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Gani I, Sofi ZI, Kaur G, Goswami A, Bhat KA. Hemisynthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of manoyl oxide analogs from sclareol: effect of two tertiary hydroxyls & Heck coupling on cytotoxicity. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38635350 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2342558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Sclareol, a bioactive diterpene alcohol isolated from Salvia sclarea, was subjected to structural modification and cytotoxic evaluation. Boron-Heck-coupled analogs of manoyl oxide were prepared from sclareol in a two-step reaction scheme. In the first step manoyl oxide was prepared from sclareol using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate. Further the structural modification of manoyl oxide via Palladium (II) catalysed Boron-Heck coupling reaction produced a new series of compounds. All the synthesised compounds were screened for in vitro cytotoxic evaluation against four cancer cell lines HCT-116, MCF-7, MDA-MB231and MDA-MB468. The results showed that manoyl oxide is less active than sclareol. Sclareol shows an IC50 of 2.0 µM compared to manoyl oxide with an IC50 of 50 µM against the MCF-7 cell line. From the results it was inferred that the presence of two tertiary hydroxyls in sclareol are necessary for its cytotoxic activity and Heck coupled analogs are more active than sclareol and manoyl oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifshana Gani
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Zahidul Islam Sofi
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
| | - Gursimar Kaur
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Bhat
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Yao X, Li R, Liu Y, Song P, Wu Z, Yan M, Luo J, Fan F, Wang Y. Feedback regulation of the isoprenoid pathway by SsdTPS overexpression has the potential to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14277. [PMID: 38566271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In order to maintain the dynamic physiological balance, plants are compelled to adjust their energy metabolism and signal transduction to cope with the abiotic stresses caused by complex and changeable environments. The diterpenoid natural compound and secondary metabolites, sclareol, derived from Salvia sclarea, has gained significant attention owing to its economic value as a spice material and diverse physiological activities. Here, we focused on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the sclareol diterpene synthase gene SsdTPS in the resistance of S. sclarea to abiotic stresses. Our results suggested that abiotic stresses could induce the response and upregulation of SsdTPS expression and isoprenoid pathway in S. sclarea. Ectopic expression of SsdTPS conferred drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, compared with wild-type. Overexpression of SsdTPS enhanced the transcription of ABA signal transduction synthetic regulators and induced the positive feedback upregulating key regulatory genes in the MEP pathway, thereby promoting the increase of ABA content and improving drought tolerance in transgenic plants. In addition, SsdTPS-overexpressed transgenic Arabidopsis improved the responses of stomatal regulatory genes and ROS scavenging enzyme activities and gene expression to drought stress. This promoted the stomatal closure and ROS reduction, thus enhancing water retention capacity and reducing oxidative stress damage. These findings unveil the potentially positive role of SsdTPS in orchestrating multiple regulatory mechanisms and maintaining homeostasis for improved abiotic stress resistance in S. sclarea, providing a novel insight into strategies for promoting drought resistance and cultivating highly tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Meilin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Food and Drug Safety Monitoring, China
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
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Semerdjieva I, Zheljazkov VD, Dincheva I, Radoukova T, Astatkie T, Maneva V, Atanasova D, Fidan H, Stankov S, Stoyanova A. Chemical profile of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. essential oil within and between populations and its weed seed suppression effect. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294126. [PMID: 38330006 PMCID: PMC10852245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) establish the intrapopulation and seasonal variation of Juniperus excelsа essential oil (EO); (2) compare the J. excelsa concrete and resinoid composition with its EO composition; and (3) investigate the potential herbicidal activity of J. excelsa EO against seeds of Papaver rhoeas L., Consolida orientalis (J.Gay) Schrödinger, Anthemis arvensis L., Avena fatua L., and Agrostemma githago L. Four independent studies were performed to meet these objectives. Twenty-eight individual trees were analyzed from two populations to establish intrapopulation and interpopulation variability of EOs yield and composition. In the seasonal dynamic study of leaf EO, samples from the same three trees and in the same population were collected in January, March, May, July, October, and December and their EO yield and composition determined. The EOs (intrapopulation and seasonal) were extracted by hydrodistillation, while the EO for the herbicidal test was obtained by steam distillation in a semi-commercial (SCom) apparatus. Overall, the EO yield varied significantly from 0.93% to 2.57%. α-Pinene (8.85-35.94%), limonene (11.81-50.08%), and cedrol (3.41-34.29%) were the predominant EO compounds in all samples (intrapopulation