlined in the current study confirmed the protective effects of C3G on EC function, which was associated with the down-regulation of miR-204-5p and the up-regulation of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Health Science and Technology Education Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zongjun Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zongqiu Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxi, China
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14
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Allithiamine Alleviates Hyperglycaemia-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061690. [PMID: 32517031 PMCID: PMC7352751 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus-related morbidity and mortality is a rapidly growing healthcare problem, globally. Several nutraceuticals exhibit potency to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The antidiabetic effects of compounds of garlic have been extensively studied, however, limited data are available on the biological effects of a certain garlic component, allithiamine. In this study, allithiamine was tested using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a hyperglycaemic model. HUVECs were isolated by enzymatic digestion and characterized by flow cytometric analysis using antibodies against specific marker proteins including CD31, CD45, CD54, and CD106. The non-cytotoxic concentration of allithiamine was determined based on MTT, apoptosis, and necrosis assays. Subsequently, cells were divided into three groups: incubating with M199 medium as the control; or with 30 mMol/L glucose; or with 30 mMol/L glucose plus allithiamine. The effect of allithiamine on the levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), activation of NF-κB, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress was investigated. We found that in the hyperglycaemia-induced increase in the level of AGEs, pro-inflammatory changes were significantly suppressed by allithiamine. However, allithiamine could not enhance the activity of transketolase, but it exerts a potent antioxidant effect. Collectively, our data suggest that allithiamine could alleviate the hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect by a mechanism unrelated to the transketolase activity.
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