variability); however, trans-2,4-decadienol and β-caryophyllene were predominant in some individual trees. Four chemical groups were identified in the samples collected from two natural populations (intrapopulation). This is the first report on the compositions of J. excelsa concrete and resinoid. Cedrol (15.39%), 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-coumarin (17.63%), 1-octacosanol (36.85%), tritriacontane (16.08%), and tiacontanoic acid were the main compounds in the concrete and resinoid. Juniperus excelsa EO suppressed seed germination and seedling growth of P. rhoeas, C. orientalis, A. arvensis, A. fatua, and A. githago, demonstrating its potential to be used for the development of new biopesticides. The highest EO yield with high content of limonene and cedrol was obtained from samples harvested during the winter months (December, January, and March).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzenka Radoukova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Canada
| | - Vasilina Maneva
- Plant Protection and Technology Department, Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, Agricultural Academy, Karnobat, Bulgaria
| | - Dina Atanasova
- Plant Protection and Technology Department, Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, Agricultural Academy, Karnobat, Bulgaria
| | - Hafize Fidan
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stanko Stankov
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Technology of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, Maritza, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Sekiguchi M, Fujinami Y, Takado K, Kimoto Y, Higashimura Y. Activity difference of three labdane diterpenoids on human constitutive androstane receptor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1310-1315. [PMID: 37580155 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) regulates enzyme transcription related to drug metabolism; therefore, natural compound clarification in food that interacts with CAR is significant for drug development. We revealed that 13-epimanool, which is a compound found in the common sage, is bound to hCAR based on differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) measurements using recombinant hCAR protein. Similar labdane diterpenoids were examined, which revealed that manool and sclareol, which were both natural compounds contained in herbs, are bound to hCAR. They exhibited different effects for CAR activity in the luciferase assay despite the structural similarity. Manool was a partial agonist, 13-epimanool was a weak partial agonist, and sclareol was an antagonist. The activity of hCAR may be regulated by slight differences in the bound compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yui Fujinami
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keiyu Takado
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuu Kimoto
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
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Darsih C, Windarsih A, Damayanti E, Amiru VA, Indrianingsih AW, Marfu’ah S, Sujarwo W. Antibacterial and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activities of Essential Oil from Java Cardamom ( Amomum compactum) Fruit. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:263-271. [PMID: 37781022 PMCID: PMC10533441 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential oil has been reported to be one of the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor resources. Moreover, it has been proven against bacterial pathogens that cause infectious diseases. Amomum compactum is one source of essential oil, known as Javanese cardamom is a spice herb commonly used for flavouring food and traditional medicine in Indonesia. However, ACE inhibition activity of A. compactum has not been reported. The purposes of this study were to identify the main constituent of volatile compounds, inhibition activity toward bacteria, and antihypertension potency of A. compactum essential oils. Volatile compounds were investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was observed using the microdilution method toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antihypertension effect was studied using an ACE inhibition assay. The result showed that eucalyptol was a primary compound of A. compactum fruit either in Banjar (BJR) and Bogor (BGR) essential oils with the value of 62.22% and 66.23%, respectively. Both BJR and BGR are more active to inhibit gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis) with MIC values of 1 mg/mL. Meanwhile, the BJR exhibited a higher inhibitory activity effect toward ACE compared to BGR with the value of IC50 64.86 ± 0.57 μg/mL. These findings suggest that A. compactum essential oil can be the potential to lead to the treatment of hypertension as an ACE inhibitor and antibacterial agent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01080-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cici Darsih
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anjar Windarsih
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ema Damayanti
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Virgio Adhitya Amiru
- Chemistry, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Siti Marfu’ah
- Chemistry, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Wawan Sujarwo
- Ethnobiology Research Group, Research Centre for Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
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Hmidene AB, Ono H, Seo S. Phytosterols Are Involved in Sclareol-Induced Chlorophyll Reductions in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1282. [PMID: 36986970 PMCID: PMC10055023 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclareol, a diterpene, has a wide range of physiological effects on plants, such as antimicrobial activity; disease resistance against pathogens; and the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism, transport, and phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. Exogenous sclareol reduces the content of chlorophyll in Arabidopsis leaves. However, the endogenous compounds responsible for sclareol-induced chlorophyll reduction remain unknown. The phytosterols campesterol and stigmasterol were identified as compounds that reduce the content of chlorophyll in sclareol-treated Arabidopsis plants. The exogenous application of campesterol or stigmasterol dose-dependently reduced the content of chlorophyll in Arabidopsis leaves. Exogenously-applied sclareol enhanced the endogenous contents of campesterol and stigmasterol and the accumulation of transcripts for phytosterol biosynthetic genes. These results suggest that the phytosterols campesterol and stigmasterol, the production of which is enhanced in response to sclareol, contribute to reductions in chlorophyll content in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ben Hmidene
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8518, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ono
- Bioactive Chemical Analysis Unit, Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8642, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigemi Seo
- Crop Disease Research Group, Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8518, Ibaraki, Japan
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Zhou J, Xie X, Tang H, Peng C, Peng F. The bioactivities of sclareol: A mini review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014105. [PMID: 36263135 PMCID: PMC9574335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclareol, a diterpene alcohol isolated from the herbal and flavor plant clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.), is far-famed as the predominant ingredient in the refined oil of Salvia sclarea (L.). The empirical medicine of Salvia sclarea L. focused on various diseases, such as arthritis, oral inflammation, digestive system diseases, whereas the sclareol possessed more extensive and characteristic bioactivities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and anti-pathogenic microbes, even anti-diabetes and hypertension. However, there is a deficiency of literature to integrate and illuminate the pharmacological attributes of sclareol based on well-documented investigations. Interestingly, sclareol has been recently considered as the potential candidate against COVID-19 and Parkinson’s disease. Accordingly, the bioactive attributes of sclareol in cancer, inflammation, even pharmacochemistry and delivery systems are reviewed for comprehensively dissecting its potential application in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Fu Peng,
| | - Fu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Peng, ; Fu Peng,
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Jameel S, Farooq S, Gani I, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S, Bhat KA. Ultrasound assisted facile synthesis of Boron-Heck coupled sclareol analogs as potential antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3678-3689. [PMID: 36064938 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antimicrobial capability of sclareol and its derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus and its Methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA). METHODS AND RESULTS A new series of Boron-Heck-coupled sclareol analogs were prepared by structural modifications at C-15 terminal double bond of sclareol using ultrasonication. The structural modifications were designed to keep the stereochemistry of all the five chiral centres of sclareol intact. A two-step reaction scheme consisting of Boron-Heck coupling of sclareol followed by Wittig reaction was carried out to produce novel sclareol congeners for antintimicrobial evaluation. Three compounds SAJ-1, SAJ-2 and SB-11 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA) with MIC values between 3 to 11 μM. Among all the screened compounds, SAJ-1 and SAJ-2 showed the best anti-biofilm profiles against both the strains. Moreover SAJ-1 and SAJ-2 acted synergistically with streptomycin against S. aureus while creating varying outcomes in combination with ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and ampicillin. SAJ-1 also acted synergistically with ampicillin against S. aureus, while SB-11 showed synergism with ciprofloxacin against both pathogens. Moreover, SAJ-1 and SAJ-2 also inhibited staphyloxanthin production in S. aureus and MRSA and induced post-antibiotic effects against both pathogens. CONCLUSIONS It can be inferred that SAJ-1, SAJ-2 and SB-11 may act as potential chemical entities for the development of antibacterial substances. The study revealed that SAJ-1 and SAJ-2 are most suitable sclareol analogs for further studies towards the development of antibacterial substances. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY SAJ-1, SAJ-2 and SB-11 show promising antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus. Efforts should be made and more research should be done, utilising in vivo models to determine their efficacy as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Jameel
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Sadaqat Farooq
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Ifshana Gani
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Bhat
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
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Shah M, Bibi S, Kamal Z, Al-Sabahi JN, Alam T, Ullah O, Murad W, Rehman NU, Al-Harrasi A. Bridging the Chemical Profile and Biomedical Effects of Scutellaria edelbergii Essential Oils. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091723. [PMID: 36139797 PMCID: PMC9496006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored chemical constituents of Scutellaria edelbergii essential oils (SEEO) for the first time, extracted through hydro-distillation, and screened them against the microbes and free radicals scavenging effect, pain-relieving, and anti-inflammatory potential employing standard techniques. The SEEO ingredients were noticed via Gas Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and presented fifty-two bioactive compounds contributed (89.52%) with dominant volatile constituent; 3-oxomanoyl oxide (10.09%), 24-norursa-3,12-diene (8.05%), and methyl 7-abieten-18-oate (7.02%). The MTT assay via 96 well-plate and agar-well diffusion techniques against various microbes was determined for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), IC50, and zone of inhibitions (ZOIs). The SEEO indicated considerable antimicrobial significance against tested bacterial strains viz. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis and the fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum and Candida albicans. The free radicals scavenging potential was noticed to be significant in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) as compared to 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays with IC50 = 125.0 ± 0.19 µg/mL and IC50 = 153.0 ± 0.31 µg/mL correspondingly; similarly, the antioxidant standard in the DPPH assay was found efficient as compared to ABTS assay. The SEEO also offered an appreciable analgesic significance and presented 54.71% in comparison with standard aspirin, 64.49% reduction in writhes, and an anti-inflammatory potential of 64.13%, as compared to the standard diclofenac sodium inhibition of 71.72%. The SEEO contain bioactive volatile ingredients with antimicrobial, free radical scavenging, pain, and inflammation relieving potentials. Computational analysis validated the anti-inflammatory potential of selected hit “methyl 7-abieten-18-oate” as a COX-2 enzyme inhibitor. Docking results were very good in terms of docked score (−7.8704 kcal/mol) and binding interactions with the functional residues; furthermore, MD simulation for 100 ns has presented a correlation with docking results with minor fluctuations. In silico, ADMET characteristics supported that methyl 7-abieten-18-oate could be recommended for further investigations in clinical tests and could prove its medicinal status as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zul Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir 18000, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Nasser Al-Sabahi
- Central Instrument Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Tanveer Alam
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Obaid Ullah
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Murad
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (N.U.R.); (A.A.-H.)
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10
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Iobbi V, Brun P, Bernabé G, Dougué Kentsop RA, Donadio G, Ruffoni B, Fossa P, Bisio A, De Tommasi N. Labdane Diterpenoids from Salvia tingitana Etl. Synergize with Clindamycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2021; 26:6681. [PMID: 34771089 PMCID: PMC8587691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum-sensing (QS) is a regulatory mechanism in bacterial communication, important for pathogenesis control. The search for small molecules active as quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI) that can synergize with antibiotics is considered a good strategy to counteract the problem of antibiotic resistance. Here the antimicrobial labdane diterpenoids sclareol (1) and manool (2) extracted from Salvia tingitana were considered as potential QSI against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Only sclareol showed synergistic activity with clindamycin. The quantification of these compounds by LC-MS analysis in the organs and in the calli of S. tingitana showed that sclareol is most abundant in the flower spikes and is produced by calli, while manool is the major labdane of the roots, and is abundant also in the leaves. Other metabolites of the roots were abietane diterpenoids, common in Salvia species, and pentacyclic triterpenoids, bearing a γ-lactone moiety, previously undescribed in Salvia. Docking simulations suggested that 1 and 2 bind to key residues, involved in direct interactions with DNA. They may prevent accessory gene regulator A (AgrA) binding to DNA or AgrA activation upon phosphorylation, to suppress virulence factor expression. The antimicrobial activity of these two compounds probably achieves preventing upregulation of the accessory gene regulator (agr)-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (R.A.D.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Bernabé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Roméo Arago Dougué Kentsop
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (R.A.D.K.); (P.F.)
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura–CREA Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, 18038 San Remo, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Barbara Ruffoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura–CREA Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, 18038 San Remo, Italy;
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (R.A.D.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (R.A.D.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (G.D.); (N.D.T.)
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Beulah G, Divya D, Kumar NSS, Sravya MVN, Rao KG, Chintagunta AD, Divya G, Chandana SH, Blessy BD, Simhachalam G. Purification and characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from Suaeda maritima leaf and its impact on pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Catla catla fingerlings. AMB Express 2021; 11:135. [PMID: 34623537 PMCID: PMC8501176 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of various dreadful microbial infections and the development of antibiotic resistance by infection causative microbes are the main reasons for reducing aquaculture productivity. Hence, there is an immense need for the discovery of alternative and efficient treatment for quick recovery of diseased fishes. In the present study, Suaeda maritima leaf extracts (hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol, and water) were screened for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Out of all the four extracts, ethanolic extract showed highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (4.9 ± 1.3 mm), B. subtilis (1.6 ± 0.3 mm), K. pneumoniae (4.2 ± 1.8 mm), and P. aeruginosa (4.1 ± 1.2 mm). Similarly, antioxidant activity was also higher for ethanolic extract (500 µg/mL) based on DPPH radical scavenging ability (71.6 ± 1.4%) and reducing potential (149 μg/mL) assays. Further, ethanolic extract was purified consecutively via column chromatography and preparative TLC where an active fraction was selected based on highest antibacterial (10.1 ± 1.4 mm) and antioxidant properties (82.3 ± 2.8%). Active fraction was loaded onto mass spectroscopy and identified the presence of four active constituents such as 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-3-yl) methanol; 3',7-Dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone; Saponin and (19R)9acetyl19hydroxy10,14dimethyl20oxopentacyclo[11.8.0.0 < 2,10 > .0 < 4,9 > .0 < 14,19 >]henicos-17-yl-acetate. Besides, in vivo studies were conducted on Catla catla fingerlings infected with P. aeruginosa under laboratory conditions. The fingerlings were segregated into 5 groups, among which group 4 and 5 were treated with crude and purified extracts. Both the extracts were efficient in treating infected fingerlings and recorded 100% survival rate which is even better than group-3 treated with a synthetic antibiotic (77%). Hence, S. maritima leaf extract can be considered as a possible alternative medicine in aquaculture.
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Xie D, Yao L, Huang Y, Wu S, Ma L, Li Y, Wang W. Anxiolytic Effect of Two Tobacco Essential Oils ( Nicotiana tabacum Linn.) on Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:4171. [PMID: 34299447 PMCID: PMC8306096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Linn.) is a famous traditional herb used in folk medicine. The essential oils of tobacco have been demonstrated in modern studies to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, while its anxiolytic effect has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Yunnan tobacco essential oil (YTO) and Zimbabwe tobacco essential oil (ZTO) on mice. The constituents of YTO and ZTO were analyzed by GC/MS. The anxiolytic effect of YTO and ZTO (0.1%, 1%, and 10%, v/v) on male ICR mice was evaluated in the light-dark box test (LDB) and the elevated plus maze test (EPM) test via inhalation and transdermal administration. After the behavioral tests, salivary corticosterone levels in mice were measured. The behavioral analysis showed that the administration of both YTO and ZTO elevated the time that the mice spent in the light chamber in the LDB test compared to the untreated control. In the EPM test, YTO and ZTO increased the time spent in open arms and the number of entries into the open arms. In addition, both YTO and ZTO significantly decreased salivary corticosterone levels in mice (p ≤ 0.001). In summary, our results demonstrated that inhalation and transdermal administration of both YTO and ZTO showed anxiolytic effect on male ICR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Xie
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (D.X.); (L.Y.); (L.M.)
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (D.X.); (L.Y.); (L.M.)
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Huabao Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd., 1299 Yecheng Road, Shanghai 201821, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuaifan Wu
- Huabao Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd., 1299 Yecheng Road, Shanghai 201821, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (D.X.); (L.Y.); (L.M.)
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (D.X.); (L.Y.); (L.M.)
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wencui Wang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; (D.X.); (L.Y.); (L.M.)
- R&D Center for Aromatic Plants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Essa AF, El-Hawary SS, Abd-El Gawad AM, Kubacy TM, A M El-Khrisy EED, Elshamy AI, Younis IY. Prevalence of Diterpenes in Essential Oil of Euphorbia mauritanica L.: Detailed Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Phytotoxic Activities. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100238. [PMID: 34033700 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants belonging to Euphorbia L. genus are considered very interesting from a medicinal point of view due to their diverse metabolites and bioactivities. The essential oil (EO) of Euphorbia mauritanica L. is not studied up to date. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the chemical profile of this EO and evaluate its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and allelopathic potentialities. The EO was extracted from the whole plant via hydrodistillation and then, analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The correlation of E. mauritanica with the other Euphorbia plants was established using chemometric analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined based on scavenging of the free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The anti-proliferation of the EO on the Hep G2 and MCF-7 cells was evaluated. Finally the allelopathic activity of the EO was assessed against the two noxious weeds, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Urospermum picroides. Forty-one compounds were identified using GC/MS analysis, with an abundance of terpenoids (91.54 %) that were categorized into mono- (30.75 %), sesqui- (15.23 %), and diterpenes (45.56 %). Interestingly, the results revealed the preponderance of diterpenoid constituents although they are rarely found in the EOs of the plant kingdom. The major compounds were (3E)-cembrene A (18.66 %), verticiol (17.05 %), limonene (7.91 %), eucalyptol (7.26 %), α-pinene (5.61 %), neo-cembrene A (3.52 %), kaur-16-ene (3.24 %), and cembrene (3.09 %). The EO showed moderate antioxidant activity where it attained IC50 values of 83.34 and 64.21 μg mL-1 for DPPH and ABTS compared to 23.01 and 19.23 μg mL-1 for ascorbic acid as standard, respectively. The EO exhibited very weak cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 and Hep G2 cells. The EO showed significant allelopathic activities against the weeds D. aegyptium and U. picroides in a concentration-dependent manner. EO was found more effective against U. picroides than D. aegyptium with IC50 values of 0.79, 0.45, and 0.67 mg mL-1 and 1.17, 0.55, and 1.08 mg mL-1 for germination, root, and shoot growth, respectively. Due to the high content of diterpenes in E. mauritanica, further study is recommended for more characterization of pure forms of the identified diterpenes as well as evaluating their bioactivity either solely or synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Essa
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Seham S El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abd-El Gawad
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Tahia M Kubacy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ezz El-Din A M El-Khrisy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Inas Y Younis
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
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Xiang Z, Chen Y, Xiao Q, Yu X, Yu X, Hu Z, Wang C. GC-MS/MS method for determination and pharmacokinetics of sclareol in rat plasma after intravenous administration. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122703. [PMID: 33934043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sclareol, mainly isolated from Salvia officinalis, has a variety of pharmacological effects. In this work, a sensitive and rapid gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was first developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetics of sclareol in rat plasma. The chromatographic seperation of biosamples was performed with an HP-5MS column. Ethyl acetate was selected as the solvent to extract analytes from rat plasma. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions for sclareol and dehydrocostuslactone (Internal Standard, IS) were m/z 177 → 121 and m/z 230 → 173, respectively. The intra- and inter- precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery and stability meet the method requirements for biological sample analysis. The lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the developed method for sclareol determination was 20 ng/mL. After intravenous administration (5.0 mg/kg) of sclareol to the rats, its drug clearance (CLz) and elimination half-life (t1/2z) was 2.7 ± 1.3 L/h/kg and 6.0 ± 4.6 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vz) was 21.4 ± 12.9 L/kg, which indicated that sclareol was mainly distributed in extracellular fluid. Our results provided useful information for the further pharmacological investigation and preclinical studies of sclareol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
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Sharma A, Bhardwaj G, Cannoo DS. Antioxidant potential, GC/MS and headspace GC/MS analysis of essential oils isolated from the roots, stems and aerial parts of Nepeta leucophylla. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chromatographic Profiling with Machine Learning Discriminates the Maturity Grades of Nicotiana tabacum L. Leaves. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum L. (NTL) is an important agricultural and economical crop. Its maturity is one of the key factors affecting its quality. Traditionally, maturity is discriminated visually by humans, which is subjective and empirical. In this study, we concentrated on detecting as many compounds as possible in NTL leaves from different maturity grades using ultra-performance liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IT-TOF/MS). Then, the low-dimensional embedding of LC-MS dataset by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) clearly showed the separation of the leaves from different maturity grades. The discriminant models between different maturity grades were established using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The quality metrics of the models are R2Y = 0.939 and Q2 = 0.742 (unripe and ripe), R2Y = 0.900 and Q2 = 0.847 (overripe and ripe), and R2Y = 0.972 and Q2 = 0.930 (overripe and unripe). The differential metabolites were screened by their variable importance in projection (VIP) and p-Values. The existing tandem mass spectrometry library of plant metabolites, the user-defined library of structures, and MS-FINDER were combined to identify these metabolites. A total of 49 compounds were identified, including 12 amines, 14 lipids, 10 phenols, and 13 others. The results can be used to discriminate the maturity grades of the leaves and ensure their quality.
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Popova V, Ivanova T, Stoyanova A, Nikolova V, Hristeva T, Zheljazkov VD. GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species. Molecules 2020; 25:E2617. [PMID: 32512824 PMCID: PMC7321308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nicotiana (Solanaceae) includes over 70 species, with a long history of traditional use; many of them are nowadays used in bioengineering, biosynthesis, molecular biology, and other studies, while common tobacco, N. tabacum L., is one of the most economically important industrial crops worldwide. Although Nicotiana species have been extensively investigated, relatively less research has focused on flowers, especially research related to obtaining aromatic products for cosmetic and perfumery use. On the other hand, there is evidence that Nicotiana flowers accumulate various secondary metabolites with a distinct aroma and biological activities, and the flowers represent a biomass available in sufficient quantities. Therefore, this study aimed to determinate the chemical composition (by GC-MS) and the olfactory profiles of a specific type of natural aromatic product (concrete), obtained from the flowers of four Nicotiana species, in a direct comparison between them. The yields of extracted concrete were sufficiently high, varying between the species, 1.4% (N. rustica L.), 2.5% (N. glutinosa L.), 1.6% (N. alata Link&Otto genotype with white flowers), 2.7% (N. alata genotype with pink flowers), 3.2% (N. tabacum, Oriental type), and 5.2% (N. tabacum, Virginia type). The major components of the obtained concretes belonged to different chemical classes: N. rustica and N. tabacum (OR), the hydrocarbons n-tetratriacontane (14.5%; 15.0%) and n-triacontane (12.1%; 13.3%), and 3-methyl-pentanoic acid (11.1%; 12.2%); N. glutinosa, the diterpenes sclareol (25.9%), 3-α-hydroxy-manool (16.3%), and 13-epimanool (14.9%); N. alata (WF), the phenylpropanoid terephthalic acid and di(2-ethylhexyl) ester (42.9%); N. alata (PF), the diterpene tributyl acetylcitrate (30.7%); and N. tabacum (FCV), the hydrocarbons n-hexacosane (12.9%) and n-pentacosane (12.9%). Each of the flower concretes revealed a characteristic odor profile. This is the first report about Nicotiana species as a source for obtaining flower concretes; these initial results about the concrete yield, olfactory profile, and chemical composition are a prerequisite for the possible processing of Nicotiana flowers into new aromatic products for use in perfumery and cosmetics. The study provides new data in favor of the potential of the four Nicotiana species as aromatic plants, as well as a possible alternative use of flowers, a valuable, but discarded, plant material in other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venelina Popova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Violeta Nikolova
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute–Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Tsveta Hristeva
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute–Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Banožić M, Jokić S, Ačkar Đ, Blažić M, Šubarić D. Carbohydrates-Key Players in Tobacco Aroma Formation and Quality Determination. Molecules 2020; 25:E1734. [PMID: 32283792 PMCID: PMC7181196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are important compounds in natural products where they primarily serve as a source of energy, but they have important secondary roles as precursors of aroma or bioactive compounds. They are present in fresh and dried (cured) tobacco leaves as well. The sugar content of tobacco depends on the tobacco variety, harvesting, and primarily on the curing conditions (temperature, time and moisture). If the process of curing employs high temperatures (flue-curing and sun-curing), final sugar content is high. In contrast, when air curing has a lower temperature, at the end of the process, sugar level is low. Beside simple sugars, other carbohydrates reported in tobacco are oligosaccharides, cellulose, starch, and pectin. Degradation of polysaccharides results in a higher yield of simple sugars, but at the same time reduces sugars oxidization and transfer into carbon dioxide and water. Loss of sugar producers will compensate with added sugars, to cover undesirable aroma properties and achieve a better, pleasant taste during smoking. However, tobacco carbohydrates can be precursors for many harmful compounds, including formaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Keeping in mind that added sugars in tobacco production are unavoidable, it is important to understand all changes in carbohydrates from harvesting to consuming in order to achieve better product properties and avoid the formation of harmful compounds. This review summarizes current knowledge about tobacco carbohydrates, including changes during processing with special focus on carbohydrates as precursors of harmful compounds during smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Banožić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Marijana Blažić
- Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer Square 9, 47000 Karlovac, Croatia;
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
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